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Capacity Results for MIMO Optical Intensity Channels With Individual Intensity Constraints

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2025年第4期73卷 2505-2521页

作者： Chen, Ru-Han Li, Longguang Guo, Jia-Ning Yang, Xu Zhang, Jian Li, Lin Natl Univ Def Technol Res Inst 63 Nanjing 210044 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ SJTU Paris Elite Inst Technol Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Natl Digital Switching Syst Engn & Technol Res Ctr Zhengzhou 450002 Peoples R China

In this paper, we investigate the capacity of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) optical intensity channel (OIC) with peak- and average-intensity constraints individually imposed on each transmitter. We first consider the case where the average input intensities are required to be equal to preassigned constants due to the requirement of illumination quality and color temperature. For the MIMO OIC with a strongly connected channel graph, we prove that its strongest eigen-subchannel must have positive channel gains, which reveals the underlying relationship between the MIMO OIC and the multiple-input single-output OIC. In the general case, we derive various capacity bounds by standard information theoretic tools and investigate several transceivers with certain architectures. In the special case where the channel rank is one less than the number of transmitters, we derive an equivalent capacity expression from the perspective of convex geometry, and new capacity lower bounds are derived based on this equivalent expression. Finally, the developed results are extended to another type of channels, where the average input intensities are required to be no larger than preassigned constants. These derived bounds are numerically verified to approach the capacity in the low or high signal-to-noise ratio regime.

关键词： Vectors Optical transmitters Optical receivers Radio frequency Optical modulation Signal to noise ratio Optical noise Channel capacity dimming control intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) multiple-input multiple-output optical wireless communication per-aperture constraint visible light communication

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High-Throughput, Sorted QR Accelerator for Non-Linear Processing in Open-RAN Systems

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 44564-44572页

作者： Thomas, Thomas James Filo, Marcin Nikitopoulos, Konstantinos Univ Surrey Inst Commun Syst 5G & 6G Innovat Ctr Wireless Syst Lab Guildford GU27XH England

Open Radio Access Networks (Open-RANs) require cost- and energy-efficient solutions to facilitate their large-scale deployment. A significant concern in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems employing traditional linear processing is the substantial number of radio frequency (RF) chains at the base station (BS), which is required to ensure accurate decoding of the spatially multiplexed streams. Recently, however, practical non-linear approaches, which facilitate near-optimal parallelizable tree searches, have been successfully implemented on actual systems and have demonstrated the capability to considerably reduce the required RF chains without affecting user performance. Similar to QR decomposition (QRD), which is used to perform channel inversion in linear systems, these non-linear approaches employ a sorted QRD (SQRD) to curtail the search complexity. However, this can be a significant bottleneck for general software-based non-linear solutions, preventing them from fully exploiting their gains. To address the latency limitations of SQRD, this work presents a high-throughput hardware accelerator based on reformulating the underlying Modified Gram Schmidt process (MGS) to extract further parallelism than previous designs. Implementations of the proposed architecture demonstrate at least 2-fold improvements in the achievable throughput and processing latency over existing 4 x 4 and 8 x 8 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations and can be scaled up to 16 x 16 MIMO systems. Furthermore, the proposed accelerator was integrated with a software framework that can considerably offload the processing burden for a higher number of streams under strict latency conditions.

关键词： Streams MIMO communication Software Throughput Complexity theory Sorting Hardware acceleration Open radio access network multiple-input multiple-output sorted QR decomposition non-linear detection field programmable gate array

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Generalized Spatial Modulation With Phase Offset: Efficient Designs for Single-RF MIMO Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第10期73卷 15239-15254页

作者： Zhang, Lechen Xiao, Yue Lei, Xia Ma, Teng Xiang, Wei Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Natl Key Lab Wireless Commun Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China Sci & Technol Commun Networks Lab Shijiazhuang 050021 Peoples R China La Trobe Univ Sch Comp Engn & Math Melbourne Vic 3086 Australia

