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multicarrier ISAC Advances in waveform design, signal processing, and learning under nonidealities

IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 2024年第5期41卷 17-30页

作者： Koivunen, Visa Keskin, Musa Furkan Wymeersch, Henk Valkama, Mikko Gonzalez-Prelcic, Nuria Aalto Univ Dept Informat & Commun Engn Aalto 00076 Finland Chalmers Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn S-41296 Gothenburg Sweden Tampere Univ Dept Elect Engn Tampere 33720 Finland Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92161 USA

This article addresses the topic of integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) in 5G and emerging 6G wireless networks. ISAC systems operate within shared, congested, or even contested spectrum, aiming to deliver high performance in both wireless communications and radio-frequency (RF) sensing. The expected benefits include more efficient utilization of spectrum, power, hardware (HW), and antenna resources. Focusing on multicarrier (MC) systems, which represent the most widely used communication waveforms, this article explores the codesign and optimization of waveforms alongside multiantenna transceiver signal processing for communications and both monostatic and bistatic sensing applications of ISAC. Moreover, techniques of high practical relevance for overcoming and even harnessing challenges posed by nonidealities in actual transceiver implementations are considered. To operate in highly dynamic radio environments and target scenarios, both model-based structured optimization and learning-based methodologies for ISAC systems are covered, assessing their adaptability and learning capabilities under real-world conditions. This article presents tradeoffs in communication-centric and radar-sensing-centric approaches, aiming for an optimized balance in the densely used spectrum.

关键词： Radio frequency Wireless networks Signal processing Integrated sensing and communication Transceivers Optimization Antennas 5G mobile communication 6G mobile communication Optimization Adaptation models Bistatic radar multicarrier code division multiple access

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Multiuser Variable Rate GO-OFDMA Architecture and Its FPGA Prototype

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IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2020年第2期14卷 2455-2463页

作者： Palisetty, Rakesh Ray, Kailash Chandra Indian Inst Technol Patna Dept Elect Engn Patna 801106 Bihar India

With the advancements in next-generation communications systems, the demand for integration of services, such as video, audio, text, image of variable rates, etc., is a challenging issue. Internet of Things needs to integrate billions of devices and sensor nodes with different sampling rates. To integrate these services of multiple devices with variable rates, group orthogonal-orthogonal frequency division multiple access (GO-OFDMA) is an efficient multicarrier scheme. But to the authors' knowledge and literature survey, there is no hardware architecture of GO-OFDMA for real-time testing. Therefore, a new architecture is proposed for GO-OFDMA baseband transmitter and receiver and prototyped on commercially available virtex5 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device. Further challenges of this proposed architecture are integration of multiple user data with variable rates in the baseband transmitter and decoding of multiple user data within the same class at the baseband receiver. To validate the GO-OFDMA baseband transmitter and receiver, the transmitted and received bits in real time are captured using chipscope analyzer. The bit error rate and peak-to-average power ratio performance of the proposed architecture are presented. The hardware resource utilization of the GO-OFDMA architecture along with the maximum operating frequency is also reported.

关键词： Baseband Peak to average power ratio Binary phase shift keying Clocks Transmitters multicarrier code division multiple access Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) prototype group orthogonal-orthogonal frequency division multiple access (GO-OFDMA) Internet of Things (IoT) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)

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Asymptotic spectral efficiency of MC-CDMA with multiple antennas

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-COMMUNICATIONS 2006年第5期153卷 725-732页

作者： Liu, R. Ren, X. Chester, E. G. Sharif, B. S. Zhou, S. Zhou, Z. Newcastle Univ Sch Elect Elect & Comp Engn Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU Tyne & Wear England Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

The asymptotic spectral efficiency of multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) with multiple transmit and receive antennas is analysed in this paper. The closed-form spectral efficiency is derived when matched filter and minimum mean square error (MMSE) front ends are employed. We consider the effect of the number of transmit and receive antennas on the performance of spectral efficiency. The spectral efficiency can be improved by choosing an appropriate loading factor and number of antennas in the transmitter and receiver. We also compare the spectral efficiency of MC-CDMA with that of SC-CDMA (single-carrier CDMA).

