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53rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and networks (DSn)

作者： Wen, Qiang Machida, Fumio Univ Tsukuba Dept Comp Sci Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350325454

Machine learning (ML) is widely used in intelligent software systems. However, the uncertain outputs from ML models can lead to undesirable consequences in safety-critical applications. To improve system reliability, we propose n-version ML architectures combining multiple inputs with multiple ML models to decide the system output by voting. The reliability of n-version ML systems can be characterized by two diversity measures;input diversity and model diversity. In this study, we consider Bayesian networks (Bns) for modeling the reliability of n-version ML systems outputs through multiple dependent diversity parameters. We present a preliminary Bns reliability model for a three-version ML system. Finally, we discuss the potential extension of the approach and issues for modeling large-scale systems.

关键词： diversity Bayesian networks machine learning system n-version programming reliability

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A Voting strategy for n-version Program based on Fuzzy Clustering

A Voting strategy for N-Version Program based on Fuzzy Clust...

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2007 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments（ICEMI’2007）

作者： Wang Ping 1,2 (1.Xihua University,Chengdu,610039 china) (2.Shanghai Institute of micro-system and information technology of CAS,200050 china) Xihua University Chengdu China Shanghai Institute of Micro-system and Information Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences China

ISBN: (纸本)1424411351

The thesis study the consensus question about float data in n-version programming,and put forward a voting strategy based on dynamic fuzzy *** first,the strategy process the output from multi-time operations with standardization,and then analyze the degree of membership between each data,so produce the-cut set by dynamic fuzzy cluster method according to the degree of membership,the ultimate output is decided by the consensus of majority number of *** strategy can eliminate the incorrect or error data,judge the consistency between data correctly,and then acquire the correct output.

关键词： n-version programming fuzzy clustering software

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A Defending Technology Against Co-Resident Attack Considering Early Warning Mechanism and Disguise Component 3

A Defending Technology Against Co-Resident Attack Considerin...

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3rd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Intelligent Control, ICCEIC 2022

作者： Deng, Li Deng, Ailing Peng, Yuxi Xiang, Yanping Xiang, Jianwei University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu China Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Chengdu China Hunan University of Technology Hunan China

With the development of cloud services, cloud servers must provide a safe and reliable cloud environment. To defend co-resident attack launched by malicious cloud users who co-resident with normal users on the same physical server, based on FFP voting, we propose a probabilistic model for evaluating the failure probability of an n-version service program with disguise components and early warning agents in this paper. Under the condition of defense resource constraints, the failure prediction of the nVP service program is used as the basis to select the optimal deployment strategy of nVP, which is oriented to minimize the failure probability. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： cloud environment disguise component early warning mechanism n-version programming

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Efficient reliability prediction for n-version software systems with multiple stages

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS SCIEnCE AnD EnGInEERInG 1998年第2期13卷 113-120页

作者： Li, KQ SUNY Albany Dept Math & Comp Sci New Paltz NY 12561 USA

An efficient reliability prediction method for an n-version fault tolerant software system with S stages and an M-of-n voting mechanism is developed. Our model takes into account the dependence of failure behavior among successive stages, as well as correlated failure behavior of modules at the same stage. It is shown that the relibility of such a system can be evaluated stage by stage, and that if failure correlations among program modulrs are modeled by reliability intensity parameters with Beta distributions, then the time complexity of the proposed procedure is O(Sn2).

关键词： correlated failures multiversion software system n-version programming reliability prediction

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Software testing using model programs

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIEnCE 2001年第13期31卷 1211-1236页

作者： Manolache, LI Kourie, DG Univ Pretoria Dept Comp Sci ZA-0002 Pretoria South Africa

A strategy described as 'testing using M model programs' (abbreviated to 'M-mp testing') is investigated as a practical alternative to software testing based on manual outcome prediction. A model program implements suitably selected parts of the functional specification of the software to be tested. The M-mp testing strategy requires that M (M greater than or equal to 1) model programs as well as the program under test, P, should be independently developed. P and the M model programs are then subjected to the same test data. Difference analysis is conducted on the outputs and appropriate corrective action is taken. P and the M model programs jointly constitute an approximate test oracle. Both M-mp testing and manual outcome prediction are subject to the possibility of correlated failure. In general, the suitability of M-mp testing in a given context will depend on whether building and maintaining model programs is likely to be more cost effective than manually pre-calculating P's expected outcomes for given test data. In many contexts, M-mp testing could also facilitate the attainment of higher test adequacy levels than would be possible with manual outcome prediction. A rigorous experiment in an industrial context is described in which M-mp testing (with M = 1) was used to test algorithmically complex scheduling software. In this case, M-mp testing turned out to be significantly more cost effective than testing based on manual outcome prediction. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： test oracle n-version programming back-to-back testing comparison testing M-mp testing

