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Layered coded vs. multiple description coded video over error-prone networks

SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2003年第5期18卷 337-356页

作者： Lee, YC Kim, J Altunbasak, Y Mersereau, RM Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

Layered (LC) and multiple description coding (MDC) have been proposed as source coding techniques that are robust to channel errors for video transmission. LC and MDC have similar characteristics: they both generate multiple sub-bitstreams, and it is permissible to drop some portion of the data from the sub-bitstreams during transmission for both methods. However, they are different in the sense that the sub-bitstreams for LC have different levels of importance while all sub-bitstreams for MDC are equally important. Since these two encoding techniques have similar properties, some performance comparisons between LC and MDC have recently been reported. However, these studies are still not conclusive because several scenarios have not been carefully considered. Furthermore, they have been performed in different environments. In this paper, we further investigate the error-resilience capabilities of these two encoding techniques through extensive experimentation. Although some of our conclusions agree with those in the literature, we believe that this paper provides the most comprehensive performance comparison yet between LC and MDC. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： layered coding multiple description coding error-resilient video communications MPEG video

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A cross-layer diversity technique for multicarrier OFDM multimedia networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2006年第4期15卷 833-847页

作者： Chan, YS Cosman, PC Milstein, LB Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Diversity can be used to combat multipath fading and improve the performance of wireless multimedia communication systems. In this work, by considering transmission of an embedded bitstream over an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system in a slowly varying Rayleigh faded environment, we develop a cross-layer diversity technique which takes advantage of both multiple description coding and frequency diversity techniques. More specifically, assuming a frequency-selective channel, we study the packet loss behavior of an OFDM system and construct multiple independent descriptions using an FEC-based strategy. We provide some analysis of this cross-layer approach and demonstrate its superior performance using the set partitioning in hierarchical trees image coder.

关键词： cross-layer design diversity frequency diversity multimedia communications multiple description coding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) progressive transmission wireless video

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Robust distributed source coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2008年第8期54卷 3385-3398页

作者： Chen, Jun Berger, Toby McMaster Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada Univ Virginia Dept Elect & Comp Engn Charlottesville VA 22904 USA

We consider a distributed source coding system in which several observations must be encoded separately and communicated to the decoder by using limited transmission rate. We introduce a robust distributed coding scheme which flexibly trades off between system robustness and compression efficiency. The optimality of this coding scheme is proved for various special cases.

关键词： CEO problem common information distributed source coding multiple description coding

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Compressive Sampling-Based Image coding for Resource-Deficient Visual Communication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2016年第6期25卷 2844-2855页

作者： Liu, Xianming Zhai, Deming Zhou, Jiantao Zhang, Xinfeng Zhao, Debin Gao, Wen Harbin Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Univ Macau Fac Sci & Technol Dept Comp & Informat Sci Macau 999078 Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Rapid Rich Object Search Lab Singapore 639798 Singapore Peking Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Minist Educ Natl Engn Lab Video Technol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Minist Educ Key Lab Machine Percept Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

In this paper, a new compressive sampling-based image coding scheme is developed to achieve competitive coding efficiency at lower encoder computational complexity, while supporting error resilience. This technique is particularly suitable for visual communication with resource-deficient devices. At the encoder, compact image representation is produced, which is a polyphase down-sampled version of the input image;but the conventional low-pass filter prior to down-sampling is replaced by a local random binary convolution kernel. The pixels of the resulting down-sampled pre-filtered image are local random measurements and placed in the original spatial configuration. The advantages of the local random measurements are two folds: 1) preserve high-frequency image features that are otherwise discarded by low-pass filtering and 2) remain a conventional image and can therefore be coded by any standardized codec to remove the statistical redundancy of larger scales. Moreover, measurements generated by different kernels can be considered as the multiple descriptions of the original image and therefore the proposed scheme has the advantage of multiple description coding. At the decoder, a unified sparsity-based soft-decoding technique is developed to recover the original image from received measurements in a framework of compressive sensing. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is competitive compared with existing methods, with a unique strength of recovering fine details and sharp edges at low bit-rates.

