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Prediction structure and quantization parameter selection for efficient multiview video coding

OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2008年第4期47卷

作者： Park, Pil-Kyu Ho, Yo-Sung GIST Kwangju 500712 South Korea

multiview video is obtained by capturing a three-dimensional scene using many cameras simultaneously. Since adjacent view sequences have strong spatial redundancy as well as temporal redundancy, we can achieve additional coding gain by eliminating the spatial redundancy. In this paper, we propose view-temporal prediction structures that can be adjusted to various characteristics of general multiview video by separating them into temporal and view prediction structures. The proposed temporal prediction structure minimizes the average distance between a frame to be coded and its reference frames. The proposed view prediction structure considers the location of the I frame in anchor and the number of B frames to be inserted in anchor. We also propose a quantization parameter selection method for enhancing coding efficiency of views whose anchor frames are coded as B frames. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms achieved 0.10 to 0.34 dB of peak SNR (PSNR) gain and reduced the variances of PSNR values of views by 28.26% on average against the results by the reference prediction. (C) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： multiview video coding view temporal prediction structure joint multiview video model

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Early DIRECT mode decision based on all-zero block and rate distortion cost for multiview video coding

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2016年第1期10卷 9-15页

作者： Pan, Zhaoqing Zhang, Yun Lei, Jianjun Xu, Long Sun, Xingming Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Jiangsu Engn Ctr Network Monitoring Nanjing 210044 Jiangsu Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Sch Comp & Software Nanjing 210044 Jiangsu Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Sch Elect Informat Engn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Natl Astron Observ Key Lab Solar Act Beijing 100012 Peoples R China

The exhaustive variable-block-size mode decision can efficiently remove the redundancies among the multiview videos, while it also leads to significant increase of computational complexity in the multiview video coding (MVC) encoder, and the high encoding complexity becomes a bottleneck for the MVC encoder to achieve real-time multimedia applications. To address this bottleneck, many fast mode decision methods have been proposed. However, most of them are only suitable for optimising the encoding complexity of the odd views of the MVC encoder. In this study, based on the property of the all-zero block and rate distortion (RD) cost of the DIRECT mode as well as the correlations between the current macroblock (MB) and its spatial-temporal nearby MBs, an early DIRECT mode decision method is proposed for reducing the encoding complexity of the MVC. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves 48.25 and 55.64% on average encoding time saving for the even and odd views, respectively, whereas the RD performance degradation is quite acceptable. In summary, the proposed method efficiently reduces the encoding complexity for the MVC encoder.

关键词： video coding rate distortion theory computational complexity redundancy early DIRECT mode decision algorithm all-zero block rate distortion cost multiview video coding exhaustive variable-block-size mode decision redundancy removal computational complexity MVC encoder real-time multimedia applications MB spatial-temporal macroblock spatial-temporal time saving RD performance degradation

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Fine-Granular Motion Matching for Inter-View Motion Skip Mode in multiview video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2009年第6期19卷 887-892页

作者： Yang, Haitao Chang, Yilin Huo, Junyan Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Peoples R China

As motion of neighboring views is highly correlated in multiview video systems, the inter-view motion skip mode has been proposed to improve the efficiency of multiview video coding (MVC) by reusing the motion information of neighboring views. To fully exploit the inter-view motion correlation, a fine-granular motion matching algorithm for the motion skip mode is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm searches for the best matching motion information in neighboring views with fine granularity, and then uses the motion information for the motion-compensated coding in the motion skip mode. The rate-distortion optimization criterion is applied to find the best matching motion information. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the performance of the motion skip mode, and further improve the efficiency of MVC.

关键词： Fine-granular motion matching inter-view motion prediction motion skip mode multiview video coding

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Comparative Interactivity Analysis in multiview video coding Schemes

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ETRI JOURNAL 2010年第4期32卷 566-576页

作者： Yang, You Dai, Qionghai Jiang, Gangyi Ho, Yo-Sung Tsinghua Univ Broadband Network & Multimedia Lab Dept Automat Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Ningbo Univ Fac Informat Sci & Engn Ningbo Peoples R China Nanjing Univ State Key Lab Novel Software Technol Nanjing Peoples R China Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol Sch Informat & Commun Kwangju South Korea

In a multiview video system, interactivity is important for users and should be considered in the design of multiview video coding (MVC). In this paper, we present an interactivity evaluation model for MVC schemes by using both weighted random graph and Markov approaches. The main factors that affect both the interactivity and rate-distortion (RD) performances of MVC schemes are analyzed and discussed in detail. By taking these factors into consideration, a new MVC scheme is proposed for high interactivity and RD gains. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has a significant interactivity gain with little coding loss, compared to the state-of-the-art benchmark. As an extension to RD performance analysis, the interactivity evaluation model can be used as a design tool of alternative schemes for a future interactive multiview video system.