In this contribution, a practical reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is presented to improve the performance and spectral efficiency (SE) of state-of-the-art RIS-assisted spatial modulation systems by introducing phase offsets on the RIS and transmitter. As opposed to conventional RIS-assisted spatial modulation schemes, the proposed RIS-assisted generalized spatial modulation with phase offset (RIS-GSM-P) scheme activates an arbitrary number of transmit antennas to form a wider variety of transmit antenna combinations (TAC) for improving SE. Depending on whether the direct path is available or not, two phase offset schemes are conceived to enhance the beamforming of the RIS and to widen the channel difference between TACs. Finally, a unified framework for the theoretical bit error rate upper bound of the proposed RIS-GSM-P scheme is presented, which is also compatible with several conventional RIS-assisted transmission schemes. Furthermore, a low-complexity detector is provided to reduce the detection complexity. Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes and to validate our theoretical analysis.

关键词： Phase modulation MIMO communication Transmitters Vectors Bit error rate Array signal processing Complexity theory Reconfigurable intelligent surface multiple-input multiple-output spatial modulation (SM) phase offset maximum likelihood detection low-complexity detector

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Channel Estimation for RIS-Aided MIMO Systems: A Partially Decoupled Atomic Norm Minimization Approach

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第11期23卷 16048-16061页

作者： Chu, Yonghui Wei, Zhiqiang Yang, Zai Ng, Derrick Wing Kwan Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Math & Stat Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong Peoples R China Pazhou Lab Huangpu Guangzhou 510555 Guangdong Peoples R China Univ New South Wales Sch Elect Engn & Telecommun Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

Channel estimation (CE) plays a key role in reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems, while it poses a challenging task due to the passive nature of RIS and the cascaded channel structures. In this paper, a partially decoupled atomic norm minimization (PDANM) framework is proposed for CE of RIS-aided MIMO systems, which exploits the three-dimensional angular sparsity of the channel. In particular, PDANM partially decouples the differential angles at the RIS from other angles at the base station and user equipment, reducing the computational complexity compared with existing methods. A reweighted PDANM (RPDANM) algorithm is proposed to further improve CE accuracy, which iteratively refines CE through a specifically designed reweighting strategy. Building upon RPDANM, we propose an iterative approach named RPDANM with adaptive phase control (RPDANM-APC), which adaptively adjusts the RIS phases based on previously estimated channel parameters to facilitate CE, achieving superior CE accuracy while reducing training overhead. Numerical simulations demonstrate the superiority of our proposed approaches in terms of running time, CE accuracy, and training overhead. In particular, the RPDANM-APC approach can achieve higher CE accuracy than existing methods within less than 30 percent training overhead while reducing the running time by tens of times.

关键词： Training Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces MIMO communication Accuracy Channel estimation Phase control Minimization Atomic norm minimization adaptive phase control channel estimation multiple-input multiple-output reconfigurable intelligent surface

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Error performance analysis of generalized quadrature spatial modulation with labelling diversity

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2025年第1期15卷 1-19页

作者： Sibanda, Nathael Xu, Hongjun Pillay, Narushan Univ KwaZulu Natal Sch Engn ZA-4001 Durban South Africa

multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) generalised spatial modulation (GSM) systems represent a pivotal advancement in wireless communication technology. These systems have unlocked the potential for enhanced data rates and enhanced error performance (EP). Therefore, this research delves into a strategy aimed at elevating the EP within MIMO-GSM systems. This strategy involves the integration of MIMO-GSM systems with both generalised quadrature spatial modulation (GQSM) and the concept of labelling diversity (LD). Two schemes namely multiple active antenna generalised spatial modulation with labelling diversity (MAA-GSM-LD) and generalised complex quadrature spatial modulation with labelling diversity (GCQSM-LD) are proposed. The first scheme is MAA-GSM-LD, which builds on conventional generalised spatial modulation (C-GSM) by incorporating it with multiple active antennas and optimised labelling maps that have a maximised minimum product distance (M-MPD) between constellations. This M-MPD helps improve detection, thereby improving the EP of MIMO-GSM schemes. Four symbols are sent simultaneously per time slot in MAA-GSM-LD. The second scheme (GCQSM-LD), builds on MAA-GSM-LD by splitting the four symbols created in MAA-GSM-LD into the quadrature and in-phase dimensions, thereby avoiding inter-antenna synchronisation and improving the EP of MIMO-SM systems. In this study, analytical mathematical expressions were developed to determine both the union-bound and upper-bound average bit error rate (ABER) for the MAA-GSM-LD and GCQSM-LD schemes. These evaluations were conducted over independent and identically distributed Rayleigh frequency-flat fading channels. Monte Carlo simulations were utilised to validate the accuracy of these expressions. The findings suggest that as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases, the average bit error probability (ABEP) closely approximates the outcomes of the simulations. Moreover, the simulation results indicate enhancements in the EP o

