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n-version programming approach with implicit safety guarantee for complex dynamic system stabilization applications

MEASUREMEnT & COnTROL 2021年第3-4期54卷 269-278页

作者： Subasi, nadir Guner, Ufuk Ustoglu, Ilker Kirklareli Univ Dept Comp Programming TR-39100 Kirklareli Turkey Erzurum Tech Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Erzurum Turkey Istanbul Tech Univ Dept Control & Automat Engn Istanbul Turkey

Safety-critical systems are widely used in many sectors to prevent fatal accidents and prevent loss of life, damage of property, or deterioration of the environment. Implementation of software safety standards as part of the development of safety-critical software is generally considered an essential element of any safety program. Therefore, it has become more critical to produce highly reliable software to meet the safety requirements established by functional safety standards, such as IEC 61508, ISO 26262, and En 50128. IEC 61508 supports well-known safety mechanisms such as design diversity like n-version (multi-version) programming. n-version (multi-version) programming is a method where multiple functionally equivalent programs are independently developed from the same software specifications. n-version (multi-version) programming is particularly an effective approach to increase the quality of software in a safety-critical system. In this paper, one of the well-known and widely used algorithms in the field of n-version (multi-version) programming, the majority voting algorithm, has been modified with an online stability checker where the decisions of the voter are judged against the stability of the underlying system. The plant where all the theoretical results are implemented is a tilt-rotor system with the proposed n-version (multi-version) programming-based controller. The experimental results show that the modified majority voter-based n-version (multi-version) programming controller provides more reliable control of the plant.

关键词： Safety-critical software fault-tolerant systems n-version programming proportional control dual tilt-rotor system

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Reliability versus Vulnerability of n-version programming Cloud Service Component With Dynamic Decision Time Under Co-Resident Attacks

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SERVICES COMPUTInG 2022年第4期15卷 1774-1784页

作者： Levitin, Gregory Xing, Liudong Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Comp Sci Collaborat Auton Comp Lab Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Massachusetts Elect & Comp Engn Dept Dartmouth MA 02747 USA

The virtual machine (VM) co-resident architecture of cloud computing enables simultaneous provision of multiple services to different users, but also makes these services vulnerable to co-resident attacks. For example, by establishing side channels, a malicious attacker can access and even corrupt services performed by other VMs co-residing on the same server as the attacker's VM (AVM). We model a threshold-voting-based n-version programming service component with multiple independent versions simultaneously performing the same requested service to enhance the service reliability. However, the reliability enhancement can be greatly hindered by the co-resident attack, which may corrupt an adequate number of versions leading to a wrong output. We formulate and solve constrained optimization problems that determine the number of service component versions and the voting threshold to balance two conflicting service performance metrics: reliability (service component success probability) and vulnerability (service corruption attack success probability). Two cases respectively having certain and uncertain knowledge about the attacker's power in terms of the number of AVMs are considered. We also investigate impacts of different model parameters on the service performance as well as on solutions to the considered optimization problems through examples.

关键词： Co-residence attack dynamic decision time n-version programming threshold voting reliability vulnerability virtual machine

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Defending n-version programming Service Components against Co-Resident Attacks in IoT Cloud Systems

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SERVICES COMPUTInG 2021年第6期14卷 1717-1725页

作者： Xing, Liudong Levitin, Gregory Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Mech & Elect Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Collaborat Auton Comp CAC Lab Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

The real innovation of Internet of Things (IoT) can be spurred only when being combined with cloud computing, a paradigm that allows numerous users to simultaneously access configurable resources and services. However, serious vulnerability concerns have arisen from the virtual machine co-resident architecture of the IoT cloud. Specifically, co-resident attacks can be launched, where an attacker can access and corrupt a user's sensitive data/software by co-locating their virtual machines on the same physical server. Various solutions have been suggested in literature to mitigate negative effects of the co-resident attacks in the cloud environment. However, to the best of our knowledge no work has been performed for studying co-resident attacks in cloud systems with n-version programming (nVP), a popular redundancy technique for enhancing survivability of critical cloud service components. This paper makes original contributions by modeling IoT cloud system services implementing the nVP component redundancy, and evaluating the corruption probability of the nVP service component. Further, users' policies on choosing the optimal number of service component versions are investigated through formulating and solving a new set of optimization problems with the objective to minimize the expected cost of losses of a cloud service provider. As demonstrated through examples, these policies can effectively help defend the nVP service component against the co-resident attacks in the cloud system.

