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Layered coding vs. multiple descriptions for video streaming over multiple paths

MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 2005年第4期10卷 275-285页

作者： Chakareski, J Han, S Girod, B Stanford Univ Dept Elect Engn Informat Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA

In this paper, we examine the performance of specific implementations of multiple description coding and of layered coding for video streaming over error-prone packet switched networks. We compare their performance using different transmission schemes with and without network path diversity. It is shown that, given specific implementations, there is a large variation in relative performance between multiple description coding and layered coding depending on the employed transmission scheme. For scenarios where the packet transmission schedules can be optimized in a rate-distortion sense, layered coding provides a better performance. The converse is true for scenarios where the packet schedules are not rate-distortion optimized.

关键词： layered coding multiple description coding rate-distortion optimized streaming packet path diversity video communication

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Enhancing P2P live streaming performance by balancing description distribution and available forwarding bandwidth in P2P streaming network

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2011年第5期24卷 568-585页

作者： Lin, Chow-Sing Natl Univ Tainan Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Tainan 700 Taiwan

In a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, peers not only receive services from the network, but also contribute their own resources to the network. The abundant resources brought by P2P networks have stimulated the wide deployment of resource-consuming multimedia streaming services over a P2P architecture. Allowing for the heterogeneity of peers in their upload and download bandwidth, most researches adopt the multiple description coding (MDC) technique to enable differentiated streaming services. However, due to the lack of a global view of description availability, they tend to cause the skewed distribution of descriptions and lead to the under-utilization of aggregated resources on P2P networks. In the paper, we propose a novel approach to balance the distribution of descriptions and available upload bandwidth in the P2P live streaming network. Based on the description distribution and available upload bandwidth, the proposed balancing scheme determines what descriptions a new peer should receive and their source peers such that better system scalability can be achieved. The simulation experiments indicate that our proposed balancing scheme can effectively reduce the server bandwidth consumption and rejection rate. Furthermore, abandoned peers can recover their lost descriptions mostly from the existing peers in the network instead of the server. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： live streaming peer-to-peer multiple description coding balancing failure recovery

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Low-Latency Video Streaming With Congestion Control in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2012年第4期14卷 1337-1350页

作者： Greco, Claudio Cagnazzo, Marco Pesquet-Popescu, Beatrice TELECOM ParisTech CNRS LTCI Inst Mines TELECOM Dept TSI F-75634 Paris 13 France

In this paper, we address the challenge of delivering a video stream, encoded with multiple descriptions, in a mobile ad-hoc environment with low-latency constraints. This kind of application is meant to provide an efficient and reliable video communication tool in scenarios where the deployment of an infrastructure is not feasible, such as military and disaster relief applications. First, we present a recently proposed protocol that employs a reliable form of one-hop broadcast to build an efficient overlay network according to a multi-objective function that minimizes the number of packets injected in the network and maximizes the path diversity among descriptions. Then, we introduce the main contribution of this paper: a cross-layer congestion control strategy where the MAC layer is video-coding aware and adjusts its transmission parameters (namely, the RTS retry limit) via congestion/distortion optimization. The main challenge in this approach is providing a reliable estimation of congestion and distortion, given the limited information available at each node. Our simulations show that, if a stringent constraint of low delay is imposed, our technique grants a consistent gain in terms of both PSNR and delay reduction, for bitrates up to a few megabits per second.

关键词： Congestion-distortion model cooperative systems cross-layer design mobile ad-hoc networks multimedia communication multiple description coding

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Anthropomorphic coding of speech and audio: A model inversion approach

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING 2005年第9期2005卷 1334-1349页

作者： Feldbauer, C Kubin, G Kleijn, WB Graz Univ Technol Signal Proc & Speech Commun Lab A-8010 Graz Austria Royal Inst Technol KTH Dept Signal Sensors & Syst S-10044 Stockholm Sweden

Auditory modeling is a well-established methodology that provides insight into human perception and that facilitates the extraction of signal features that are most relevant to the listener. The aim of this paper is to provide a tutorial on perceptual speech and audio coding using an invertible auditory model. In this approach, the audio signal is converted into an auditory representation using an invertible auditory model. The auditory representation is quantized and coded. Upon decoding, it is then transformed back into the acoustic domain. This transformation converts a complex distortion criterion into a simple one, thus facilitating quantization with low complexity. We briefly review past work on auditory models and describe in more detail the components of our invertible model and its inversion procedure, that is, the method to reconstruct the signal from the output of the auditory model. We summarize attempts to use the auditory representation for low-bit-rate coding. Our approach also allows the exploitation of the inherent redundancy of the human auditory system for the purpose of multiple description (joint source-channel) coding.

