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ON A KIND OF SELF-SIMILAR SETS WITH COMPLETE OVERLAPS

ACTA MATHEMATICA HUNGARICA 2021年第2期163卷 601-622页

作者： Kong, D. Yao, Y. Chongqing Univ Coll Math & Stat Chongqing 401331 Peoples R China East China Univ Sci & Technol Dept Math Shanghai 200237 Peoples R China

Let E be the self-similar set generated by the iterated function system f(0)(x) = x/beta, f1(x) = x + 1/beta, f(beta+1) = x + beta + 1/beta with beta >= 3. Then E is a self-similar set with complete overlaps, i.e., f(0) circle f(beta+ 1) = f(1) circle f(1), but E is not totally self-similar. We investigate all of its generating iterated function systems, give the spectrum of E, and determine the Hausdorff dimensions and Hausdorff measures of E and of the sets which contain all points in E having finite or infinite different codings.

关键词： iterated function system self-similar set complete overlap spectrum multiple coding

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An improved USM sharpening detection method for underwater images 14

An improved USM sharpening detection method for underwater i...

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14th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI)

作者： Yan, Yunan Li, Changli Pan, Xinxin Hohai Univ Comp & Informat Nanjing 211100 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665400046

In this paper, we have come up with a forensics algorithm based on adjacent pixels and multivariate coding. In the proposed method, the adjacent pixels with four directions are computed with center pixel to ferret out the overshoot artifacts caused by weak sharpening. A large number of experimental results of sharpened image detection show that the proposed method has excellent accuracy and adaptability, especially for underwater image sharpening detection.

关键词： Image forensics Sharpening detection multiple coding

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Hearing the voices of service user researchers in collaborative qualitative data analysis: the case for multiple coding

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HEALTH EXPECTATIONS 2013年第4期16卷 E89-E99页

作者： Sweeney, Angela Greenwood, Kathryn E. Williams, Sally Wykes, Til Rose, Diana S. UCL Dept Mental Hlth Sci London W1W 7EJ England Kings Coll London Inst Psychiat Hlth Serv London WC2R 2LS England Kings Coll London Inst Psychiat Populat Res Dept London WC2R 2LS England Univ Sussex Sch Psychol Brighton BN1 9RH E Sussex England Maudsley NHS Fdn Trust Maudsley Hosp PICuP Clin South London England

BackgroundHealth research is frequently conducted in multi-disciplinary teams, with these teams increasingly including service user researchers. Whilst it is common for service user researchers to be involved in data collection - most typically interviewing other service users - it is less common for service user researchers to be involved in data analysis and interpretation. This means that a unique and significant perspective on the data is absent. AimThis study aims to use an empirical report of a study on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) to demonstrate the value of multiple coding in enabling service users voices to be heard in team-based qualitative data analysis. DesignThe CBTp study employed multiple coding to analyse service users' discussions of CBT for psychosis (CBTp) from the perspectives of a service user researcher, clinical researcher and psychology assistant. multiple coding was selected to enable multiple perspectives to analyse and interpret data, to understand and explore differences and to build multi-disciplinary consensus. Resultsmultiple coding enabled the team to understand where our views were commensurate and incommensurate and to discuss and debate differences. Through the process of multiple coding, we were able to build strong consensus about the data from multiple perspectives, including that of the service user researcher. Discussionmultiple coding is an important method for understanding and exploring multiple perspectives on data and building team consensus. This can be contrasted with inter-rater reliability which is only appropriate in limited circumstances. ConclusionWe conclude that multiple coding is an appropriate and important means of hearing service users' voices in qualitative data analysis.

