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TRAnSACTIOn MAnAGEMEnT In n-version PROGRAMMED DATABASE-SYSTEMS

InFORMATIOn SYSTEMS 1993年第8期18卷 539-557页

作者： DATHAn, B UNIV WYOMING DEPT COMP SCILARAMIEWY 82071

A database system must provide timely and accurate outputs. However, it is a well-known fact that application programs typically contain errors, so that it is not always possible to meet these criteria. An important technique that helps combat design and programming errors is n-version programming where independently-developed versions of a program are executed, and a voting algorithm is used to determine the output. This paper addresses concurrency control issues that come into play when n-version programming is employed for building reliable database systems. We show that existing correctness criteria and algorithms for concurrency control are insufficient because a system with multiple versions violates some of the basic assumptions of traditional concurrency control theory. To handle multiple versions that may involve versions with bugs, we develop two notions of correctness. By extending the well-known concurrency control algorithm, 2 PL, we also develop two algorithms to meet these criteria. While the first correctness criterion makes stronger assumptions than the second one on the correctness of the multiple versions, the concurrency control algorithm to meet that criterion is also more efficient, thereby permitting higher throughput.

关键词： DATABASE SYSTEMS n-version programming COnCURREnCY COnTROL ALGORITHMS 2 PHASE LOCKInG SERIALIZABILITY RELIABILITY

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An EnVIROnMEnT FOR DEVELOPInG FAULT-TOLERAnT SOFTWARE

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SOFTWARE EnGInEERInG 1991年第2期17卷 153-159页

作者： PURTILO, JM JALOTE, P INDIAN INST TECHNOL DEPT COMP SCI & ELECT ENGNKANPUR 208016UTTAR PRADESHINDIA UNIV MARYLAND INST ADV COMP STUDIESCOLLEGE PKMD 20742

Two different techniques have evolved for software fault tolerance-n-version programming and recovery blocks. Both of these techniques are based on design diversity and employ multiple software versions for the same problem. Due to the different methods employed for error detection by the two techniques, one may be better suited than the other for certain applications. We describe an environment that supports execution of programs using both n-version programming and recovery blocks in a uniform manner. The basic unit of fault tolerance supported by this system is at the procedure or function level. Each such program unit can be packaged as its own task, and different fault tolerance techniques can subsequently be employed, even within the same application. The environment also allows versions to be written in different programming languages, and executed on different machines. This enhances the independence between the different versions, making the fault tolerance techniques more effective. This environment has been developed for use on Unix-based hosts, and currently runs on a network of Sun and DEC workstations.

关键词： MODULE InTERCOnnECTIOn LAnGUAGE n-version programming RECOVERY BLOCK SOFTWARE BUS SOFTWARE FAULT TOLERAnCE

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The Hydra Framework for Principled, Automated Bug Bounties

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2019年第4期17卷 53-61页

作者： Breidenbach, Lorenz Daian, Philip Tramer, Florian Juels, Ari Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Zurich Switzerland Cornell Tech Comp Sci New York NY USA Stanford Univ Comp Sci Stanford CA 94305 USA Cornell Tech Jacobs Technion Cornell Inst Comp Sci New York NY USA

The Hydra Framework is a new, principled approach to modeling and detecting security-critical bugs. Fusing a variant of classical n-version (redundant) programming with automated bug bounty payouts, Hydra provides eco... 详细信息

关键词： Computer bugs Smart contracts programming Computer hacking Economics Computer security InSPEC: Controlled Indexing:contracts program debugging security of data InSPEC: non-Controlled Indexing:automated bug bounty payouts cost-effective bounty protections hydra framework automated bug bounties security-critical bugs smart contracts n-version programming

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THE COnSISTEnT COMPARISOn PROBLEM In n-version SOFTWARE

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On SOFTWARE EnGInEERInG 1989年第11期15卷 1481-1485页

