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Methodology for cost-effective software fault tolerance for mission-critical systems

IEEE AEROSPACE AnD ELECTROnIC SYSTEMS MAGAZInE 1997年第9期12卷 25-30页

作者： Kreutzfeld, RJ neese, RE Laboratory of Chromatography DEPg.Fac.Quimica Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Circuito interior Cd Universitaria/CP 04510 Mexico D.F.Mexico

As computing capabilities continue to advance, there will be a concurrent rise in the number of both hardware and software faults. These will be caused by the greater volume of more complex software, by the increased number of untested software states, and by more incidents of hardware/software interaction faults as a result of increased hardware speed and density. The traditional software implemented fault tolerance approaches have been successfully utilized in life-critical systems, such as digital flight controls, where their additional costs can be easily justified. Examples include n-version programming and Recovery Block approaches. However, there is still a need for dependable computing for mission-critical applications as well. Often, these traditional techniques are avoided for mission-critical systems due to the difficulty in justifying their extra up-front development cost. We provide an alternative for the high ''sunk cost'' of traditional software fault tolerance techniques. The methodology, called Data Fusion Integrity Processes (DFIPs), is a simple, yet effective technique for mission-critical systems. In addition, the approach establishes a framework from which other costlier, more extensive traditional techniques can be added. We present details of the DFIP methodology and a DFIP framework for Ada programs. We also briefly discuss development of a DFIP code generation system which exploits Java that will enable users to quickly build a DFIP framework in Ada, and select reusable DFIP component methods.

关键词： Ada aircraft computers aircraft control data integrity sensor fusion software fault tolerance system recovery Java n-version programming avionics computing capabilities cost-effective software fault tolerance costs data fusion integrity process digit system recovery avionics Sensor fusion Aircraft control software fault tolerance ADA (programming LAnGUAGE) Data Quality

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Unleashing Coveraged-Based Fuzzing Through Comprehensive, Efficient, and Faithful Exploitable-Bug Exposing

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On DEPEnDABLE AnD SECURE COMPUTInG 2022年第5期19卷 2998-3010页

作者： Wang, Bowen Lu, Kangjie Wu, Qiushi Pakki, Aditya Univ Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

Fuzzing has become an essential means of finding software bugs. Bug finding through fuzzing requires two parts-exploring code paths to reach bugs and exposing bugs when they are reached. Existing fuzzing research has primarily focused on improving code coverage but not on exposing bugs. Sanitizers such as AddressSanitizer (ASAn) and MemorySanitizer (MSAn) have been the dominating tools for exposing bugs. However, sanitizer-based bug exposing has the following limitations. (1) sanitizers are not compatible with each other. (2) sanitizers incur significant runtime overhead. (3) sanitizers may generate false positives, and (4) exposed bugs may not be exploitable. To address these limitations, we propose EXPOZZER, a fuzzing system that can expose bugs comprehensively, efficiently, and faithfully. The intuition of EXPOZZER is to detect bugs through divergences in a properly diversified dual-execution environment, which does not require maintaining or checking execution metadata. We design a practical and deterministic dual-execution engine, a co-design for dual-execution and fuzzers, bug-sensitive diversification, comprehensive, and efficient divergence detection to ensure the effectiveness of EXPOZZER. The results of evaluations show that EXPOZZER can detect not only CVE-assigned vulnerabilities reliably, but also new vulnerabilities in well-tested real-world programs. EXPOZZER is 10 times faster than MemorySanitizer and is similar to AddressSanitizer.

关键词： n-version programming dual-execution fuzzing sanitizers bug detection

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The links between human error diversity and software diversity: Implications for fault diversity seeking

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SCIEnCE OF COMPUTER programming 2014年第Partc期89卷 350-373页

作者： Huang, Fuqun Liu, Bin Song, You Keyal, Shreya Beihang Univ Beijing 100191 Peoples R China UCL London WC1E 6BT England

Software diversity is known to improve fault tolerance in n-version software systems by independent development. As the leading cause of software faults, human error is considered an important factor in diversity seeking. However, there is little scientific research focusing on how to seek software fault diversity based on human error mechanisms. A literature review was conducted to extract factors that may differentiate people with respect to human error-proneness. In addition, we constructed a conceptual model of the links between human error diversity and software diversity. An experiment was designed to validate the hypotheses, in the form of a programming contest, accompanied by a survey of cognitive styles and personality traits. One hundred ninety-two programs were submitted for the identical problem, and 70 surveys were collected. Code inspection revealed 23 faults, of which 10 were coincident faults. The results show that personality traits seems not effective predictors for fault diversity as a whole model, whereas cognitive styles and program measurements moderately account for the variation of fault density. The results also show causal relations between performance levels and coincident faults;coincident faults are unlikely to occur at skill-based performance level;the coincident faults introduced in rule-based performances show a high probability of occurrence, and the coincident faults introduced in knowledge-based performances are shaped by the content and formats of the task itself. Based on these results, we have proposed a model to seek software diversity and prevent coincident faults. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software diversity Human error n-version programming Cognitive style Personality trait