关键词： least mean squares methods multiple access communication Antenna arrays asymptotic spectral efficiency multiple receive antennas MC-CDMA Filtering methods in signal processing Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) matched filter MMSE antenna arrays code division multiple access multiple transmit antennas receiver transmitter matched filters minimum mean square error Radio links and equipment multicarrier code division multiple access

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Two Classes of Z-Complementary code Sets With Good Cross-Correlation Subsets via Paraunitary Matrices

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2021年第5期69卷 2935-2947页

作者： Tian, Liying Li, Yubo Zhou, Zhengchun Xu, Chengqian Yanshan Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Qinhuangdao 066004 Hebei Peoples R China Yanshan Univ Hebei Key Lab Informat Transmiss & Signal Proc Qinhuangdao 066004 Hebei Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Math Chengdu 610031 Peoples R China

Z-complementary code sets (ZCCSs), extended from complete complementary codes (CCCs), have ideal correlations within a zone around the in-phase position named zero correlation zone (ZCZ). In this article, two classes of aperiodic ZCCSs with good cross-correlation subsets are investigated. They are multiple CCCs with inter-set zero cross-correlation zone (ZCCZ) property and multiple aperiodic ZCCSs with ideal inter-set aperiodic cross-correlation property respectively, the latter is referred to as an aperiodic inter-group complementary (IGC) code set and each ZCCS is called a group. First of all, based on polyphase paraunitary (PU) matrices and special permutation matrices, a construction of multiple polyphase CCCs with an inter-set ZCCZ is proposed. The obtained multiple CCCs have potential applications in interference-free multi-cell environments to support a large number of users. In addition, a construction of aperiodic polyphase IGC code sets is presented from polyphase PU matrices. We remark that different groups of the derived IGC code sets yield different constituent sequence lengths, thus they could provide a variety of quality of service (QoS) in quasi-synchronous multi-cell multi-rate communication systems. To the best of our knowledge, the aforementioned constructions of ZCCSs with good cross-correlation subsets based on PU matrices have not been reported in the literature.

关键词： Correlation Cascading style sheets Quality of service multicarrier code division multiple access Boolean functions Zero correlation zone Wireless communication Z-complementary code complete complementary code (CCC) inter-group complementary (IGC) code paraunitary (PU) matrix multi-carrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA)

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Detection of Signals in MC-CDMA Using a Novel Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalizer

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IEEE access 2022年 10卷 105674-105684页

作者： Bagadi, Kalapraveen Ravikumar, C., V Sathish, K. Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad Virdee, Bal S. Kouhalvandi, Lida Olan-Nunez, Karen N. Pau, Giovanni See, Chan Hwang Dayoub, Iyad Livreri, Patrizia Aissa, Sonia Falcone, Francisco Limiti, Ernesto Vellore Inst Technol Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu India Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Signal Theory & Commun Madrid 28911 Spain London Metropolitan Univ Sch Comp & Digital Media Ctr Commun Technol London N7 8DB England Dogus Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-34775 Istanbul Turkey Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Elect INAOE Elect Dept Puebla 72840 Mexico Kore Univ Enna Fac Engn & Architecture I-94100 Enna Italy Edinburgh Napier Univ Sch Engn & Built Environm Edinburgh EH10 5DT Midlothian Scotland Univ Lille ISEN Univ Polytech Hauts de France CNRS F-8520 Cent Lille France Inst Elect Microelect & Nanotechnol IEMN F-59313 Valenciennes France INSA Hauts France F-59313 Valenciennes France Univ Palermo Dept Engn I-90133 Palermo Italy Inst Natl Rech Sci INRS Montreal PQ H5A 1K6 Canada Univ Publ Navarra Dept Elect Elect & Commun Engn Pamplona 31006 Spain Univ Publ Navarra Inst Smart Cities Pamplona 31006 Spain Tecnol Monterrey Sch Engn & Sci Monterrey 64849 Mexico Univ Roma Tor Vergata Elect Engn Dept I-00133 Rome Italy