关键词： Low bit-rates image coding multiple description coding local random sampling compressive sensing

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Robust and Efficient Stream Delivery for Application Layer Multicasting in Heterogeneous Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2009年第1期11卷 166-176页

作者： Kobayashi, Masahiro Nakayama, Hidehisa Ansari, Nirwan Kato, Nei Tohoku Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci Sendai Miyagi 9808579 Japan Tohoku Inst Technol Fac Engn Dept Elect & Intelligent Syst Sendai Miyagi 9828577 Japan New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Adv Networking Lab Newark NJ 07102 USA

Application Layer Multicast (ALM) is highly expected to replace IP multicasting as the new technological choice for content delivery. Depending on the streaming application, ALM nodes will construct a multicast tree and deliver the stream through this tree. However, if a node resides in the tree leaves, it cannot deliver the stream to its descendant nodes. In this case, Quality of Service (QoS) will be compromised dramatically. To overcome this problem, Topology-aware Hierarchical Arrangement Graph (TRAG) was proposed. By employing multiple description coding (MDC), THAG first splits the stream into a number of descriptions, and then uses Arrangement Graph (AG) to construct node-disjoint multicast trees for each description. However, using a constant AG size in THAG creates difficulty in delivering descriptions appropriately across a heterogeneous network. In this paper, we propose a method, referred to as Network-aware Hierarchical Arrangement Graph (NHAG), to change the AG size dynamically to enhance THAG performance, even in heterogeneous networks. Finally, we evaluate the proposed scheme by experiments using the network simulator ns-2. By comparing our proposed method to THAG and SplitStream, we show that our method provides better performance in terms of throughput and QoS. The results indicate that our approach is more reliable than other methods in heterogeneous networks.

关键词： Application layer multicast content delivery multiple description coding streaming contents

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Flexible Symmetric multiple description Lattice Vector Quantizer With L ≥ 3 descriptions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2014年第12期62卷 4281-4292页

作者： Gao, Zhouyang Dumitrescu, Sorina McMaster Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada

In the previous work on multiple description lattice vector quantizers (MDLVQs) with L >= 3 descriptions, once the central and side lattice codebooks are fixed, the decoding quality is determined for all numbers k of received descriptions. Therefore, it is not possible to achieve tradeoffs between the quality of reconstruction for different values of k, 1 <= k <= L - 1. This paper proposes a flexible MDLVQ capable of overcoming the above drawback. For this, a different reconstruction method is employed and a heuristic index assignment (IA) algorithm, which uses L - 2 parameters to control the distortions for 2 <= k <= L - 1, is developed. Experimental results show that the proposed MDLVQ, in addition to achieving the desired tradeoffs, significantly outperforms the classicMD scheme based on unequal erasure protection. The second contribution of this paper is a structured IA for the case of L = 3 and the derivation of the corresponding expressions of the distortions at high resolution. The proposed IA has a simple mechanism for controlling the tradeoff between the reconstruction quality for k = 1, 2. The IA is able to achieve a wide range of distortion values, while keeping the product of the distortions for k = 1, 2 the same as in the prior work.

关键词： multiple description coding lattice quantization high resolution analysis

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Layered P2P video streaming using asymmetric P2P topology and membership management

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JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS 2014年第6期37卷 731-740页

作者： Huang, Chung-Ming Yang, Chia-Ching Cheng, Chung-Heng Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Lab Multimedia Mobile Networking Tainan 70101 Taiwan

Peer-to-peer (P2P) video streaming applications are widely popular, e. g. PPstream and PPlive, because of higher transmission speed and data availability. A fact of P2P streaming is that different peers have different (asymmetric) capabilities for resource sharing, and thus, some asymmetric P2P (A-P2P) topology and membership management schemes should be adopted among P2P nodes having heterogeneous computing and communicating capabilities. Our research focuses on designing a novel A-P2P streaming architecture with a dedicated codec scheme that applies multiple description features into the scalable extension of H.264/AVC, which is adaptive and error-robust enough to tackle challenges in the A-P2P network environment. In the streaming architecture, our proposed device-aware P2P topology management is responsible for constructing a hierarchical membership-tree based on the capacity of upstream bandwidth and round-trip time. In addition, the buffer-aware scheduling scheme is able to determine whether the peer needs to reconnect to a proper source provider or not, based on the buffer status. In our experiments, corresponding performances, e.g. average peer-join time and average peak signal-to-noise ratio, were measured and demonstrated.