关键词： speech and audio coding auditory representation auditory model inversion auditory synthesis perceptual domain coding multiple description coding

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Cooperative media data streaming with scalable video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING 2008年第9期20卷 1273-1281页

作者： Guo, Hui Lo, Kwok-Tung China Univ Petr Dept Comp Sci & Technol Beijing 102200 Peoples R China Hong Kong Polytech Univ Elect & Informat Engn Dept Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China

Peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming has become a promising approach for disseminating streaming media content from the server to a large number of interested clients. It still faces many challenges, however, such as high churn rate of peer clients, uplink bandwidth constraints of participating peers, and heterogeneity of client capacities. To resolve these issues, this paper presents a new P2P streaming framework that combines with the advantages of both mesh-based multisource overlay networks and scalable video coding techniques, specifically with multiple description coding (MDC), to improve the streaming quality of participating clients. In this paper, an optimized allocation policy (OAP) algorithm was proposed for multidescriptions allocation. Extensive simulations show that the proposed system achieves higher quality of service by peer-assisted cooperative streaming and MDC coding. In addition, we investigate an efficient cooperative caching mechanism for streaming service. The target is to provide low-latency and high-quality services by virtue of peer collaboration. The storage and replacement of caching content are based on a segment-based strategy. Through comparison, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and compare with the traditional LRUF scheme through extensive experiments over large Internet-like topologies. Results show that the system outperforms some previous schemes in resource utilization and is more robust and resilient to node departure, which demonstrate that it is well suited for quality adaptive cooperative streaming applications.

关键词： P2P overlay network multiple description coding media streaming multimedia communication cooperative cache

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Joint playout and FEC control for multi-stream voice over IP networks

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JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS 2013年第2期36卷 224-235页

作者： Wu, Chun-Feng Chiang, Yuan-Chuan Chang, Wen-Whei Natl Chiao Tung Univ Inst Commun Engn Hsinchu Taiwan Natl Hsinchu Univ Educ Dept Special Educ Hsinchu Taiwan

Packet loss and delay are the major network impairments for transporting real-time voice over internet protocol (IP) networks. In the proposed system, multiple descriptions of the speech are used to take advantage of packet path diversity. A new objective method is presented for predicting the perceived quality of multi-stream voice transmission. Also proposed is a joint playout buffer and forward error control (FEC) adjustment scheme that maximizes the perceived speech quality via delay-loss trading. Experimental results showed that the proposed multi-stream voice transmission scheme achieves significant reductions in delay-and packet-loss rates as well as improved speech quality.

关键词： playout buffer forward error control multiple description coding voice quality prediction model

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Self-organizing maps for the design of multiple description vector quantizers

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2013年 122卷 298-309页

作者： Poggi, Giovanni Cozzolino, Davide Verdoliva, Luisa Univ Naples Federico II Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol Naples Italy

multiple description coding is an appealing tool to guarantee graceful signal degradation in the presence of unreliable channels. While the principles of multiple description scalar quantization are well-understood and solid guidelines exist to design effective systems, the same does not hold for vector quantization, especially at low bit-rates, where burdensome and unsatisfactory design techniques discourage its use altogether in applications. In this work we use the self-organizing maps to design multiple description VQ codebooks. The proposed algorithm is flexible, fast and effective: it deals easily with a large variety of situations, including the case of more than two descriptions, with a computational complexity that remains fully affordable even for large codebooks, and a performance comparable to that of reference techniques. A thorough experimental analysis, conducted in a wide range of operating conditions, proves the proposed technique to perform on par with well-known reference methods based on greedy optimization, but with a much lower computational burden. In addition, the resulting codebook can be itself optimized, thus providing even better performance. All experiments are fully reproducible, with all software and data available online for the interested researchers. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Self-organizing maps Vector quantization multiple description coding Reproducible research

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A Lego-Brick Approach to coding for Network Communication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2024年第2期70卷 865-903页