This paper presents a technique to mitigate multiple access interference (MAI) in multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) wireless communications systems. Although under normal circumstances the MC-CDMA system can achieve high spectral efficiency and resistance towards inter symbol interference (ISI) however when exposed to substantial nonlinear distortion the issue of MAI manifests. Such distortion results when the power amplifiers are driven into saturation or when the transmit signal experiences extreme adverse channel conditions. The proposed technique uses a modified iterative block decision feedback equalizer (IB-DFE) that uses a minimal mean square error (MMSE) receiver in the feed-forward path to nullify the residual interference from the IB-DFE receiver. The received signal is re-filtered in an iterative process to significantly improve the MC-CDMA system's performance. The effectiveness of the proposed modified IB-DFE technique in MC-CDMA systems has been analysed under various harsh nonlinear conditions, and the results of this analysis presented here confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique to outperform conventional methodologies in terms of the bit error rate (BER) and lesser computational complexity.

关键词： Receivers multicarrier code division multiple access Multiaccess communication codes OFDM Nonlinear distortion Iterative methods Decision feedback equalizers Spectral efficiency Bit error rate Power amplifiers Feedback Signal detection CDMA OFDM MAI MMSE IB-DFE maximum likelihood (ML)

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PAPR Analytical Characterization and Reduced-PAPR code Allocation Strategy for MC-CDMA Transmissions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2011年第1期10卷 219-227页

作者： Giannetti, Filippo Lottici, Vincenzo Stupia, Ivan Univ Pisa Dept Informat Engn I-56122 Pisa Italy

In this paper, an approximate analytical expression for the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a Multi-Carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) signal is derived. Then, it is demonstrated that the PAPR of a MC-CDMA system employing Walsh-Hadamard (WH) codes can be suitably reduced by resorting to a judicious strategy for the allocation of the spreading signature codes. Eventually, a low-complexity implementation of the proposed strategy is presented and the relevant benefits, in terms of peak signal occurrence and robustness against nonlinear distortions, is numerically assessed over conventional random allocation strategy.

关键词： Peak to average power ratio multicarrier code division multiple access code division multiplexing nonlinear distortion

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Asymptotically Optimal and Near-Optimal Aperiodic Quasi-Complementary Sequence Sets Based on Florentine Rectangles

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第3期70卷 1475-1485页

作者： Adhikary, Avik Ranjan Feng, Yanghe Zhou, Zhengchun Fan, Pingzhi Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Math Chengdu 610031 Peoples R China Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Syst Engn Changsha 410073 Peoples R China Southwest Jiaotong Univ Informat Coding & Transmiss Key Lab Sichuan Prov CSNMT Int Cooperat Res Ctr MoST Chengdu 610031 Peoples R China

Quasi-complementary sequence sets (QCSSs) can be seen as a generalized version of complete complementary codes (CCCs), which enables multicarrier communication systems to support more users. The contribution of this work is two-fold. First, we propose a systematic construction of Florentine rectangles. Secondly, we propose several sets of CCCs and QCSSs, using Florentine rectangles. The CCCs and QCSSs are constructed over Z(N), where N >= 2 is any integer. The cross-correlation magnitude of any two of the constructed CCCs is upper bounded by N. By combining the proposed CCCs, we propose asymptotically optimal and near-optimal QCSSs with new parameters.

关键词： Correlation Systematics multicarrier code division multiple access Fans codes Peak to average power ratio Manganese Asymptotically optimal quasi-complementary sequence set (QCSSs) complete complementary codes (CCCs) Florentine rectangles

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On Detection Improvement in MC-CDMA Image Watermarking on Fading Channel

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第2期100卷 587-609页

作者： Maity, Santi P. Maity, Seba Indian Inst Engn Sci & Technol Dept Informat Technol Sibpur India Coll Engn & Management Dept ECE Kolaghat 711103 India