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Eliminating exception handling errors with dependability cases: A comparative, empirical study

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SOFTWARE EnGInEERInG 2000年第9期26卷 888-906页

作者： Maxion, RA Olszewski, RT Carnegie Mellon Univ Dept Comp Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Programs fail mainly for two reasons: logic errors in the code and exception failures. Exception failures can account for up to two-thirds of system crashes [1], hence, are worthy of serious attention. Traditional approaches to reducing exception failures, such as code reviews, walkthroughs, and formal testing, while very useful, are limited in their ability to address a core problem: The programmer's inadequate coverage of exceptional conditions. The problem of coverage might be rooted in cognitive factors that impede the mental generation (or recollection) of exception cases that would pertain in a particular situation, resulting in insufficient software robustness. This paper describes controlled experiments for testing the hypothesis that robustness for exception failures can be improved through the use of various coverage-enhancing techniques: n-version programming, group collaboration, and dependability cases. n-version programming and collaboration are well known. Dependability cases, derived from safety cases, comprise a new methodology based on structured taxonomies and memory aids for helping software designers think about and improve exception handling coverage. All three methods showed improvements over control conditions in increasing robustness to exception failures but dependability cases proved most efficacious in terms of balancing cost and effectiveness. A controlled experiment conducted with 119 subjects revealed a statistically significant 34 percent increase (p <.01) in exception handling robustness corresponding to use of dependability cases. An ancillary experiment conducted with 53 subjects provided convergent evidence that the effect is authentic and not due to programming expertise alone.

关键词： collaboration dependability design diversity empirical methods exception handling n-version programming safety cases software engineering software robustness

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A Dependent Model for Fault Tolerant Software Systems During Debugging

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On RELIABILITY 2012年第2期61卷 504-515页

作者： Wang, Rong-Tsorng Tunghai Univ Dept Stat Kaohsiung Taiwan

This paper proposes a special redundant model for describing the s-dependency of multi-version programming software during testing and debugging. n-version programming (nVP) is one of the most important software fault tolerance techniques. Many papers have studied the issue of fault correlation among versions. However, only a few of them consider this issue during the testing and debugging part of the software development life cycle. During testing and debugging, faults may not be successfully removed. Imperfect debugging may result in unsuccessful removal, and the introduction of new faults. Different from existing nVP models, the model proposed in this paper allows an assessment of s-dependency when correlated failures may not necessarily occur at the same execution time point. The model focuses on 2 VP systems. It is developed to be a bivariate counting process by assuming positive s-dependency among versions. Considering imperfect debugging, this bivariate process characterizes dynamic changes of fault contents for each version during testing and debugging. The system reliability, expected number of faults, probability of perfect debugging, and parameter estimation of model parameters are presented. An application example is given to illustrate the proposed model. The paper provides an alternative approach for evaluating the reliability of 2 VP software systems when there is positive s-dependency between versions.

关键词： Bivariate counting process correlated failures imperfect debugging n-version programming software fault tolerance software reliability

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Cost modeling of n-version fault-tolerant software systems for large n

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On RELIABILITY 1996年第2期45卷 297-302页

作者： Scott, RK McAllister, DF N CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT COMP SCIRALEIGHNC 27695

A cost model determines system costs for fault-tolerant software systems, The model finds the optimal number of program versions to achieve minimum system cost of the fault-tolerant software techniques: n-version programming, Recovery Block, and Consensus Recovery Block, In this case, all versions, the voter, and the acceptance test have the same reliability, When the parameters for the versions, acceptance test, and voter in the cost function are all equal, the cost of a 3-version system is always optimal, Cost(CRB) much less than Cost(RB) much less than Cost(nVP) for each target reliability differing by as much as two orders of magnitude in some cases, The cost functions were increasing functions of n. When the parameters are not equal, optimality occurred for other values of n. This was especially the case when the cost exponent for version-1 was larger than the exponents for the other versions and the acceptance test or voter, As the values of the cost exponents for the version reliabilities become larger, a smaller difference was required between the version-1 exponent and the others to produce alternate optima.