关键词： Error performance Generalised quadrature spatial modulation Labelling-diversity multiple-input multiple-output

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Near-Field Beamforming and Doppler Compensation for mmWave Internet of Vehicles

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2024年第3期28卷 702-706页

作者： Tong, Huawei Cheng, Tianshun Wang, Xiaoming Li, Tianyou Su, Xinzhong Xu, Youyun Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Telecommun & Informat Engn Nanjing 210003 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Natl Engn Res Ctr Commun & Networking Nanjing 210003 Peoples R China

This letter considers the near-field beamforming in millimeter wave Internet-of-vehicle, where phased arrays have been widely used for mitigating misfocus effect. In near-field regime, the angle and distance need to be considered simultaneously due to the fact that the wave propagation is spherical. We design the phase profile of the antenna arrays by using the angle and distance information to meet characteristic of near-field spherical wavefront. Then, we construct the chirp signal based on the hybrid frequency modulation technique to improve Doppler sensitivity to compensate the effect caused by the movement of the vehicles. Our results reveal that the proposed method can achieve high data rates by reducing the beam misfocus and Doppler effect in millimeter wave Internet-of-vehicle.

关键词： multiple-input multiple-output beamforming near-field communication mmWave Doppler effect

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multiple-input multiple-output Radar Waveform Design Methodologies

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DEFENCE SCIENCE JOURNAL 2013年第4期63卷 393-401页

作者： Merline, A. Thiruvengadam, S. J. Sethu Inst Technol Kariapatti 626115 India Thiagarajar Coll Engn Madurai 625015 Tamil Nadu India

multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is currently an active area of research. The MIMO techniques have been well studied for communications applications where they offer benefits in multipath fading environments. Partly inspired by these benefits, MIMO techniques are applied to radar and they offer a number of advantages such as improved resolution and sensitivity. It allows the use of transmitting multiple simultaneous waveforms from different phase centers. The employed radar waveform plays a key role in determining the accuracy, resolution, and ambiguity in performing tasks such as determining the target range, velocity, shape, and so on. The excellent performance promised by MEMO radar can be unleashed only by proper waveform design. In this article, a survey on MIMO radar waveform design is presented. The goal of this paper is to elucidate the key concepts of waveform design to encourage further research on this emerging technology.

关键词： multiple-input multiple-output MIMO systems radars

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STAR-RIS Aided Secure MIMO Communication Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第10期73卷 15715-15720页

作者： Dong, Xiequn Fei, Zesong Wang, Xinyi Hua, Meng Wu, Qingqing Beijing Inst Technol Sch Informat & Elect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Imperial Coll London Dept Elect & Elect Engn London SW7 2AZ England Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

This paper investigates simultaneous transmission and reflection reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) aided physical layer security (PLS) in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, where the base station (BS) transmits secrecy information with the aid of STAR-RIS against multiple eavesdroppers equipped with multiple antennas. We aim to maximize the secrecy rate by jointly optimizing the active beamforming at the BS and passive beamforming at the STAR-RIS, subject to the hardware constraint for STAR-RIS. To handle the coupling variables, a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) based alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is applied. In particular, the amplitudes and phases of STAR-RIS are divided into two blocks to simplify the algorithm design. Besides, by applying the Majorization-Minimization (MM) method, we derive a closed-form expression of the STAR-RIS's phase shifts. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms various benchmark schemes, especially as the number of STAR-RIS elements increases.