作者： Ghaddar, Nadim Ganguly, Shouvik Wang, Lele Kim, Young-Han Univ Toronto Dept Elect & Comp Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G8 Canada Samsung Res Amer Plano TX 75023 USA Univ British Columbia Dept Elect & Comp Engn Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

coding schemes for several problems in network information theory are constructed starting from point-to-point channel codes that are designed for symmetric channels. Given that the point-to-point codes satisfy certain properties pertaining to the rate, the error probability, and the distribution of decoded sequences, bounds on the performance of the coding schemes are derived and shown to hold irrespective of other properties of the codes. In particular, we consider the problems of lossless and lossy source coding, Slepian-Wolf coding, Wyner-Ziv coding, Berger-Tung coding, multiple description coding, asymmetric channel coding, Gelfand-Pinsker coding, coding for multiple access channels, Marton coding for broadcast channels, and coding for cloud radio access networks (C-RAN's). We show that the coding schemes can achieve the best known inner bounds for these problems, provided that the constituent point-to-point channel codes are rate-optimal. This would allow one to leverage commercial off-the-shelf codes for point-to-point symmetric channels in the practical implementation of codes over networks. Simulation results demonstrate the gain of the proposed coding schemes compared to existing practical solutions to these problems.

关键词： Network information theory channel coding Slepian-Wolf coding Gelfand-Pinsker coding Wyner-Ziv coding Berger-Tung coding multiple description coding Marton coding multiple access channels cloud radio access networks

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K-Tree: A multiple tree video multicast protocol for Ad hoc wireless networks

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COMPUTER NETWORKS 2010年第11期54卷 1864-1884页

作者： Tamma, Bheemarjuna Reddy Badam, Anirudh Murthy, C. Siva Ram Rao, Ramesh R. Univ Calif San Diego Calif Inst Telecommun & Informat Technol La Jolla CA 92093 USA Princeton Univ Dept Comp Sci Princeton NJ 08544 USA Indian Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Madras 600036 Tamil Nadu India

In this paper, we address the problem of video multicast over Ad hoc wireless networks. Multicasting is an efficient means of one-to-many communication and is typically implemented by creating a multicast tree. Video multicasting demands high quality of service with a continuous delivery to receivers. However, most of the existing multicast solutions do not guarantee this because they are not resilient to mobility of the nodes and do not exploit error-resilient nature of recently available video coding techniques. Uninterrupted video transmission requires continuous reachability to receivers which emphasizes the usage of path-diversity. Hence, we propose a multiple tree multicast protocol which maintains maximally node-disjoint multicast trees in the network to attain robustness against path breaks. We further enhance the robustness by using the error-resilient multiple description coding (MDC) for video encoding. We prove that finding a given number of node-disjoint multicast trees for a multicast session in a given network is NP-Hard. Then we propose a protocol called K-Tree which maintains the maximal node-disjointedness property of K trees by using a distributed online heuristic. Through extensive simulation experiments, we show how the proposed protocol improves the video quality as we use two or three trees instead of a single tree for multicasting video stream. We also show, through simulations, that the protocol efficiently, in terms of overhead, provides high quality video as compared to an existing two tree video multicast protocol and a well known mesh-based multicast protocol. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ad hoc wireless networks Video multicasting Multicast trees Path-diversity multiple description coding

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Measuring the perceived importance of speech segments for transmission over IP networks

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2006年第2期E89B卷 326-333页

作者： Hiwasaki, Y Morinaga, T Ikedo, J Kataoka, A NTT Corp NTT Cyber Space Labs Musashino Tokyo 1808585 Japan

This paper presents a way of using a linear regression model to produce a single-valued criterion that indicates the perceived importance of each block in a stream of speech blocks. This method is superior to the conventional approach, voice activity detection (VAD), in that it provides a dynamically changing priority value for speech segments with finer granularity. The approach can be used in conjunction with scalable speech coding techniques in the context of IP QoS services to achieve a flexible form of quality control for speech transmission. A simple linear regression model is used to estimate a mean opinion score (MOS) of the various cases of missing speech segments. The estimated MOS is a continuous value that can be mapped to priority levels with arbitrary granularity. Through subjective evaluation, we show the validity of the calculated priority values.

关键词： scalable speech coding multiple description coding packet networks VAD QoS VoIP estimated MOS linear regression model

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