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n-version programming approach with implicit safety guarantee for complex dynamic system stabilization applications

MEASUREMEnT & COnTROL 2021年第3-4期54卷 269-278页

作者： Subasi, nadir Guner, Ufuk Ustoglu, Ilker Kirklareli Univ Dept Comp Programming TR-39100 Kirklareli Turkey Erzurum Tech Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Erzurum Turkey Istanbul Tech Univ Dept Control & Automat Engn Istanbul Turkey

Safety-critical systems are widely used in many sectors to prevent fatal accidents and prevent loss of life, damage of property, or deterioration of the environment. Implementation of software safety standards as part of the development of safety-critical software is generally considered an essential element of any safety program. Therefore, it has become more critical to produce highly reliable software to meet the safety requirements established by functional safety standards, such as IEC 61508, ISO 26262, and En 50128. IEC 61508 supports well-known safety mechanisms such as design diversity like n-version (multi-version) programming. n-version (multi-version) programming is a method where multiple functionally equivalent programs are independently developed from the same software specifications. n-version (multi-version) programming is particularly an effective approach to increase the quality of software in a safety-critical system. In this paper, one of the well-known and widely used algorithms in the field of n-version (multi-version) programming, the majority voting algorithm, has been modified with an online stability checker where the decisions of the voter are judged against the stability of the underlying system. The plant where all the theoretical results are implemented is a tilt-rotor system with the proposed n-version (multi-version) programming-based controller. The experimental results show that the modified majority voter-based n-version (multi-version) programming controller provides more reliable control of the plant.

关键词： Safety-critical software fault-tolerant systems n-version programming proportional control dual tilt-rotor system

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n-version programming-based protection scheme for microgrids: A multi-agent system based approach

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SUSTAInABLE EnERGY GRIDS & nETWORKS 2016年 6卷 35-45页

作者： Hussain, Akhtar Aslam, Muhammad Arif, Syed Muhammad Incheon Natl Univ Dept Elect Engn 119 Acad Ro Inchon South Korea Myongji Univ Dept Elect Engn 116 Myongji Ro Yongin South Korea Sungkyunkwan Univ Coll Informat & Commun Engn 2066 Seobu Ro Suwon South Korea

Islanded mode and grid-connected mode are the two operational modes of a microgrid (MG). It is essential to develop a suitable protection scheme for an MG network to protect it against all types of faults in both of the modes. The fault current in an inverter-dominated MG is limited by the ratings of the semiconductor devices. Only traditional over-current protection schemes are not adequate for such inverter-based grids. In order to cover the drawbacks of conventional protection schemes, an n-version programming-based protection scheme has been proposed in this paper. An n-version software unit with n = 3 has been developed in MATLAB Simulink and all the agents in the developed multi-agent scheme have been equipped with this unit. The three developed protection versions are Clark's transformation-based current protection, positive sequence phase differential-based protection and conventional over-current-based protection scheme. The software unit makes the final decision about the fault through a polling process. Different types of faults have been tested in both the islanded and grid-connected modes. The proposed protection scheme has given desired results in all the tested cases and hence proved to be a reliable and accurate method for fault identification in microgrid networks. Finally, a framework has been presented for possible realization of the proposed protection scheme through existing IEC 61850-based intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Clark's transformation IEC 61850-based IEDs Microgrid protection Multi-agent system n-version programming Over-current protection

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A study of n-version programming and its impact on software availability

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InTERnATIOnAL JOURnAL OF SYSTEMS SCIEnCE 2014年第10期45卷 2145-2157页

作者： Xie, Min Xiong, Chengjie ng, Szu-Hui City Univ Hong Kong Dept Syst Engn & Engn Management Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China Shenzhen China Star Optoelect Technol Co Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China Natl Univ Singapore Dept Ind & Syst Engn Singapore 117548 Singapore

n-version programming is a useful approach to improve the quality of software, especially for safety-critical systems. Positive performance in enhancing software availability is an expected result. In this paper, a software availability model for the study of the impact of n-version programming technique is proposed and investigated. The characteristics of the n-version software system and its operation and failure process are analysed. Based on this analysis, the time-dependent behaviour of the software system, which alternates between online and offline states, is described using a Markov chain. This model derives quantitative measures of software availability. numerical examples and comparisons are also presented in this paper to directly illustrate n-version programming's positive impact on software availability measures. n-version programming generally provides a positive impact on the system. However, it does not always guarantee a higher availability performance. General recommendations are provided on n-version software structure design based on cost-effective criteria.