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1985年第12期18卷 159-165页

作者： J.C. Knight n.G. Leveson Computer Science Department University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22903 USA Information & Computer Science Department University of California Irvine California 92717 USA

n-version programming has been proposed as a method of incorporating fault tolerance into software by independently preparing multiple versions of a program and voting on the results. This method depends for its reliability improvement on the assumption that programs that have been developed independently will fail independently. In this paper an experiment is described in which the fundamental axiom is tested. A total of twenty seven versions of a program were prepared independently from the same specification at two universities and then subjected to one million input test cases. The results of the tests revealed that the programs were individually extremely reliable but that the number of tests in which more than one program failed was substantially more than expected. The conclusion from this experiment is that independence of failure patterns in separate produced software versions cannot in general be assumed to be true and that analysis of the reliability of n-version programming must include the effect of dependent errors.

关键词： Multi-version programming n-version programming software reliability fault tolerant software design diversity

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Multi-version Software Development

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1986年第11期19卷 43-49页

作者： J.P.J. Kelly A. Avižienis B.T. Ulery B.J. Swain R.-T. Lyu A. Tai K.-S. Tso UCLA Computer Science Department University of California Los Angeles CA 90024 USA

Multi-version software systems achieve fault tolerance through software redundancy. Diverse software versions are executed concurrently by a supervisory system that reports consensus results, allowing the results from erroneous versions to be masked by the majority. The Second Generation Experiment is a large scale empirical study of multi-version software systems engaging researchers at six sites. This paper presents UCLA's perspective of this experiment, its role in the preliminary analysis, and related research at the Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerant Systems Laboratory.

关键词： Multi-version software fault tolerance n-version programming reliability dependability software development design diversity

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RESOURCEFUL SYSTEMS FOR FAULT TOLERAnCE, RELIABILITY, AnD SAFETY

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COMPUTInG SURVEYS 1990年第1期22卷 35-68页

作者： ABBOTT, RJ The Aerospace Corp. Los Angeles CA

Above all, it is vital to recognize that completely guranteed behavior is impossible and that there are inherent risks in relying on computer systems in critical environments. The unforeseen consequences are often the most disastrous [neumann 1986]. Section 1 of this survey reviews the current state of the art of system reliability, safety, and fault tolerance. The emphasis is on the contribution of software to these areas. Section 2 reviews current approaches to software fault tolerance. It discusses why some of the assumptions underlying hardware fault tolerance do not hold for software. It argues that the current software fault tolerance techniques are more accurately thought of as delayed debugging than as fault tolerance. It goes on to show that in providing both backtracking and executable specifications, logic programming offers most of the tools currently used in software fault tolerance. Section 3 presents a generalization of the recovery block approach to software fault tolerance, called resourceful systems. Systems are resourceful if they are able to determine whether they have achieved their goals or, if not, to develop and carry out alternate plans. Section 3 develops an approach to designing resourceful systems based upon a functionally rich architecture and an explicit goal orientation.

关键词： LOGIC programming n-version programming OBJECT-ORIEnTED programming PLAnnInG PROLOG RECOVERY BLOCKS RESOURCEFUL SYSTEMS

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Software Reliability Growth Model for n-version Fault Tolerant Software with Common and Independent Faults

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InTERnATIOnAL JOURnAL OF RELIABILITY QUALITY AnD SAFETY EnGInEERInG 2023年第6期30卷

作者： Kumar, Sudeep Aggarwal, Anu G. Gupta, Ritu Kapur, P. K. Amity Univ Dept Math AIAS Noida 201303 India Univ Delhi Dept Operat Res Delhi India Manipal Acad Higher Educ T A Pai Management Inst Manipal India Amity Univ Am Ctr Interdisciplinary Res Noida 201303 India

Research and development teams have become increasingly focused on developing highly reliable software for safety-critical systems. It is a major challenge for real-time control systems to achieve high reliability software to meet safety standards. A reliability evaluation focuses primarily on analytical and modeling techniques for fault prediction. In safety-critical systems like nuclear plant controls, aircraft controls and railroad signalization systems, n-version programming (nVP) is an effective technique for raising software's reliability, particularly in areas with high-risk ratios because small errors can result in hazardous incidents. It allows the software to be fault-tolerant, aiding it to produce accurate results even when the software has faults. We present an analytical method for assessing the reliability of n-version software systems. Analysis of the system's reliability and other performance metrics is provided with closed-form expressions. As an additional extension, we conduct numerical analyses of two cases, the 2VP system and 3VP system, in which suitable parameters are used. We conduct numerical simulations using MATLAB to generate the analytical results and compare the analytical results by using numerical results and neuro-fuzzy results using fuzzy interference systems.

关键词： Software reliability fault tolerance software reliability growth model neuro-fuzzy technique n-version programming

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