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Navigation Domain Representation For Interactive multiview Imaging

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2013年第9期22卷 3459-3472页

作者： Maugey, Thomas Daribo, Ismael Cheung, Gene Frossard, Pascal Swiss Fed Inst Technol Signal Proc Lab CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Natl Inst Informat Tokyo 1018430 Japan

Enabling users to interactively navigate through different viewpoints of a static scene is a new interesting functionality in 3D streaming systems. While it opens exciting perspectives toward rich multimedia applications, it requires the design of novel representations and coding techniques to solve the new challenges imposed by the interactive navigation. In particular, the encoder must prepare a priori a compressed media stream that is flexible enough to enable the free selection of multiview navigation paths by different streaming media clients. Interactivity clearly brings new design constraints: the encoder is unaware of the exact decoding process, while the decoder has to reconstruct information from incomplete subsets of data since the server generally cannot transmit images for all possible viewpoints due to resource constrains. In this paper, we propose a novel multiview data representation that permits us to satisfy bandwidth and storage constraints in an interactive multiview streaming system. In particular, we partition the multiview navigation domain into segments, each of which is described by a reference image (color and depth data) and some auxiliary information. The auxiliary information enables the client to recreate any viewpoint in the navigation segment via view synthesis. The decoder is then able to navigate freely in the segment without further data request to the server;it requests additional data only when it moves to a different segment. We discuss the benefits of this novel representation in interactive navigation systems and further propose a method to optimize the partitioning of the navigation domain into independent segments, under bandwidth and storage constraints. Experimental results confirm the potential of the proposed representation;namely, our system leads to similar compression performance as classical inter-view coding, while it provides the high level of flexibility that is required for interactive streaming. Because of these

关键词： multiview video coding interactivity data representation navigation domain

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Mixed-resolution HEVC based multiview video codec for low bitrate transmission

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2019年第6期78卷 6701-6720页

作者： Mallik, Bruhanth Sheikh-Akbari, Akbar Kor, Ah-Lian Leeds Beckett Univ Sch Comp Creat Technol & Engn Headingley Campus Leeds LS6 3QS W Yorkshire England

There has been increasing demand for multiview video transmission over band limited channel over past years and various techniques have been proposed to fulfil this need. In this paper, a High Efficiency video Codec (HEVC) based spatial resolution scaling type of mixed resolution coding model, MRHEVC-MVC, for frame interleaved multiview videos is presented. However, enabling the HEVC to encode video with different frame resolutions is a challenge due to the coding tree partitioning used by the codec. This has been overcome by super-imposing the low resolution replica of each full resolution frame on their respective decoded picture buffer and setting the remaining space of the frame buffer to zero. The codec's reference frames structure is designed to efficiently encode frame interleaved multiview videos using a HEVC based mixed resolution codec. The proposed MRHEVC-MVC codec has been tested against the standard multiview extension of high efficiency video codec (MV-HEVC) for Balloon, Newspaper1, Undo_Dancer, Kendo and Poznan_Street standard multiview video sequences. Results show that the proposed codec gives significantly higher coding performance to that of the MV-HEVC codec at low bitrate both subjectively and objectively.

关键词： Texture 3D videos multiview video coding Mixed-resolution video codec HEVC MV-HEVC Low bitrate transmission

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Early SKIP mode decision for MVC using inter-view correlation

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2010年第2期25卷 88-93页

作者： Shen, Liquan Liu, Zhi Yan, Tao Zhang, Zhaoyang An, Ping Shanghai Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Adv Display & Syst Applicat Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China

In the joint multiview video model (JMVM) proposed by JVT, the variable block-size motion estimation (ME) and disparity estimation (DE) have been employed to determine the best coding mode for each macroblock (MB). These give a high coding efficiency for multiview video coding (MVC), however, they cause a very high computational complexity in encoding system. This paper proposes to reduce the complexities of the ME and DE processes with an early SKIP mode decision algorithm based on the analysis of prediction mode distribution regarding the corresponding MBs in the neighbor view. In this method, the mode decision procedures of most of MBs can be early terminated, and thus much of computation for ME and DE can be greatly reduced. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm can achieve computational saving of 46-57% (depending on the tested sequences) with no significant loss of rate-distortion performance. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： multiview video coding Mode decision Motion estimation Disparity estimation

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multiview video compression with 1-D transforms

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2015年 33卷 14-28页

作者： Karasoy, Burcu Kamisli, Fatih ASELSAN Inc Ankara Turkey Middle E Tech Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Ankara Turkey