关键词： collaborative research multi-disciplinary teams multiple coding multiple perspectives qualitative data analysis service user researchers

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Correction of the significance level when attempting multiple transformations of an explanatory variable in generalized linear models

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BMC MEDICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2013年第1期13卷 1-10页

作者： Liquet, Benoit Riou, Jeremie Univ Bordeaux ISPED Ctr INSERM U Epidemiol Biostat 897 F-33000 Bordeaux France INSERM ISPED Ctr INSERM U Epidemiol Biostat 897 F-33000 Bordeaux France MRC Biostat Unit Inst Publ Hlth Cambridge CB2 0SR England Danone Res F-91767 Palaiseau France

Background: In statistical modeling, finding the most favorable coding for an exploratory quantitative variable involves many tests. This process involves multiple testing problems and requires the correction of the significance level. Methods: For each coding, a test on the nullity of the coefficient associated with the new coded variable is computed. The selected coding corresponds to that associated with the largest statistical test (or equivalently the smallest p(value)). In the context of the Generalized Linear Model, Liquet and Commenges (Stat Probability Lett, 71:33-38,2005) proposed an asymptotic correction of the significance level. This procedure, based on the score test, has been developed for dichotomous and Box-Cox transformations. In this paper, we suggest the use of resampling methods to estimate the significance level for categorical transformations with more than two levels and, by definition those that involve more than one parameter in the model. The categorical transformation is a more flexible way to explore the unknown shape of the effect between an explanatory and a dependent variable. Results: The simulations we ran in this study showed good performances of the proposed methods. These methods were illustrated using the data from a study of the relationship between cholesterol and dementia. Conclusion: The algorithms were implemented using R, and the associated CPMCGLM R package is available on the CRAN.

关键词： Bonferroni procedure Generalized linear model multiple coding Parametric bootstrap Permutation p(value) Resampling procedure

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Capacity-approaching multiple coding for MIMO Rayleigh fading systems with transmit channel state information

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2007年第5期56卷 2965-2975页

作者： Liu, Jianhan Chen, Jinghu Host-Madsen, Anders Fossorier, Marc P. C. SiBEAM Inc Sunnyvale CA 94085 USA Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA Univ Hawaii Manoa Dept Elect Engn Honolulu HI 96822 USA

We study transmit power adaptation and capacity-approaching coding/decoding in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh fading channels under the assumption that perfect channel state information (CSI) is known at both the transmitter and the receiver. The capacity in MIMO systems with transmitter CSI can be achieved via two schemes: 1) a multiple-coding scheme with temporal and spatial water filling and 2) a single-coding scheme with temporal and spatial water filling. The former requires an infinite number of different codes, and the latter one requires interblock coding and, therefore, a very long code. We propose three simple but powerful methods for transforming the MIMO fading channel into a set of additive white Gaussian noise channels to which standard codes for the Gaussian channel can then be applied. We show through a number of examples that these methods can closely approach channel capacity. As a by-product, the closed-form expressions of the marginal probability density function of the ordered and unordered eigenvalues of Wishart matrices are derived.

关键词： channel state information (CSI) multiple coding multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) partitioned channel inversion

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Stability and evolution of overlapping genes

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EVOLUTION 2000年第3期54卷 731-739页

作者： Krakauer, DC Inst Adv Study Princeton NJ 08540 USA

When the same sequence of nucleotides codes for regions of more than one functional polypeptide, this sequence contains overlapping genes. Overlap is most common in rapidly evolving genomes with high mutation rates such as viruses, bacteria, and mitochondria. Overlap is thought to be important as: (1) a means of compressing a maximum amount of information into short sequences of structural genes;and (2) as a mechanism for regulating gene expression through translational coupling of functionally related polypeptides. The stability of overlapping codes is examined in relation to the information cost of overlap and the mutation rate of the genome. The degree of overlap in a given population will tend to become monomorphic. Evolution toward partial overlap of genes is shown to depend on a convex cost function of overlap. Overlap does not evolve when expression of overlapping genes is mutually exclusive and produced by rare mutations to the wild-type genome. Assuming overlap increases coupling between functionally related genes, the conditions favoring overlap are explored in relation to the kinetics of gene activation and decay. Coupling is most effective for genes in which the gene overlapping at its 5' end (leading gene) decays rapidly, while the gene overlapping at the 3' end (induced gene) decays slowly. If gene expression can feedback on itself (autocatalysis), then high rates of activation favor overlap.

