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Comparison of the Parallel and Serial Architectures for n-version programming as Applied to Railway Interlocking Systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2013年第25期46卷 60-64页

作者： Oytun Eriş Veysel G. Anik Uğur Yildirim Mehmet T. Söylemez Salman Kurtulan Control Engineering Department Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey (Tel: +90-212-285 69 88 Control Engineering Department Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey

The concept of functional safety gains importance with the increasing number of hazardous accidents in the railway industry. In literature, some hardware and software architectures are proposed for the functional safety. As n-version programming is getting popular as preferred software architecture in railway industry, the effect of various hardware implementations of n-version programming on the functional safety remains unclear. In this study, two different hardware setups will be evaluated for n-version programming. After the effect of these hardware setups on the functional safety is analyzed, the effects on the hardware usage and overall response time will be tested on a sample train station.

关键词： n-version programming Interlocking System PLC Railway signalization Functional Safety Applications for transportation

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Making Multivariant programming Practical and Inexpensive

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2018年第3期16卷 90-94页

作者： Franz, Michael Univ Calif Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA

Since it was first proposed in 1978, n-version programming (nVP) has been a mainstay technique for obtaining fault tolerance in high-reliability software. Although subsequent research on nVP has indicated that coincident failures across different versions can be more common than initially expected, nVP remains the “gold standard” for application domains in which high reliability is of critical importance, such as fly-by-wire avionics control software.

关键词： Multicore processing Virtualization Cryptography Software Computer bugs InSPEC: Controlled Indexing avionics fault tolerance software fault tolerance software reliability InSPEC: non-Controlled Indexing n-version programming nVP mainstay technique fault tolerance high-reliability software subsequent research coincident failures fly-by-wire avionics control software Author Keywords nVP n-version programming resilient security security fault tolerance

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BASE: Using abstraction to improve fault tolerance

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ACM TRAnSACTIOnS On COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2003年第3期21卷 236-269页

作者： Castro, M Rodrigues, R Liskov, B Microsoft Res Cambridge CB3 0FB England MIT Comp Sci Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Software errors are a major cause of outages and they are increasingly exploited in malicious attacks. Byzantine fault tolerance allows replicated systems to mask some software errors but it is expensive to deploy. This paper describes a replication technique, BASE, which uses abstraction to reduce the cost of Byzantine fault tolerance and to improve its ability to mask software errors. BASE reduces cost because it enables reuse of off-the-shelf service implementations. It improves availability because each replica can be repaired periodically using an abstract view of the state stored by correct replicas, and because each replica can run distinct or nondeterministic service implementations, which reduces the probability of common mode failures. We built an nFS service where each replica can run a different off-the-shelf file system implementation, and an object-oriented database where the replicas ran the same, nondeterministic implementation. These examples suggest that our technique can be used in practice - in both cases, the implementation required only a modest amount of new code, and our performance results indicate that the replicated services perform comparably to the implementations that they reuse.

关键词： reliability algorithms performance measurement Byzantine fault tolerance state machine replication proactive recovery asynchronous systems n-version programming

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TCAMChecker: A Software Approach to the Error Detection and Correction of TCAM-Based networking Systems

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JOURnAL OF nETWORK AnD SYSTEMS MAnAGEMEnT 2013年第3期21卷 335-352页

作者： Shafiq, M. Zubair Meiners, Chad Qin, Zheng Shen, Ke Liu, Alex X. Michigan State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA Hunan Univ Coll Software Changsha 410082 Hunan Peoples R China

Ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) are widely used in network devices carrying out the core operation of single-operation lookups. TCAMs are the core component of many networking devices such as routers, switches, firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems. Unfortunately, they are susceptible to errors caused by environmental factors such as radiation. TCAM errors may have significant impact on search results. In fact, only one error in a TCAM can cause 100 % of search keys to have wrong lookup results. Therefore, TCAM error detection and correction schemes are needed to enhance the reliability of TCAM-based systems. All prior solutions require hardware changes to TCAM circuitry and therefore are difficult to deploy. In this paper, we propose TCAMChecker, the first software-based solution for TCAM error detection and correction. Given a search key, TCAMChecker probabilistically decides to verify the lookup result. If TCAMChecker decides to verify the lookup result then it performs two parallel lookups for the given search key. If the lookup results do not match then at least one error is detected and is corrected by using a backup error-free memory. note that the probability of lookup verification can be tuned for tradeoff between performance and reliability. A higher probability of lookup verification provides a more reliable TCAM system at the cost of performance. Our proposed TCAMChecker can be easily deployed on existing TCAM-based networking devices to improve the system reliability.

关键词： Intrusion detection systems n-version programming Ternary content addressable memory

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Diversity and adjudication

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JOURnAL OF LOGICAL AnD ALGEBRAIC METHODS In programming 2016年第5期85卷 860-866页

作者： Boiten, Eerke A. Univ Kent Sch Comp & Interdisciplinary Ctr Cyber Secur Canterbury Kent England

This paper takes an axiomatic and calculational view of diversity (or "n-version programming"), where multiple implementations of the same specification are executed in parallel to increase dependability. The central notion is "adjudication": once we have multiple, potential different, outcomes, how do we come to a single result? Adjudication operators are explicitly defined and some general properties for these explored. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： n-version programming Dependability versions Adjudication

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A comparison of correlated failures for software using community error recovery and software breeding

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IEICE TRAnSACTIOnS On InFORMATIOn AnD SYSTEMS 1997年第7期E80D卷 717-725页

作者： Shima, K Matsumoto, K Torii, K Graduate School of Information Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma-shi 630-01 Japan Computer Sciences from Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan Research Associate of Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan

We present a comparison of correlated Failures for multiversion software using community error recovery (CER) and software breeding (SB). In CER, errors are detected and recovered at checkpoints which are inserted in all the versions of the software. SB is analogous to the breeding of plants and animals. In SB, versions consist of loadable modules, and a driver exchanges the modules between versions to detect and eliminate faulty modules. We formulate reliability models to estimate the probability of failure for software using either CER or SB. Our reliability models assume failures in the checkpoints in CER and the driver in SB. We use beta-binomial distribution for modeling correlated failures of versions, because much of the evidence suggests that the assumption that Failures in versions occur independently is not always true. Our comparison indicates that multiversion software using SE is more reliable than that using CER when the probability of failure in the checkpoints in CER or the driver in SB is 10(-7).

关键词： correlated failure community error recovery fault tolerance n-version programming software reliability

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ACHIEVInG DEPEnDABILITY THROUGHOUT THE DEVELOPMEnT PROCESS - A DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE EXPERIMEnT

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SOFTWARE EnGInEERInG 1990年第2期16卷 153-165页

作者： KELLY, JPJ MURPHY, SC MOORPARK COLL DEPT COMP SCIMOORPARKCA 93021

For more than ten years, design diversity experiments have been conducted to study fault-tolerant multiple-version software systems. Design diversity is the approach by which multiple versions of a software system are independently developed. Our current focus is on distributed software engineering techniques and methods for improving the specification and testing phases. With multiversion development, multiple implementations allow the use of an automated approach to testing called Back-to-Back (B/B) Testing in which the outputs are compared to detect any discrepancies. This obviates the need to determine the correct response a priori, allowing automated execution of a large number of test cases. However, a specification defect may lead to similar errors in the multiple versions and the underlying fault may not be detected with a BIB testing approach. The use of diverse formal specifications is a proposed solution to this problem since defects in independently-written specifications are likely to be different. To examine these issues, an experiment was performed using the design diversity approach in the specification, design, implementation, and testing of distributed software. In the experiment, three diverse formal specifications were used to produce multiple independent implementations of a distributed communication protocol in Ada. Another important aspect of this study was the investigation of problems encountered in building complex concurrent processing systems in Ada. Many pitfalls were discovered in mapping the formal specifications into Ada implementations. In the experiment, the process of controlling human factors, collecting accurate and appropriate data, and drawing valid conclusions was a continuing challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Back-to-back testing comparison testing design diversity distributed software engineering experimentation fault-tolerant software formal specifications multiversion software n-version programming