Many alternative transforms have been developed recently for improved compression of images, intra prediction residuals or motion-compensated prediction residuals. In this paper, we propose alternative transforms for multiview video coding. We analyze the spatial characteristics of disparity-compensated prediction residuals, and the analysis results show that many regions have 1-D signal characteristics, similar to previous findings for motion-compensated prediction residuals. Signals with such characteristics can be transformed more efficiently with transforms adapted to these characteristics and we propose to use 1-D transforms in the compression of disparity-compensated prediction residuals in multiview video coding. To show the compression gains achievable from using these transforms, we modify the reference software (JMVC) of the multiview video coding amendment to H.264/AVC so that each residual block can be transformed either with a 1-D transform or with the conventional 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform. Experimental results show that coding gains ranging from about 1-15% of Bjontegaard-Delta bitrate savings can be achieved. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Discrete cosine transforms Disparity compensation multiview video coding

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An effective error resilient 3D view synthesis method

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2013年第6期24卷 669-677页

作者： Yan, Bo Yang, Bo Fudan Univ Sch Comp Sci Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China

View synthesis is a crucial process in current 3D video applications. Currently, the existing view synthesis techniques may introduce visual artifacts such as corona, pinholes and ghosts into pictures, which degrade the visual experience greatly. In this paper, we will introduce an error resilient 3D view synthesis approach, which is able to effectively remove these artifacts. Specifically, we first detect the regions mixed with foreground and background pixels to avoid corona artifacts. Then, we resize images and conduct projection on the resized images to reduce pinhole artifacts. Finally, an improved view blending algorithm is proposed to reduce ghosting artifacts. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms others significantly in removing view artifacts. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： View synthesis Corona Pinhole Ghost 3D video multiview video coding Depth map Interpolation projection

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MVP2P: Layer-dependency-aware live MVC video streaming over peer-to-peer networks

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2018年 65卷 173-186页

作者： Liu, Zhao Murray, Niall Lee, Brian Fallon, Enda Qiao, Yuansong Athlone Inst Technol Software Res Inst Athlone Co Westmeath Ireland Athlone Inst Technol Sch Engn Dept Elect & Informat Athlone Co Westmeath Ireland

multiview video supports observing a scene from different viewpoints. The Joint video Team (JVT) developed H.264/MVC to enhance the compression efficiency for multiview video, however, MVC encoded multiview video (MVC video) still requires high bitrates for transmission. This paper investigates live MVC video streaming over Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks. The goal is to minimize the server bandwidth costs whist ensuring high streaming quality to peers. MVC employs antra-view and inter-view prediction structures, which leads to a complicated layer dependency relationship, As the peers' outbound bandwidth is shared while supplying all the MVC video layers, the bandwidth allocation to one MVC layer affects the available outbound bandwidth of the other layers. To optimize the utilization of the peers' outbound bandwidth for providing video layers, a maximum flow based model is proposed which considers the MVC video layer dependency and the layer supplying relationship between peers. Based on the model, a layer dependency aware live MVC video streaming method over a BitTorrent-like P2P network is proposed, named MVP2P. The key components of MVP2P include a chunk scheduling strategy and a peer selection strategy for receiving peers, and a bandwidth scheduling algorithm for supplying peers. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed solution, MVP2P is compared with existing methods considering the constraints of peer bandwidth, peer numbers, view switching rates, and peer churns. The test results show that MVP2P significantly outperforms the existing methods.

关键词： MVC video streaming Peer-to-peer streaming Layered video streaming Live video streaming multiview video coding Free-viewpoint video

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Toward enhancing the distributed video coder under a multiview video codec framework

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2016年第6期25卷 1-20页

作者： Lee, Shih-Chieh Chen, Jiann-Jone Tsai, Yao-Hong Chen, Chin-Hua Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol 43Sect 4Keelung Rd Taipei 106 Taiwan Hsuan Chuang Univ 34 Hsuan Chuang Rd Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

The advance of video coding technology enables multiview video (MVV) or three-dimensional television (3-D TV) display for users with or without glasses. For mobile devices or wireless applications, a distributed video coder (DVC) can be utilized to shift the encoder complexity to decoder under the MVV coding framework, denoted as multiview distributed video coding (MDVC). We proposed to exploit both inter-and intraview video correlations to enhance side information (SI) and improve the MDVC performance: (1) based on the multiview motion estimation (MVME) framework, a categorized block matching prediction with fidelity weights (COMPETE) was proposed to yield a high quality SI frame for better DVC reconstructed images. (2) The block transform coefficient properties, i.e., DCs and ACs, were exploited to design the priority rate control for the turbo code, such that the DVC decoding can be carried out with fewest parity bits. In comparison, the proposed COMPETE method demonstrated lower time complexity, while presenting better reconstructed video quality. Simulations show that the proposed COMPETE can reduce the time complexity of MVME to 1.29 to 2.56 times smaller, as compared to previous hybrid MVME methods, while the image peak signal to noise ratios (PSNRs) of a decoded video can be improved 0.2 to 3.5 dB, as compared to H.264/AVC intracoding. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