关键词： Cloud computing Servers Internet of Things Virtual machining Redundancy Optimization programming Cloud computing co-residence attack Internet of Things n-version programming virtual machine reliability

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Optimal early warning defense of n-version programming service against co-resident attacks in cloud system

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RELIABILITY EnGInEERInG & SYSTEM SAFETY 2020年 201卷 106969-106969页

作者： Levitin, Gregory Xing, Liudong Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol Chengdu Sch Comp Sci Collaborat Auton Comp Lab Chengdu Peoples R China Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA

Due to the virtual machine co-resident architecture, cloud computing systems are vulnerable to co-resident attacks (CRAs) where a malicious attacker may access and corrupt information of a target user through co-locating their virtual machines on the same physical server. To defend against cyber threats such as the CRA, early warning mechanisms have been developed with the aim to detect and block an attack at a nascent stage. In this paper, we study the optimal strategy of allocating early warning resources to defend against CRAs for the voting-based n-version programming (nVP) service running in the cloud. A probabilistic model is proposed to evaluate the failure probability of the nVP service program and further the expected cost of loss for the considered service. Optimization problems of co-determining the optimal numbers of service program versions and early warning agents are further solved to minimize the expected cost of loss. As demonstrated through examples, the resultant optimal strategies can effectively allocate service and defense resources to defend the nVP cloud service against CRAs.

关键词： Cloud service Co-resident attack Early warning n-version programming Service corruption

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Optimization of time constrained n-version programming service components with competing task execution and version corruption processes

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RELIABILITY EnGInEERInG & SYSTEM SAFETY 2020年 193卷 106666-000页

作者： Levitin, Gregory Xing, Liudong Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Comp Sci Collaborat Auton Comp Lab Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Mech & Elect Engn Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China

This paper models a software service component implementing the n-version programming (nVP) redundancy on the cloud computing platform to enhance the service reliability. Specifically, multiple versions of the same service component are activated in parallel on different servers of the cloud to perform the requested service. At required service response time, the output is determined based on a threshold first-past-the-post voting rule (output with the most votes and the number of these votes exceeds a predetermined threshold). However, effectiveness of the nVP approach can be greatly compromised by co-residence attacks, a common type of cyber-attacks launched to corrupt user's service through co-residing user's and attacker's virtual machines on the same cloud server. This paper formulates and solves an optimization problem, particularly, a minmax game problem that finds the number of service component versions (SCVs) and the threshold to maximize the user's utility while considering a strategic attack behavior aiming to maximize the attacker's utility. The solution methodology encompasses a probabilistic model of evaluating the service success probability (SSP) and corruption attack success probability (CAP), two performance metrics used in the computation of the user's and attacker's utilities. Examples are analyzed to demonstrate influences of different model parameters on SSP, CAP, and solutions to the considered optimization problem.

关键词： Co-residence attack n-version programming First-past-the-post voting Threshold Minmax game

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nHPP-Based Software Reliability Growth Modeling and Optimal Release Policy for n-version programming System with Increasing Fault Detection Rate under Imperfect Debugging

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PROCEEDInGS OF THE nATIOnAL ACADEMY OF SCIEnCES InDIA SECTIOn A-PHYSICAL SCIEnCES 2020年第1期90卷 11-26页

作者： Chatterjee, S. Singh, J. B. Roy, Arunava Shukla, Ankur IIT ISM Dept Appl Math Dhanbad 826004 Bihar India SRM IST Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 603203 Tamil Nadu India Indira Gandhi Engn Coll Dept Appl Math Sagar Madhya Pradesh India

Attempts have been made to propose a software reliability growth model (SRGM) based on non-homogeneous Poisson process for nVP system. The proposed model concerns the combined effect of increasing fault detection rate and fault removal efficiency under imperfect debugging. Moreover, a cost model has been developed. Also, an optimal release policy based on the proposed cost model and the number of remaining faults has been discussed. The performance of the proposed model has been compared with existing SRGMs for nVP system. Toward the end, the proposed model has been validated using some real data.

关键词： Software reliability n-version programming Imperfect debugging Increasing fault detection rate

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Model Fusion: Weighted n-version programming for Resilient Autonomous Vehicle Steering Control 29

Model Fusion: Weighted N-Version Programming for Resilient A...

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29th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： Wu, Ailec Rubaiyat, Abu Hasnat Mohammad Anton, Chris Alemzadeh, Homa Univ Virginia Dept Elect & Comp Engn Charlottesville VA 22904 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538694435

We present the preliminary results on developing a weighted n-version programming (nVP) scheme for ensuring resilience of machine learning based steering control algorithms. The proposed scheme is designed based on the fusion of outputs from three redundant Deep neural network (Dnn) models, independently designed using Udacity's self driving car challenge data. The improvement in reliability compared to single Dnn models is evaluated by measuring the steering angle prediction accuracy in the presence of simulated perturbations on input image data caused by various environmental conditions.