code division multiple access (CDMA) at its multicarrier version of image watermarking scheme that is robust against random gain operation aswell as enables high embedding rate is developed in this paper. Watermark embedding is done on mutually orthogonal set of host image samples wherein data bits are embedded using an orthogonal set of code patterns. Watermark decoding is also proposed by exploiting the principle of minimummean square error combining. The decision variable for the binary watermark is the resultant weighted decision statistics. A generalizedmodel of attack that consists of multiplicative and additive degradation on the watermarked image is considered. The first one follows Rayleigh distribution and the second one Gaussian distribution. We mathematically show that the proposed decoder structure incorporates the effect of random gain (fading attack) unlike thewidely used correlator decoder. The concept ofmultiuser detection principlewhich is widely used in CDMAis then explored to cancel the effect of multiple bit interference in watermarking. Two variants of combined interference cancellation (CIC), namely threshold combined interference cancellation (TCIC) and group combined interference cancellation (GCIC) are then developed. Mathematical analysis and the results through simulations show thatTCIC andCIC offer similar decoding error rate performance. On the other hand, a significant improvement in decoding error performance and payload are achieved throughGCIC. Finally, the proposed method is studied for image error concealment and performance comparison is reported over the existing methods.

关键词： multicarrier code division multiple access Spread spectrum watermark MMSEC decoder CIC TCIC GCIC

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Cyclic Delay Diversity Based Space-Time/Space-Frequency coded MC-CDMA System

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IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2006年第3期1卷 22-29页

作者： Lodhi, Afzal Said, Fatin Aghvami, A. Hamid Kings Coll London Ctr Telecommun Res London England Univ London Univ London Kings Coll London WC1E 7HU England

Spatial diversity techniques will inarguably play a significant role in the realization of B3G wireless systems, which promise higher data transmission rates and affluent multi-media contents. Optimum performance and affordable complexity will be the decisive factors in selecting the best diversity methods for future systems. The orthogonal block codes remained the reliable choice for transmit diversity in narrowband environments but their use in broadband channels is questionable due to their inability to pick up multipath diversity. However, in conjunction with an MC-CDMA system, they achieve not only full spatial but also variable multipath diversity, depending upon the employed frequency domain spreading. In comparison, the simplicity and conformability with current standards makes cyclic delay diversity (CDD) an attractive approach, but it cannot outperform block codes in a fully loaded system. In this article, we present a "CDD based spacetime/space-frequency (ST/SF) block coded" diversity transmitter for MC-CDMA system. Equipped with CDD, a fraction of the total number of transmit antennas is used to extract the frequency (multipath) diversity, while the remaining antennas employing ST/SF-block codes provide maximum spatial diversity. This hybrid architecture makes full use of the frequency domain spreading of MC-CDMA system and provides excellent spatial and frequency diversity which is otherwise impossible to realize with stand-alone CDD or block codes.

关键词： Delay multicarrier code division multiple access Transmitting antennas Frequency diversity Data communication Multimedia systems Transmitters Data mining Frequency domain analysis Block codes

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Performance analysis of multicarrier CDMA systems with parallel and serial concatenated coding in fading channels

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-COMMUNICATIONS 2004年第2期151卷 113-122页

作者： Kafle, PL Sesay, AB TR Labs Calgary AB T2L 2K7 Canada Univ Calgary Dept Elect & Comp Engn Calgary AB Canada Univ Calgary Dept Elect & Comp Engn Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

The authors present a bit error rate performance analysis of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems with turbo and serial concatenated convolutional coding (SCCC) in multipath fading channels. The performance analysis is done for maximal ratio combining and minimum mean square error combining detection in the downlink system. Upper bounds to the average bit error probability are presented for a punctured turbo code and for an SCCC code of similar decoding complexity. These analytical bounds are derived for fully interleaved Rayleigh fading channels. The bit error rate performance is also verified by simulations in the regions of low signal-to-noise ratios. The analytical and simulation results illustrate the relative merits of the turbo and SCCC codes for MC-CDMA systems and their suitability to achieve very low error rates in wireless data applications.

关键词： least mean squares methods bit error rate multiple access communication minimum mean square error combining detection parallel concatenated coding diversity reception fading channel concatenated codes Mobile radio systems turbo codes maximal ratio combining interleaved Rayleigh channel interleaved codes serial concatenated convolutional coding MC-CDMA system Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) Rayleigh channels error statistics Other topics in statistics convolutional codes code division multiple access decoding performance analysis multipath channels codes multipath channel SCCC cellular radio multicarrier code division multiple access

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