关键词： multiview video coding distributed video coding block-matching prediction Wyner-Ziv coder turbo coder side information

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Comparative study of frame-compatible stereo 3D services and a novel method for spatial interleaving using HEVC

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2015年 26卷 200-209页

作者： Guruvareddiar, Palanivel Joseph, Biju K. TATA ELXSI Ltd Bangalore 560048 Karnataka India

There are a number of ways to realize frame-compatible stereo 3D services, which includes the spatial and temporal interleaving based methods. We first present the detailed analysis of these methods with respect to compression efficiency, backward compatibility and the ability to re-use existing infrastructure. Simulations have been set up to benchmark the Rate-Distortion (R-D) performance of these options with the state-of-the-art multiview video coding (MVC) and results show that temporal interleaving based method performs better when compared to spatial interleaving in both H.264/AVC as well as in HEVC compression schemes, with MVC still outperforms both the methods. In the case of the spatial interleaving method using HEVC, we propose to encapsulate the two views in different tiles with filters turned off across the tile boundary. Simulation results show that the proposed method, when compared to "no-tiles" case, improves decoder performance by approximately 50% with no reduction in R-D performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： H.264/AVC HEVC Stereoscopic 3D MVC SVC-TS multiview video coding In-loop filters 3D video coding standards

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Interactive multiview video System With Low Complexity 2D Look Around at Decoder

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2013年第5期15卷 1070-1082页

作者： Maugey, Thomas Frossard, Pascal Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Signal Proc Lab LTS4 Inst Elect Engn CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

multiview video with interactive 2D look around at the receiver is a challenging application with several issues in terms of effective use of storage and bandwidth resources, reactivity of the system, quality of the viewing experience and system complexity. The impression of 3D immersion is highly dependent on the smoothness of the navigation and thus on the number of 2D viewpoints. The classical decoding system for generating virtual views first projects a reference or encoded frame to a given viewpoint and then fills in the holes due to potential occlusions. This last step still constitutes a complex operation with specific software or hardware at the receiver and requires a certain quantity of information from the neighboring frames for ensuring consistency between the virtual images. In this work we propose a new approach that shifts most of the burden due to interactivity from the decoder to the encoder, by anticipating the navigation of the decoder and sending auxiliary information that guarantees temporal and interview consistency. This leads to an additional cost in terms of transmission rate and storage, which we minimize by using optimization techniques based on the user behavior modeling. We show by experiments that the proposed system represents a valid solution for interactive multiview systems with classical decoders.

关键词： 2D look around viewing interactivity multiview video coding view synthesis

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HEVC Based Frame Interleaved coding Technique for Stereo and Multi-View videos

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INFORMATION 2022年第12期13卷 554页

作者： Mallik, Bruhanth Sheikh-Akbari, Akbar Zadeh, Pooneh Bagheri Al-Majeed, Salah Leeds Beckett Univ Sch Built Environm Engn & Comp Headingley Campus Leeds LS6 3QR England Univ Lincoln Sch Comp Sci Lincoln LN6 7TS England

The standard HEVC codec and its extension for coding multiview videos, known as MV-HEVC, have proven to deliver improved visual quality compared to its predecessor, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC's multiview extension, H.264-MVC, for the same frame resolution with up to 50% bitrate savings. MV-HEVC's framework is similar to that of H.264-MVC, which uses a multi-layer coding approach. Hence, MV-HEVC would require all frames from other reference layers decoded prior to decoding a new layer. Thus, the multi-layer coding architecture would be a bottleneck when it comes to quicker frame streaming across different views. In this paper, an HEVC-based Frame Interleaved Stereo/multiview video Codec (HEVC-FISMVC) that uses a single layer encoding approach to encode stereo and multiview video sequences is presented. The frames of stereo or multiview video sequences are interleaved in such a way that encoding the resulting monoscopic video stream would maximize the exploitation of temporal, inter-view, and cross-view correlations and thus improving the overall coding efficiency. The coding performance of the proposed HEVC-FISMVC codec is assessed and compared with that of the standard MV-HEVC's performance for three standard multi-view video sequences, namely: "Poznan_Street", "Kendo" and "Newspaper1". Experimental results show that the proposed codec provides more substantial coding gains than the anchor MV-HEVC for coding both stereo and multi-view video sequences.

关键词： texture 3D videos multiview video coding stereo video codec HEVC MV-HEVC frame-interleaved video coding

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