关键词： Three-dimensional video free viewpoint video multiview video coding interactivity evaluation human-computer interaction

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Global-local correlation-based early large-size mode decision for multiview video coding

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2014年第1期23卷

作者： Zhu, Wei Zheng, Yayu Chen, Peng Xie, Jiani Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Informat Engn Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China State Intellectual Property Off Beijing 100088 Peoples R China

multiview video coding (MVC) is a recent extension of H.264/AVC, and it consumes huge encoding time to select the optimal macroblock (MB) mode, among different size candidate modes. As compared with the small-size mode (Inter16 x 8, Inter8 x 16, Inter8 x 8, Intra8 x 8, and Intra4 x 4), the large-size mode (Skip/Direct, Inter16 x 16, and Intra16 x 16) occupies most of the MB mode proportion with much less computational complexity. Thus, if the large-size mode could be early decided as the optimal MB mode, the complexity of mode decision could be effectively reduced. In this work, an early large-size mode decision algorithm is proposed based on the global correlation of rate-distortion (RD) costs between neighbor views and the local correlation of RD costs among candidate modes. Average RD costs of large-size and small-size MB modes in the neighbor view are employed as a global reference for the threshold of early decision. And RD costs of estimated modes are used to calculate the local adjustment for the threshold. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the whole encoding time while maintaining an RD performance similar to that of the original MVC encoder. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

关键词： multiview video coding mode decision early termination global-local correlation

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Depth-based direct mode for multiview video coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2012年第6期27卷 571-578页

作者： Ryu, Seungchul Sohn, Kwanghoon Yonsei Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn DIML Seoul 120749 South Korea

multiview video plus depth sequence is considered as an efficient 3D video format for supporting advanced stereoscopic and auto-stereoscopic multiview displays. In order to encode this video format, several modes are commonly employed with rate distortion optimization technique. Specifically, direct mode is an efficient mode to encode homogeneous or stationary regions without encoding any additional motion information. However, in the format, the conventional direct mode causes inaccuracy of motion parameters, i.e., a motion vector and a reference index. Thus, we propose a new method for deriving motion parameters of direct mode, which settles the inaccuracy problem, based on depth information and priority of neighboring blocks determined by their relative position. The proposed direct mode achieves an improvement in coding performance when compared with two state-of-the-art direct modes for multiview video coding. The experimental results show that the proposed method yields average bitrate savings of 4.6%, up to 13.7% in terms of the Bjontegaard Delta metric. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Depth-based direct mode multiview video coding multiview video plus depth 3DVC

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An MPEG-4-compatible stereoscopic/multiview video coding scheme

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2006年第2期16卷 286-290页

作者： Yang, W Ngan, KN Cai, J Nanyang Technol Univ Singapore 639798 Singapore Chinese Univ Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose an efficient codec for multiview video coding, which is compatible with the MPEG-4 video standard. The main views of the multiview video are encoded using an MPEG-4 encoder and the auxiliary views are encoded by joint disparity and motion compensation. An edge-preserving regularization scheme that jointly calculates disparity and motion vectors is performed on the VOP basis. The output of the encoder contains one bitstream for each view, and the main view bitstreams can be decoded by a standard MPEG-4 decoder. In addition, in the case of five-view encoding, we compare four different prediction structures in order to find the best one under certain scenarios. To evaluate the proposed encoder, the MPEG-2 multiview profile (MVP) is implemented on the MPEG-4 platform for fair comparison, which is referred to as MPEG-4 MVP in this paper. Experimental results prove that the proposed encoder achieves a higher image quality at similar bit rate than the conventional scheme and is very promising for the applications including videoconferencing and three-dimensional telepresence.

