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The nas parallel benchmarks for evaluating C plus plus parallel programming frameworks on shared-memory architectures

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2021年 125卷 743-757页

作者： Loff, Junior Griebler, Dalvan Mencagli, Gabriele Araujo, Gabriell Torquati, Massimo Danelutto, Marco Fernandes, Luiz Gustavo Pontifical Catholic Univ Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS Sch Technol BR-90619900 Porto Alegre RS Brazil Tres de Maio Fac SETREM Lab Adv Res Cloud Comp LARCC Tres De Maio Brazil Univ Pisa Dept Comp Sci I-56127 Pisa Italy

The nas parallel benchmarks (NPB), originally implemented mostly in Fortran, is a consolidated suite containing several benchmarks extracted from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The benchmark suite has important characteristics such as intensive memory communications, complex data dependencies, different memory access patterns, and hardware components/sub-systems overload. parallel programming APIs, libraries, and frameworks that are written in C++ as well as new optimizations and parallel processing techniques can benefit if NPB is made fully available in this programming language. In this paper we present NPB-CPP, a fully C++ translated version of NPB consisting of all the NPB kernels and pseudo-applications developed using OpenMP, Intel TBB, and FastFlow parallel frameworks for multicores. The design of NPB-CPP leverages the Structured parallel Programming methodology (essentially based on parallel design patterns). We show the structure of each benchmark application in terms of composition of few patterns (notably Map and MapReduce constructs) provided by the selected C++ frameworks. The experimental evaluation shows the accuracy of NPB-CPP with respect to the original NPB source code. Furthermore, we carefully evaluate the parallel performance on three multi-core systems (Intel, IBM Power, and AMD) with different C++ compilers (gcc, icc, and clang) by discussing the performance differences in order to give to the researchers useful insights to choose the best parallel programming framework for a given type of problem. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： nas parallel benchmarks parallel programming Multicore architectures Performance evaluation

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Performance Characteristics of Hybrid MPI/OpenMP Implementations of nas parallel benchmarks SP and BT on Large-Scale Multicore Clusters

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 2012年第2期55卷 154-167页

作者： Wu, Xingfu Taylor, Valerie Texas A&M Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn College Stn TX 77843 USA

The nas parallel benchmarks (NPB) are well-known applications with fixed algorithms for evaluating parallel systems and tools. Multicore clusters provide a natural programming paradigm for hybrid programs, whereby OpenMP can be used with the data sharing with the multicores that comprise a node, and MPI can be used with the communication between nodes. In this paper, we use Scalar Pentadiagonal (SP) and Block Tridiagonal (BT) benchmarks of MPI NPB 3.3 as a basis for a comparative approach to implement hybrid MPI/OpenMP versions of SP and BT. In particular, we can compare the performance of the hybrid SP and BT with the MPI counterparts on large-scale multicore clusters, Intrepid (BlueGene/P) at Argonne National Laboratory and Jaguar (Cray XT4/5) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Our performance results indicate that the hybrid SP outperforms the MPI SP by up to 20.76%, and the hybrid BT outperforms the MPI BT by up to 8.58% on up to 10 000 cores on Intrepid and Jaguar. We also use performance tools and MPI trace libraries available on these clusters to further investigate the performance characteristics of the hybrid SP and BT.

关键词： performance characteristics hybrid MPI OpenMP nas parallel benchmarks multicore clusters

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Techniques for compiling and implementing all nas parallel benchmarks in HPF

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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2002年第8-9期14卷 769-787页

作者： Nishitani, Y Negishi, K Ohta, H Nunohiro, E Hitachi Ltd Software Div Totsuka Ku Yokohama Kanagawa 2440801 Japan Hitachi Ltd Informat & Comp Syst Shinagawa Ku Tokyo 1408572 Japan

The nas parallel benchmarks (NPB) are a well-known benchmark set for high-performance machines. Much effort has been made to implement them in High-Performance Fortran (HPF). In previous attempts, however, the HPF versions did not include the complete set of benchmarks, and the performance was not always good. In this study, we implement all eight benchmarks of the NPB in HPF, and parallelize them using an HPF compiler that we have developed. This report describes the implementation techniques and compiler features necessary to achieve good performance. We evaluate the HPF version on the Hitachi SR2201, a distributed-memory parallel machine. With 16 processors, the execution time of the HPF version is within a factor of 1.5 of the hand-parallelized version of the NPB 2.3 beta. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： HPF compiler nas parallel benchmarks

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Performance Characterization of the nas parallel benchmarks in OpenCL

Performance Characterization of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks ...