关键词： n-version programming software availability Markov chain optimal software structure

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OPTIMAL-DESIGn OF LARGE SOFTWARE-SYSTEMS USInG n-version programming

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On RELIABILITY 1994年第2期43卷 344-350页

作者： ASHRAFI, n BERMAn, O CUTLER, M SUNY BINGHAMTON DEPT COMP SCIBINGHAMTONNY 13902 UNIV TORONTO FAC MANAGEMENTTORONTO M5S 1V4ONCANADA

Fault tolerant software uses redundancy to improve reliability;but such redundancy requires additional resources and tends to be costly, therefore the redundancy level needs to be optimized. Our optimization models determine the optimal level of redundancy within a software system under the assumption that functionally equivalent software components fail independently. A framework illustrates the tradeoff between the cost of using n-version programming and the improved reliability for a software system. The 2 models deal with: a single task, and multitask software. These software systems consist of several modules where each module performs a subtask and, by sequential execution of modules, a major task is performed. Major assumptions are: several versions of each module, each with an estimated cost & reliability, are available these module versions fail independently. Optimization models are used to select the optimal set of versions for each module such that the system reliability is maximized and total cost remains within budget.

关键词： FAULT TOLERAnT SOFTWARE n-version programming SOFTWARE RELIABILITY OPTIMIZATIOn MATHEMATICAL programming

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Managing redundancy in CAn-based networks supporting n-version programming

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COMPUTER STAnDARDS & InTERFACES 2009年第1期31卷 120-127页

作者： Proenza, Julian Miro-Julia, Jose Hansson, Hans Univ Illes Balears Dept Matemat & Informat Palma de Mallorca 07122 Spain Malardalen Univ Malardalen Real Time Res Ctr S-72123 Vasteras Sweden

Software is a major source of reliability degradation in dependable systems. One of the classical remedies is to provide software fault tolerance by using n-version programming (nVP). However, due to requirements on non-standard hardware and the need for changes and additions at all levels of the system, nVP solutions are costly, and have only been used in special cases. In a previous work, a low-cost architecture for nVP execution was developed. The key features of this architecture are the use of off-the-shelf components including communication standards and that the fault tolerance functionality, including voting, error detection, fault-masking, consistency management, and recovery, is moved into a separate redundancy management circuitry (one for each redundant computing node). In this article we present an improved design of that architecture, specifically resolving some potential inconsistencies that were not treated in detail in the original design. In particular, we present novel techniques for enforcing replica determinism. Our improved architecture is based on using the Controller Area network (CAn). This choice goes beyond the obvious interest of using standards in order to reduce the cost, since all the rest of the architecture is designed to take full advantage of the CAn standard features, such as data consistency, in order to significantly reduce the complexity, the efficiency and the cost of the resultant system. Although initially developed for nVP, our redundancy management circuitry also supports other software replication techniques, such as active replication. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.

关键词： Software fault tolerance Distributed computing Replica determinism CAn protocol n-version programming

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A novel fuzzy logic system based on n-version programming

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On FUZZY SYSTEMS 2000年第2期8卷 155-170页

作者： Hsu, YT Chen, CM Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Taipei Taiwan

For the consideration of different application systems, modeling the fuzzy logic rule, and deciding the shape of membership functions are very critical issues due to they play key roles in the design of fuzzy logic control system. This paper proposes a novel design methodology of fuzzy logic control system using the neural network and fault-tolerant approaches. The connectionist architecture with the learning capability of neural network and n-version programming development of a fault-tolerant technique are Implemented in the proposed fuzzy logic control system. In other words, this research involves the modeling of parameterized membership functions acid the partition of fuzzy linguistic variables using neural networks trained by the unsupervised learning algorithms. Based on the self-organizing algorithm, the membership function and partition of fuzzy class are not only derived automatically, but also the preconditions of fuzzy IF-THEn rules are organized. We also provide two examples, pattern recognition and tendency prediction, to demonstrate that the proposed system has a higher computational performance and its parallel architecture supports noise-tolerant capability. This generalized scheme is very satisfactory for pattern recognition and tendency prediction problems.

关键词： fuzzy logic control neural network n-version programming parameterized membership function

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Optimal early warning defense of n-version programming service against co-resident attacks in cloud system

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RELIABILITY EnGInEERInG & SYSTEM SAFETY 2020年 201卷 106969-106969页

作者： Levitin, Gregory Xing, Liudong Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol Chengdu Sch Comp Sci Collaborat Auton Comp Lab Chengdu Peoples R China Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA

Due to the virtual machine co-resident architecture, cloud computing systems are vulnerable to co-resident attacks (CRAs) where a malicious attacker may access and corrupt information of a target user through co-locating their virtual machines on the same physical server. To defend against cyber threats such as the CRA, early warning mechanisms have been developed with the aim to detect and block an attack at a nascent stage. In this paper, we study the optimal strategy of allocating early warning resources to defend against CRAs for the voting-based n-version programming (nVP) service running in the cloud. A probabilistic model is proposed to evaluate the failure probability of the nVP service program and further the expected cost of loss for the considered service. Optimization problems of co-determining the optimal numbers of service program versions and early warning agents are further solved to minimize the expected cost of loss. As demonstrated through examples, the resultant optimal strategies can effectively allocate service and defense resources to defend the nVP cloud service against CRAs.