关键词： machine learning n-version programming resilience steering angle prediction image perturbation

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n-version programming-based protection scheme for microgrids: A multi-agent system based approach

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SUSTAInABLE EnERGY GRIDS & nETWORKS 2016年 6卷 35-45页

作者： Hussain, Akhtar Aslam, Muhammad Arif, Syed Muhammad Incheon Natl Univ Dept Elect Engn 119 Acad Ro Inchon South Korea Myongji Univ Dept Elect Engn 116 Myongji Ro Yongin South Korea Sungkyunkwan Univ Coll Informat & Commun Engn 2066 Seobu Ro Suwon South Korea

Islanded mode and grid-connected mode are the two operational modes of a microgrid (MG). It is essential to develop a suitable protection scheme for an MG network to protect it against all types of faults in both of the modes. The fault current in an inverter-dominated MG is limited by the ratings of the semiconductor devices. Only traditional over-current protection schemes are not adequate for such inverter-based grids. In order to cover the drawbacks of conventional protection schemes, an n-version programming-based protection scheme has been proposed in this paper. An n-version software unit with n = 3 has been developed in MATLAB Simulink and all the agents in the developed multi-agent scheme have been equipped with this unit. The three developed protection versions are Clark's transformation-based current protection, positive sequence phase differential-based protection and conventional over-current-based protection scheme. The software unit makes the final decision about the fault through a polling process. Different types of faults have been tested in both the islanded and grid-connected modes. The proposed protection scheme has given desired results in all the tested cases and hence proved to be a reliable and accurate method for fault identification in microgrid networks. Finally, a framework has been presented for possible realization of the proposed protection scheme through existing IEC 61850-based intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Clark's transformation IEC 61850-based IEDs Microgrid protection Multi-agent system n-version programming Over-current protection

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A study of n-version programming and its impact on software availability

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InTERnATIOnAL JOURnAL OF SYSTEMS SCIEnCE 2014年第10期45卷 2145-2157页

作者： Xie, Min Xiong, Chengjie ng, Szu-Hui City Univ Hong Kong Dept Syst Engn & Engn Management Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China Shenzhen China Star Optoelect Technol Co Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China Natl Univ Singapore Dept Ind & Syst Engn Singapore 117548 Singapore

n-version programming is a useful approach to improve the quality of software, especially for safety-critical systems. Positive performance in enhancing software availability is an expected result. In this paper, a software availability model for the study of the impact of n-version programming technique is proposed and investigated. The characteristics of the n-version software system and its operation and failure process are analysed. Based on this analysis, the time-dependent behaviour of the software system, which alternates between online and offline states, is described using a Markov chain. This model derives quantitative measures of software availability. numerical examples and comparisons are also presented in this paper to directly illustrate n-version programming's positive impact on software availability measures. n-version programming generally provides a positive impact on the system. However, it does not always guarantee a higher availability performance. General recommendations are provided on n-version software structure design based on cost-effective criteria.

关键词： n-version programming software availability Markov chain optimal software structure

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Unleashing Coveraged-Based Fuzzing Through Comprehensive, Efficient, and Faithful Exploitable-Bug Exposing

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On DEPEnDABLE AnD SECURE COMPUTInG 2022年第5期19卷 2998-3010页

作者： Wang, Bowen Lu, Kangjie Wu, Qiushi Pakki, Aditya Univ Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

Fuzzing has become an essential means of finding software bugs. Bug finding through fuzzing requires two parts-exploring code paths to reach bugs and exposing bugs when they are reached. Existing fuzzing research has primarily focused on improving code coverage but not on exposing bugs. Sanitizers such as AddressSanitizer (ASAn) and MemorySanitizer (MSAn) have been the dominating tools for exposing bugs. However, sanitizer-based bug exposing has the following limitations. (1) sanitizers are not compatible with each other. (2) sanitizers incur significant runtime overhead. (3) sanitizers may generate false positives, and (4) exposed bugs may not be exploitable. To address these limitations, we propose EXPOZZER, a fuzzing system that can expose bugs comprehensively, efficiently, and faithfully. The intuition of EXPOZZER is to detect bugs through divergences in a properly diversified dual-execution environment, which does not require maintaining or checking execution metadata. We design a practical and deterministic dual-execution engine, a co-design for dual-execution and fuzzers, bug-sensitive diversification, comprehensive, and efficient divergence detection to ensure the effectiveness of EXPOZZER. The results of evaluations show that EXPOZZER can detect not only CVE-assigned vulnerabilities reliably, but also new vulnerabilities in well-tested real-world programs. EXPOZZER is 10 times faster than MemorySanitizer and is similar to AddressSanitizer.

关键词： n-version programming dual-execution fuzzing sanitizers bug detection

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