关键词： fault-tolerant software cost modeling n-version programming recovery block consensus recovery block multi-version system

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Optimization models for complex recovery block schemes

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COMPUTERS & OPERATIOnS RESEARCH 1999年第5期26卷 525-544页

作者： Berman, O Kumar, UD Univ Exeter Fac Engn Ctr Management Ind Reliabil Cost & Effectiveness Exeter EX4 4QF Devon England Univ Toronto Joseph L Rotman Sch Management Toronto ON M5S 3E6 Canada

In this paper we consider three complex recovery block schemes: (1) nested recovery block;(2) modified recovery block;and (3) nested consensus recovery block. For all the three models: (1) we derive simple expressions for calculating the system reliability;(2) we investigate how to arrange the versions in a nested recovery block and in a nested consensus recovery block;and (3) we develop optimization models where the objective is to optimize the reliability satisfying a budget constraint. The paper also includes efficient branch and bound procedures to solve the optimization problems. Two numerical example problems are solved to illustrate the branch and bound technique. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： branch and bound fault-tolerant software n-version programming optimization complex recovery blocks software reliability

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Fireplug: Efficient and Robust Geo-Replication of Graph Databases

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On PARALLEL AnD DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2020年第8期31卷 1942-1953页

作者： neiheiser, Ray Rech, Luciana Bravo, Manuel Rodrigues, Luis Correia, Miguel Univ Fed Santa Catarina Dept Engn Automacao & Sistemas BR-88040900 Florianopolis SC Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina Dept Informat & Estatist BR-88040900 Florianopolis SC Brazil IMDEA Software Inst Madrid Spain Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecn INESC ID P-1649004 Lisbon Portugal

Although graph-databases have been assuming an increasing relevance in applications that exhibit strong dependability requirements, including tolerance to malicious faults, few works have addressed Byzantine fault tolerance in this particular context, and previous attempts suffer from lack of flexibility and poor performance. This article describes and evaluates Fireplug, a flexible architecture to build robust geo-replicated graph databases. Fireplug can be configured to tolerate from crash to Byzantine faults, both within and across different datacenters. Furthermore, Fireplug is robust to bugs in existing graph database implementations, as it allows to combine multiple graph database instances in a cohesive manner. Thus, Fireplug can support many different deployments, according to the performance/robustness trade-offs imposed by the target application. Our evaluation shows that Fireplug is able implement Byzantine fault tolerance without penalty when compared to the built-in replication mechanism of neo4j, which only supports crash faults. Additionally, performance optimizations introduced by Fireplug improve the overall performance by up to 900 percent in geo-replicated scenarios.

关键词： Graph databases geo-replication n-version programming byzantine faults

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An EXPERIMEnTAL EVALUATIOn OF SOFTWARE REDUnDAnCY AS A STRATEGY FOR IMPROVInG RELIABILITY

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SOFTWARE EnGInEERInG 1991年第7期17卷 692-702页

作者： ECKHARDT, DE CAGLAYAn, AK KnIGHT, JC LEE, LD MCALLISTER, DF VOUK, MA KELLY, JPJ CHARLES RIVER ANALYT INC CAMBRIDGEMA 02138 UNIV VIRGINIA DEPT COMP SCICHARLOTTESVILLEVA 22903 OLD DOMINION UNIV NORFOLKVA 23508 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT COMP SCIRALEIGHNC 27607 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGNSANTA BARBARACA 93106

The strategy of using multiple versions of independently developed software as a means to tolerate residual software design faults is suggested by the success of hardware redundancy for tolerating hardware failures. Although, as generally accepted, the independence of hardware failures resulting from physical wearout can lead to substantial increases in reliability for redundant hardware structures, a similar conclusion is not immediate for software. The degree to which design faults are manifested as independent failures determines the effectiveness of redundancy as a method for improving software reliability. Interest in multiversion software centers on whether it provides an adequate measure of increased reliability to warrant its use in critical applications. The effectiveness of multiversion software is studied by comparing estimates of the failure probabilities of these systems with the failure probabilities of single versions. The estimates are obtained under a model of dependent failures and compared with estimates obtained when failures are assumed to be independent. The experimental results are based on 20 versions of an aero-space application developed and independently validated by 60 programmers from 4 universities. Descriptions of the application and development process are given, together with an analysis of the 20 versions.

关键词： FAULT-TOLERAnT SOFTWARE MULTIversion programming n-version programming SOFTWARE RELIABILITY

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Trivariate Bernoulli distribution with application to software fault tolerance

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AnnALS OF OPERATIOnS RESEARCH 2016年第1期244卷 241-255页

作者： Fiondella, Lance Zeephongsekul, Panlop Univ Massachusetts Dept Elect & Comp Engn 285 Old Westport Rd Dartmouth MA 02747 USA RMIT Univ Sch Math & Geospatial Sci Melbourne Vic 3001 Australia

The widespread reliance on software for mission and life critical applications makes the reliability of these systems essential. Techniques such as fault tolerance have been proposed to achieve the highest levels of software reliability. However, the fault tolerance paradigm suffers from the risk of correlated failures, where a majority of the software versions fail on the same input leading to system failure. This paper derives a trivariate Bernoulli distribution to quantify the negative impact of correlated failures on the reliability of fault tolerant software composed of highly reliable versions. An experiment based on early empirical research demonstrates the capacity of the distribution to conduct reliability assessment for many combinations of the version reliabilities and correlations. The results indicate that correlated failures detract from system reliability, but that this reliability is often higher than a system composed of the single most reliable version.

关键词： Trivariate Bernoulli distribution Fault tolerance Software reliability n-version programming

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