关键词： joint disparity and motion estimation MPEG-4 compatible multiview video coding stereoscopic video coding

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Lossless fragile watermarking algorithm in compressed domain for multiview video coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2019年第8期78卷 9737-9762页

作者： Gao, Wei Jiang, Gangyi Yu, Mei Luo, Ting Ningbo Univ Fac Informat Sci & Engn Ningbo 315000 Zhejiang Peoples R China Ningbo Univ Coll Sci & Technol Ningbo 315000 Zhejiang Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Natl Key Lab Software New Technol Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Peoples R China

The hierarchical B picture (HBP) prediction structure is a typical coding scheme used for multiview video coding (MVC). This paper proposes a fragile watermarking algorithm for HBP-based multiview video coding. B_DIRECT_16x16 and B_SKIP are two types of macroblocks used for H.264/AVC coding, and are respectively generated in the DIRECT and SKIP prediction modes. Modification of the syntactic elements enables the watermark to be embedded while the B_SKIP macroblock is converted into the B_DIRECT_16x16 macroblock. To authenticate the integrity of the multiview video content, the watermark is generated from the content-based features of the cross-view of the multiview video bitstream. Experimental implementation revealed that the structural similarity index (SSIM) of the video quality was not affected by the proposed watermarking scheme. Compared to current algorithms, the proposed algorithm has a higher embedding capacity, produces less bitrate increase, and is less complex. It satisfies the transparency, bitrate stability, fragility, and real-time performance requirements of multiview video authentication.

关键词： multiview video coding Compressed domain Fragile watermarking Lossless B_SKIP B_DIRECT_16x16

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View synthesis prediction for multiview video coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2009年第1-2期24卷 89-100页

作者： Yea, Sehoon Vetro, Anthony MERL Cambridge MA USA

We propose a rate-distortion-optimized framework that incorporates view synthesis for improved prediction in multiview video coding. In the proposed scheme, auxiliary information, including depth data, is encoded and used at the decoder to generate the view synthesis prediction data. The proposed method employs optimal mode decision including view synthesis prediction, and sub-pixel reference matching to improve prediction accuracy of the view synthesis prediction. Novel variants of the skip and direct modes are also presented, which infer the depth and correction vector information from neighboring blocks in a synthesized reference picture to reduce the bits needed for the view synthesis prediction mode. We demonstrate two multiview video coding scenarios in which view synthesis prediction is employed. In the first scenario, the goal is to improve the coding efficiency of multiview video where block-based depths and correction vectors are encoded by CABAC in a lossless manner on a macroblock basis. A variable block-size depth/motion search algorithm is described. Experimental results demonstrate that view synthesis prediction does provide some coding gains when combined with disparity-compensated prediction. In the second scenario, the goal is to use view synthesis prediction for reducing rate overhead incurred by transmitting depth maps for improved support of 3DTV and free-viewpoint video applications. It is assumed that the complete depth map for each view is encoded separately from the multiview video and used at the receiver to generate intermediate views. We utilize this information for view synthesis prediction to improve overall coding efficiency. Experimental results show that the rate overhead incurred by coding depth maps of varying quality could be offset by utilizing the proposed view synthesis prediction techniques to reduce the bitrate required for coding multiview video. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： multiview video coding View synthesis Prediction Depth 3DTV Free-viewpoint video

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Depth perceptual region-of-interest based multiview video coding

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2010年第5-6期21卷 498-512页

作者： Zhang, Yun Jiang, Gangyi Yu, Mei Yang, You Peng, Zongju Chen, Ken Ningbo Univ Fac Informat Sci & Engn Ningbo 315211 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Grad Sch Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

multiview video (MVV) has attracted considerable attention recently since it is capable of providing users with three-dimensional perception and interactive functionalities. However, these MVV data require large mount of storage and bandwidth in network transmission. In this paper, we present a novel Depth Perceptual Region-Of-Interest (DP-ROI) based multiview video coding (RMVC) scheme to extensively improve data compression efficiency by exploiting redundancies in depth perception. Firstly, we define DP-ROI according to the three-dimensional depth sensation of human visual system. Then, a framework of RMVC is developed to improve compression efficiency by properly segmenting the MW into different macroblock wise DP-ROIs and encoding them separately. And then, we propose three fast depth based DP-ROI extraction and tracking algorithms by jointly using motion, texture, depth as well as previous extracted DP-ROIs. Finally, on the basis of the extracted DP-ROI, bit allocation optimization model is proposed to allocate more bits on DP-ROIs for high image quality and fewer bits on background regions for high compression ratio. Experimental results show that the presented RMVC scheme achieves significant coding gains at high rate while comparing with original joint multiview video model. To be specific, up to 14.22-23.32% bit-rate are saved while 0.16-0.68 dB coding gains are achieved in DP-ROIs at the cost of the image quality degradation in background. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Three-dimensional television multiview video coding multiview video plus depth Depth perceptual region-of-interest Bit allocation Inter-view correlation Hierarchical B picture Human visual system

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