关键词： Cloud service Co-resident attack Early warning n-version programming Service corruption

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Optimization of time constrained n-version programming service components with competing task execution and version corruption processes

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RELIABILITY EnGInEERInG & SYSTEM SAFETY 2020年 193卷 106666-000页

作者： Levitin, Gregory Xing, Liudong Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Comp Sci Collaborat Auton Comp Lab Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Mech & Elect Engn Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China

This paper models a software service component implementing the n-version programming (nVP) redundancy on the cloud computing platform to enhance the service reliability. Specifically, multiple versions of the same service component are activated in parallel on different servers of the cloud to perform the requested service. At required service response time, the output is determined based on a threshold first-past-the-post voting rule (output with the most votes and the number of these votes exceeds a predetermined threshold). However, effectiveness of the nVP approach can be greatly compromised by co-residence attacks, a common type of cyber-attacks launched to corrupt user's service through co-residing user's and attacker's virtual machines on the same cloud server. This paper formulates and solves an optimization problem, particularly, a minmax game problem that finds the number of service component versions (SCVs) and the threshold to maximize the user's utility while considering a strategic attack behavior aiming to maximize the attacker's utility. The solution methodology encompasses a probabilistic model of evaluating the service success probability (SSP) and corruption attack success probability (CAP), two performance metrics used in the computation of the user's and attacker's utilities. Examples are analyzed to demonstrate influences of different model parameters on SSP, CAP, and solutions to the considered optimization problem.

关键词： Co-residence attack n-version programming First-past-the-post voting Threshold Minmax game

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Defending n-version programming Service Components against Co-Resident Attacks in IoT Cloud Systems

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SERVICES COMPUTInG 2021年第6期14卷 1717-1725页

作者： Xing, Liudong Levitin, Gregory Xiang, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Mech & Elect Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA Israel Elect Corp Ltd POB 10 IL-31000 Haifa Israel Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Collaborat Auton Comp CAC Lab Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

The real innovation of Internet of Things (IoT) can be spurred only when being combined with cloud computing, a paradigm that allows numerous users to simultaneously access configurable resources and services. However, serious vulnerability concerns have arisen from the virtual machine co-resident architecture of the IoT cloud. Specifically, co-resident attacks can be launched, where an attacker can access and corrupt a user's sensitive data/software by co-locating their virtual machines on the same physical server. Various solutions have been suggested in literature to mitigate negative effects of the co-resident attacks in the cloud environment. However, to the best of our knowledge no work has been performed for studying co-resident attacks in cloud systems with n-version programming (nVP), a popular redundancy technique for enhancing survivability of critical cloud service components. This paper makes original contributions by modeling IoT cloud system services implementing the nVP component redundancy, and evaluating the corruption probability of the nVP service component. Further, users' policies on choosing the optimal number of service component versions are investigated through formulating and solving a new set of optimization problems with the objective to minimize the expected cost of losses of a cloud service provider. As demonstrated through examples, these policies can effectively help defend the nVP service component against the co-resident attacks in the cloud system.

关键词： Cloud computing Servers Internet of Things Virtual machining Redundancy Optimization programming Cloud computing co-residence attack Internet of Things n-version programming virtual machine reliability

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An optical scan e-voting system based on n-version programming

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2008年第3期6卷 47-53页

作者： Goirizelaia, Inaki Huarte, Maider Unzilla, Juanjo Selker, Ted Univ Basque Country Sch Engn Madrid Spain MIT Media Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA CALTECH MIT Voting Technol Project Pasadena CA 91125 USA

This article presents Demotek, a multi-agent prototype for an electronic voting system based on optical character recognition technology. Trade-offs in voter training, ease of use, security, and coercion across various systems are considered for the purpose of recognizing achievable improvements. Based on the use of n-version programming techniques, we propose improvements to Demotek, including those in security and new capabilities. This case study demonstrates how the voter"s authentication system and vote data transmission could further simplify and improve the electoral process by adding these new capabilities to the electronic voting system using n-version programming.

关键词： Electronic Voting Systems n-version programming Vote Transmission Voter"s Authentication

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