关键词： P2P streaming scalable video coding multiple description coding buffer control

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Mobile multipath cooperative network for real-time streaming

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2012年第8期27卷 856-866页

作者： Raveendran, Viji Bhamidipati, Phanikumar Luo, Xun Huang, Xiaolong Jia, Chao Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA

Access links are often times the bottlenecks of wireless wide area networks (WWAN). The prevalent use of multimedia applications on mobile devices introduces an ever increasing traffic load on WWAN access links, leading to traffic congestion and unsatisfactory user experiences. In this paper, we introduce a mobile multipath cooperative network. In the system, multiple paths are dynamically established among cooperative devices over WWAN and WLAN so that multiple descriptions of a multimedia stream can be transported over distinct end-to-end paths between two mobiles. As a result, the capacities of multiple wireless access links can be utilized to enhance quality of experience of a multimedia application. We also introduce a MDC rate adaptation algorithm that jointly adapts the source coding rates among multiple paths. Our lab experiments show that real-time streaming with multiple description coding benefits significantly from the proposed cooperative network and subsequently enhance the quality of user experience for multimedia applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： multiple description coding Mobile multimedia service Network architecture Overlay network Quality of experience Real-time streaming

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Symmetric Scalable multiple description Scalar Quantization

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2012年第7期60卷 3628-3643页

作者： Satti, Shahid M. Deligiannis, Nikos Munteanu, Adrian Schelkens, Peter Cornelis, Jan Vrije Univ Brussel Dept Elect & Informat ETRO B-1050 Brussels Belgium Interdisciplinary Inst BroadBand Technol IBBT Dept Future Media & Imaging B-9050 Ghent Belgium

Real-time data delivery over best-effort error-prone packet networks has invigorated the study of robust coding schemes, such as scalable multiple description coding (SMDC). In this context, the paper introduces a novel generic symmetric scalable multiple description quantizer (SSMDSQ) which generates perfectly balanced source descriptions. Novel embedded index assignments are proposed which are used to realize high, as well as medium-to-low redundancy SSMDSQs. Compared to existing designs, it is shown that the proposed quantizer constructions exhibit superior distortion-rate (D-R) performance. Moreover, this paper describes an innovative extension of the Lloyd-Max algorithm in order to optimize symmetric and asymmetric scalable multiple description quantizers. For a family of Generalized Gaussian (GG) source distributions, the proposed optimization algorithm yields on average a significant D-R performance gain over unoptimized quantizers. Furthermore, anchored in the designed SSMDSQs, an SMDC framework is established to realize packet-based transmission over erasure channels. In this framework, transmission strategies are determined for scenarios wherein the average packet loss rate over the transmission link is (a) unknown and (b) can be estimated at the encoder. For both scenarios, SMDC packetized transmission is simulated for a family of GG distributions. Experimental results confirm that, compared to contemporary schemes, the designed quantizer constructions (with or without optimization) account for a significant average gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a wide range of packet loss rates.

关键词： Embedded quantization error-resilience multiple description coding scalable multiple description quantizer

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Lapped orthogonal transforms designed for error-resilient image coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2002年第9期12卷 752-764页

作者： Chung, DM Wang, Y New York City Dept Transportat Sunnyside NY 11104 USA Polytech Inst New York Dept Elect & Comp Engn Brooklyn NY 11201 USA

This paper describes a new design method for lapped orthogonal transforms (LOTS) that can provide a desired tradeoff between coding efficiency and resilience to transmission errors. Traditionally, LOT bases have been designed to maximize the coding efficiency solely. When certain coefficients are lost due to impairments in the transmission channel, the reconstructed image is often unsatisfactory. Previously, we have developed a maximally smooth recovery method for the reconstruction of images from incomplete LOT coefficients. The reconstruction quality depends on the LOT basis used. In this paper, we describe a new LOT-basis design method, which maximizes the weighted average of a coding gain and a reconstruction gain, with the latter being defined according to the maximally smooth recovery method. A coder using the designed basis with a high weighting factor toward the reconstruction gain can achieve significantly better reconstruction quality than a LOT basis that is designed to optimize the coding efficiency only. The newly designed bases are evaluated by their redundancy-rate-distortion performance. Simulation results show that the new bases are more efficient than the bases designed previously by Hemami, in that the new bases require fewer redundancy bits to achieve the same reconstruction quality under the same channel error pattern.

关键词： rrror resilience image coding lapped orthogonal transforms multiple description coding

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