关键词： error threshold genome evolution genomic compression mathematical model multiple coding overlapping genes quasi-species

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多层信码──multiple coding在市场经济下坚持设计水准的一种途径

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建筑 1994年第8期 27-27页

作者：刘开济北京市建筑设计院!中国建筑学会学术工作委员会

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Estudio de las Causas Múltiples de Defunción en Asturias, 1988

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Gaceta Sanitaria 1993年第35期7卷 78-85页

作者： García Tardón, Adonina Zaplana Piñeiro, Juan Hernández Mejías, Radhamés Cueto Espinar, Antonio Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Oviedo Spain Servicio de Informática. Hospital Central de Asturias

Se pretende analizar la frecuencia de certificacón de causas de los Boletines Estadísticos de Defunción de Asturias en 1988. Para ello se realizó un estudio de una muestra representativa de los Boletines Estadísticos de Defunción (n = 595) de Asturias del año 1988, determinando la media y la moda del número de causas, así como la complejidad y densidad, por edad y sexo. La moda del número de causas del total de boletines, para ambos sexos, fue de 3 y la media de 3,14;se ocuparon las tres líneas (complejidad) en cerca del 50% de los boletines analizados. En relación a la densidad de líneas, Ia IIb (c. inicial) fue la que más veces se rellenó (10,7%) con más de una causa cuando era la última línea, usada. Ambos valores, complejidad y densidad de última línea aumentaron de forma directamente proporcional al incremento de la edad de defunción. Se realizó también este análisis excluyendo las causas codificadas como Paro Cardíaco y Respiratorio (CIE-9: 427.5 y 799.1). Se ha podido confirmar la utilidad de la codificación de causa múltiple de defunción y se concluye la necesidad de continuar con estos estudios en nuestro país. © 1993, Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria. All rights reserved.

关键词： Codificación múltiple Estadísticas vitales. Mortalidad Mortality multiple coding Vital statistics.

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Codificación múltiple de las causas de muerte: análisis de una muestra de boletines estadísticos de defunción

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Gaceta Sanitaria 1988年第5期2卷 73-76页

作者： García Benavides, Fernando Godoy Laserna, Catalina Sánchez Pérez, Salvador Bolumar Montrull, Francisco Departamento de Salud Comunitaria Universidad de Alicante Spain Oficina de Estadísticas de Mortalidad Generalitat Valenciana Spain Departamento de Enfermería. Universidad de Alicante Spain

Se estudia la información médica contenida en una muestra de 1965 Boletines Estadísticos de Defunción (BED) con el objetivo de explorar ta utilidad de un modelo de codificación múltiple en el tratamiento de las estadísticas de mortalidad. Observamos Que más del 90% de los BED contienen más de un diagnóstico notificado y que el número de éstos aumenta con la edad. Lo mismo ocurre con el número de líneas usadas, con un 89,7% de los BEO con al menos dos líneas usadas. La distribución espacial de la información resulta muy desigual. El 99% de los BED presenta al menos un diagnóstico como causa inmediata, el 84% comunica alguna causa inicial y sólo el 58% menciona alguna causa intermedia. Paradójicamente, el mayor porcentaje (7,6%) de segundos diagnósticos se observa en la línea de la causa básica, donde sólo debiera informarse uno. Se concluye, que la codificación múltiple de las causas de defunción permitiría aprovechar esta información contenida en los BED y ayudaría a comprender mejor la secuencia del proceso que conduce a la muerte. © 1988, Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria. All rights reserved.

关键词： Codificación múltiple Estadísticas Vitales Mortalidad Mortality multiple coding Vital satistics

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MINIMIZATION OF STRUCTURAL INFORMATION - A SET-THEORETICAL APPROACH

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PATTERN RECOGNITION 1983年第2期16卷 231-242页

作者： COLLARD, RFA BUFFART, HFJM University of Nijmegen Montessorilaan 3 P.O. Box 9104 6500 HE Nijmegen The Netherlands

According to the coding theory of pattern perception, a pattern may be encoded economically in the form of a hierarchy of operations. In essence, the shortest codes reflect the way(s) a pattern is perceived. Theoretical predictions so far prove consistently correct. The present study proposes a set-theoretical approach in such a way that structural information, defined as classes of patterns having the same structural relationships, induces a redundancy order of codes. In this order, codes may be reduced automatically from an initial sequential encoding. Closure under set-intersection accounts for ambiguity.

关键词： Structural pattern recognition coding theory of pattern perception Descriptional complexity Minimization Structural information Redundancy order Automatic code reduction multiple coding

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