作者： BRILLIAnT, SS KnIGHT, JC LEVESOn, nG UNIV VIRGINIA DEPT COMP SCICHARLOTTESVILLEVA 22903 UNIV CALIF IRVINE DEPT COMP SCIIRVINECA 92717

We have identified a difficulty in the implementation of n-version programming. The problem, which we call the Consistent Comparison Problem, arises for applications in which decisions are based on the results of comparisons of finite-precision numbers. We show that when versions make comparisons involving the results of finite-precision calculations, it is impossible to guarantee the consistency of their results. It is therefore possible that correct versions may arrive at completely different outputs for an application that does not apparently have multiple correct solutions. If this problem is not dealt with explicitly, an n-version system may be unable to reach a consensus even when none of its component versions fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Design diversity fault-tolerant software multiversion programming n-version programming software reliability

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Reliability Models and Analysis for Triple-model with Triple-input Machine Learning Systems 5

Reliability Models and Analysis for Triple-model with Triple...

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5th IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure Computing (IEEE DSC)

作者： Wen, Qiang Machida, Fumio Univ Tsukuba Dept Comp Sci Tsukuba Japan

ISBN: (数字)9781665421416

ISBN: (纸本)9781665421416

Machine learning (ML) models have been widely applied to real-world systems. However, outputs of ML models are generally uncertain and sensitive to real input data, which is a big challenge in designing highly reliable ML-based software systems. Our study aims to improve the ML system reliability through a software architecture approach inspired by n-version programming n-version ML architectures considered in our study combine multiple input data sets with multiple versions of ML models to determine the final system output by consensus. In this paper, we focus on three-version ML architectures and propose the reliability models for analyzing the system reliability by using diversity metrics for ML models and input data sets. The proposed model allows us to compare the reliability of a triple-model with triple-input (TMTI) architecture with other variants of three-version and two-version architectures. Through the numerical analysis of the proposed models, we find that i) the reliability of TMTI architecture is higher than other three-version architectures, but interestingly ii) it is generally lower than the reliability of double model with double input system (DMDI). Furthermore, we also find that a larger variance of model diversities negatively impacts the TMTI reliability, while a larger variance of input diversity has opposed impacts.

关键词： reliability diversity machine learning n-version programming

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Fireplug: Flexible and Robust n-version Geo-Replication of Graph Databases 32

Fireplug: Flexible and Robust N-version Geo-Replication of G...

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32nd International Conference on Information networking (ICOIn)

作者： neiheiser, Ray Presser, Daniel Rech, Luciana Bravo, Manuel Rodrigues, Luis Correia, Miguel Univ Fed Santa Catarina Dept Informat & Estat Florianopolis SC Brazil Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecn INESC ID Lisbon Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781538622902

The paper describes and evaluates Fireplug, a flexible architecture to build robust geo-replicated graph databases. Fireplug can be configured to tolerate from crash to Byzantine faults, both within and across different datacenters. Furthermore, Fireplug is robust to bugs in existing graph database implementations, as it allows to combine multiple graph databases instances in a cohesive manner. Thus, Fireplug can support many different deployments, according to the performance/robustness tradeoffs imposed by the target application. Our evaluation shows that Fireplug can implement Byzantine fault tolerance in geo-replicated scenarios and still outperform the built-in replication mechanism of neo4j, which only supports crash faults.

关键词： Graph databases Geo-replication n-version programming Byzantine faults

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Software Requirement Criteria based on Human Errors 32

Software Requirement Criteria based on Human Errors

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32nd IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： Huang, Fuqun Inst Interdisciplinary Scientists Seattle WA 98109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665426039

Software requirement specifications have been observed to largely impact the dependability and the cost of software systems in software development and certification phases. Inappropriate specification of software requirements can cause software developers' erroneous mental representations, thus leading to defects that propagate into subsequent development phases. Understanding the human error mechanisms of software requirement representation is significant for reducing the defects originated from requirements. This paper proposes a theory on the human error mechanism of software requirement, and derived two new criteria to avoid requirement specification triggering the human errors of developers. The criteria were validated by an experiment. Results show that: 1) once a requirement specification contained the error-prone scenarios of the two proposed criteria, developers indeed committed corresponding errors;2) violating the proposed criteria tended to cause common defects, which are the defects introduced by two or more developers in the same way.