关键词： Array signal processing MIMO communication Optimization Wireless communication Security Eavesdropping Transforms Simultaneous transmission and reflection reconfigurable intelligent surface secure communication multiple-input multiple-output majorization-minimization

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Optimizing Plasma Etching: Integrating Precise Three-Dimensional Etching Simulation and Machine Learning for Multi-Objective Optimization

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 127065-127073页

作者： Guo, Jianming Geng, Mingqiang Ren, Kun Ni, Dong Gao, Dawei Zhejiang Univ Coll Integrated Circuits Hangzhou 311200 Peoples R China Zhejiang ICsprout Semicond Co Ltd Hangzhou 311200 Peoples R China Zhejiang Technol Innovat Ctr CMOS IC Mfg Proc & De Hangzhou 311200 Peoples R China ZJU Hangzhou Global Sci & Technol Innovat Ctr Hangzhou 311215 Peoples R China

In modern semiconductor manufacturing, optimizing plasma etching processes is key for advancing technology and achieving profitable production. In this study, we propose an efficient process flow to calibrate the etching mechanisms and optimize the etch profile by combining three-dimensional plasma simulations with machine learning (ML). Our proposed workflow speeds up the model calibration process and effectively addresses data scarcity issues by integrating extensive simulation data with TEM and other data sources. We have developed a three-dimensional Cl2/HBr/O2 plasma etching model for shallow trench isolation (STI), which is based on physical and chemical reaction mechanisms and external parameters consistent with actual production requirements, such as gas ratio, time duration, and chamber conditions. Machine learning is employed to tackle both forward and inverse problems. In the forward problem, the model predicts etching profiles under varying process conditions, with accuracy and similarity assessed using multiple criteria, including the structural similarity index (SSIM). Our approach achieves a notable reduction in prediction time, completing forecasts in 0.5 seconds compared to the 6500 CPU seconds required by TCAD. In the inverse problem, the model adjusts physical parameters to match observed results, improving its predictive accuracy. After model calibration, predictions are validated with wafer test outcomes, showing relative errors below 7%, thereby confirming the accuracy and robustness of the model parameters and the effectiveness of the entire process.

关键词： Plasma etch Plasma etch 3D etching simulation 3D etching simulation neural networks neural networks shallow trench isolation (STI) shallow trench isolation (STI) machine learning machine learning multiple-input multiple-output multiple-input multiple-output

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Integrating Sensing, Communication, and Power Transfer: Multiuser Beamforming Design

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第9期42卷 2228-2242页

作者： Zhou, Ziqin Li, Xiaoyang Zhu, Guangxu Xu, Jie Huang, Kaibin Cui, Shuguang Chinese Univ Hong Kong Shenzhen Shenzhen Res Inst Big Data Shenzhen 518172 Guangdong Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong Shenzhen Sch Sci & Engn Shenzhen 518172 Peoples R China Univ Hong Kong Dept Elect & Elect Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China

In the sixth-generation (6G) networks, massive low-power devices are expected to sense environment and deliver tremendous data. To enhance the radio resource efficiency, the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technique exploits the sensing and communication functionalities of signals, while the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) techniques utilizes the same signals as the carriers for both information and power delivery. The further combination of ISAC and SWIPT leads to the advanced technology namely integrated sensing, communication, and power transfer (ISCPT). In this paper, a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ISCPT system is considered, where a base station equipped with multiple antennas transmits messages to multiple information receivers (IRs), transfers power to multiple energy receivers (ERs), and senses a target simultaneously. The sensing target can be regarded as a point or an extended surface. When the locations of IRs and ERs are separated, the MIMO beamforming designs are optimized to improve the sensing performance while meeting the communication and power transfer requirements. The resultant non-convex optimization problems are solved based on a series of techniques including Schur complement transformation and rank reduction. Moreover, when the IRs and ERs are co-located, the power splitting factors are jointly optimized together with the beamformers to balance the performance of communication and power transfer. To better understand the performance of ISCPT, the target positioning problem is further investigated. Simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of our proposed designs, which also reveal a performance tradeoff among sensing, communication, and power transfer.

关键词： Sensors MIMO communication Array signal processing Wireless sensor networks Wireless communication Receivers Interference Integrated sensing and communication simultaneous wireless information and power transfer multiple-input multiple-output beamforming multi-user

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