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Security and reliability of n-version cloud-based task solvers with individual version cancellation under data theft attacks

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RELIABILITY EnGInEERInG & SYSTEM SAFETY 2021年 216卷 107920-107920页

作者： Levitin, Gregory Xing, Liudong Dai, Yanshun Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Comp & Artificial Intelligence Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China NOGA Israel Independent Syst Operator Herzliyya Israel Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth MA 02747 USA

As one of the enabling technologies for cyber-physical systems and Internet of Things systems, the cloud computing provides cost-effective resources in an on-demand manner. This merit lends the cloud to running critical services that need redundancy to achieve high reliability. This paper models a cloud service using the nversion programming (nVP) redundancy technique that creates and runs multiple task solver versions (TSVs) in parallel to perform a requested service and decides the output using the threshold voting. A malicious attacker may get an unauthorized access to a user's data when the user's and attacker's virtual machines co-reside in the same cloud server. To reduce the chance of the co-residence attack success and users' expense, an individual TSV cancellation policy is implemented, which removes a TSV's virtual machine from its host server immediately once this TSV completes the task execution. A probabilistic method is proposed to evaluate the task reliability and data security under the considered cloud service model. Constrained optimization problems are further formulated and solved, which find the optimal number of TSVs maximizing the task reliability subject to providing a desired level of data security. Examples are presented to demonstrate interactions and impacts of different parameters on the task reliability and data security, as well as on the optimization solutions.

关键词： Cloud computing n-version programming data security service reliability

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Optimization models for recovery block schemes

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EUROPEAn JOURnAL OF OPERATIOnAL RESEARCH 1999年第2期115卷 368-379页

作者： Berman, O Kumar, UD Univ Exeter Sch Engn Ctr Management Ind Reliabil Cost & Effectiveness Exeter EX4 4QF Devon England Univ Toronto Joseph L Rotman Sch Management Toronto ON M5S 3E6 Canada

This paper presents optimization models for a fault tolerant software by selecting a set of versions for a given program. The objective is to maximize the reliability of the software satisfying a budget limitation. Optimization models are developed for two block recovery schemes: (1) independent recovery block and (2) consensus recovery block. The paper also presents simple formulas to calculate the reliability of the two schemes. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： fault tolerant software n-version programming optimization recovery blocks software reliability

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A new bitwise voting strategy for safety-critical systems with binary decisions

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TURKISH JOURnAL OF ELECTRICAL EnGInEERInG AnD COMPUTER SCIEnCES 2015年第5期23卷 1507-1521页

作者： Durmus, Mustafa Seckin Eris, Oytun Yildirim, Ugur Soylemez, Mehmet Turan Istanbul Tech Univ Elect & Elect Fac Dept Control Engn TR-80626 Istanbul Turkey

The main issue in controlling safety-critical systems such as nuclear power reactors or railway interlocking systems is to provide high safety and reliability where the risk ratio is at the highest level because small errors might result in hazardous accidents (e.g., death or injury of many people). The n-version programming technique, where n-different modules run in parallel, can be used to improve the reliability and safety of such systems at the desired safety level. Decisions of n-different modules are then evaluated by another component, usually known as the voter, using different voting strategies. In the current study a bitwise voting strategy to evaluate module decisions that are based on safe-states of variables is proposed and possible synchronization problems between the modules are determined. Sequence diagrams and solutions for synchronization problems are also explained.

关键词： Bitwise-voting n-version programming programmable logic controllers railway interlocking systems safety-critical software

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