关键词： software requirement human error requirement quality software certification n-version programming

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n-version Design of Fault-Tolerant Control Software for Communications Satellite System

N-version Design of Fault-Tolerant Control Software for Comm...

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International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCOn)

作者： Kulyagin, Vitaly A. Tsarev, Roman Yu. Prokopenko, Alexander V. nikiforov, Alexander Yu. Kovalev, Igor V. Siberian Fed Univ Dept Informat Krasnoyarsk Russia Siberian State Aerosp Univ Syst Anal & Operat Res Krasnoyarsk Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781479971039

The article considers the problem of fault-tolerant satellite control software design. To provide the control software fault-tolerance the n-version programming based on program redundancy is used. In the paper the peculiarities of the design of control software for communications satellite system are presented. The article suggests the model for the choice of optimal structure of n-version software under resource requirement constraints. To solve the optimization problem it is proposed an algorithm. numerical example illustrates how fault-tolerant control software for communications satellite system can be designed in order to increase software reliability using n-version programming.

关键词： n-version programming n-version software fault-tolerance optimization control communications satellite system

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Characterizing Reliability of Three -version Traffic Sign Classifier System through Diversity Metrics 34

Characterizing Reliability of Three -version Traffic Sign Cl...

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34th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： Wen, Qiang Machida, Fumio Univ Tsukuba Dept Comp Sci Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350315943

The n-version machine learning (ML) system is an architecture approach to enhance the reliability of ML system outputs by exploiting ML model diversity and input data diversity. While existing studies theoretically show the relation between diversity metrics and system reliability, there is a shortage of empirical studies validating reliability models with diversity parameters in real datasets. In this paper, focusing on traffic sign recognition tasks, we empirically analyze the impact of diversity parameter estimations for predicting the reliability of three-version traffic sign classifier systems. Using five real-world traffic sign datasets, we confirm that the three-version architecture effectively enhances system reliability by applying diverse models and diversified input images. Then, we estimate the diversity parameters and apply them to variants of reliability prediction models. The prediction residuals between the observed reliability and the predicted reliability are mostly less than 0.017 across all data sets, which is half of the residual achieved by the conventional prediction model, except for the architecture of a single model with triple input. As the estimated values of diversity parameters tend to be stable with a relatively small number of samples, we consider that the reliability prediction models using diversity parameters are useful in the early-stage design of ML systems.

关键词： Classification Diversity Machine learning system n-version programming Reliability

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n-version machine learning models for safety critical systems 49

N-version machine learning models for safety critical system...

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49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and networks (DSn)

作者： Machida, Fumio Univ Tsukuba Dept Comp Sci Ibaraki Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781728130309

Quality control of machine learning systems is a fundamental challenge in industries to provide intelligent services or products using machine learning. While recent advances in machine learning algorithms substantially improve the performance of intelligent tasks such as object recognition, their outputs are essentially stochastic and very sensitive to input data. Such an output uncertainty is a big obstacle to ensure the quality of safety critical applications like autonomous vehicle and hence architectural design to mitigate the impact of error output becomes a great importance. In this paper, we propose n-version machine learning architecture that aims to improve system reliability against probabilistic outputs of individual machine learning modules. The key idea of this architecture is exploiting two kinds of diversities;input diversity and model diversity. Our study first formally defines these diversity metrics and analytically shows the improved reliability by n-version machine learning architecture. Since we treat a machine learning module as a black-box, the proposed architecture and the reliability property are generally applicable to any machine learning algorithms and applications.

关键词： design diversity machine learning n-version programming reliability safety

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