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IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC)

作者： Seo, Sangmin Jo, Gangwon Lee, Jaejin Seoul Natl Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Ctr Manycore Programming Seoul 151744 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781457720642

Heterogeneous parallel computing platforms, which are composed of different processors (e.g., CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and DSPs), are widening their user base in all computing domains. With this trend, parallel programming models need to achieve portability across different processors as well as high performance with reasonable programming effort. OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is an open standard and emerging parallel programming model to write parallel applications for such heterogeneous platforms. In this paper, we characterize the performance of an OpenCL implementation of the nas parallel Benchmark suite (NPB) on a heterogeneous parallel platform that consists of general-purpose CPUs and a GPU. We believe that understanding the performance characteristics of conventional workloads, such as the NPB, with an emerging programming model (i.e., OpenCL) is important for developers and researchers to adopt the programming model. We also compare the performance of the NPB in OpenCL to that of the OpenMP version. We describe the process of implementing the NPB in OpenCL and optimizations applied in our implementation. Experimental results and analysis show that the OpenCL version has different characteristics from the OpenMP version on multicore CPUs and exhibits different performance characteristics depending on different OpenCL compute devices. The results also indicate that the application needs to be rewritten or re-optimized for better performance on a different compute device although OpenCL provides source-code portability.

关键词： CPU Computational modeling DSP FPGA GPU Graphics processing unit Indexes Kernel Multicore processing nas parallel Benchmark suite nas parallel benchmarks NPB Open Computing Language OpenCL Optimization graphics processing units heterogeneous parallel comp

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Using nas parallel benchmarks to Evaluate HPC Performance in Clouds 15

Using NAS Parallel Benchmarks to Evaluate HPC Performance in...

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15th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (IEEE NCA)

作者： Okada, Thiago Kenji Goldman, Alfredo Cavalheiro, Gerson Geraldo H. Univ Sao Paulo IME BR-05508090 Sao Paulo SP Brazil Univ Fed Pelotas UFPel Ctr Desenvolvimento Tecnol Comp BR-96010610 Pelotas RS Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781509032167

Cloud computing is a reality nowadays, however there are few studies trying to understand what happens in the actual cloud infrastructures for HPC applications. The focus of this study is the evaluation of nas parallel benchmarks on cloud computing environments. We analyze the execution of applications from nas parallel benchmarks (LU and SP), comparing the execution behavior in different infrastructures: a public cloud, a private cloud and a NUMA multiprocessor system. Our broad goal is to estimate the performance of actual HPC applications on cloud, based on its communication characteristics. We conclude that HPC users should be careful with Virtual Machines with higher virtual CPU count, thanks to Google usage of Hyper-Threading technology and Virtual Machine instances scheduling.

关键词： cloud computing benchmark nas parallel benchmarks

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Multi-GPU systems and Unified Virtual Memory for scientific applications: The case of the nas multi-zone parallel benchmarks

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JOURNAL OF parallel AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 2021年 158卷 138-150页

作者： Gonzalez, Marc Morancho, Enric Univ Politecn Catalunya BarcelonaTECH Dept Comp Architecture Barcelona Spain

GPU-based computing systems have become a widely accepted solution for the high-performance-computing (HPC) domain. GPUs have shown highly competitive performance-per-watt ratios and can exploit an astonishing level of parallelism. However, exploiting the peak performance of such devices is a challenge, mainly due to the combination of two essential aspects of multi-GPU execution: memory allocation and work distribution. Memory allocation determines the data mapping to GPUs, and therefore conditions all work distribution schemes and communication phases in the application. Unified Virtual Memory simplifies the codification of memory allocations, but its effects on performance depend on how data is used by the devices and how the devices' driver is going to orchestrate the data transfers across the system. In this paper we present a multi-GPU and Unified Virtual Memory (UM) implementation of the nas Multi-Zone parallel benchmarks which alternate communication and computation phases offering opportunities to overlap these phases. We analyse the programmability and performance effects of the introduction of the UM support. Our experience shows that the programming efforts for introducing UM are similar to those of having a memory allocation per GPU. On an evaluation environment composed of 2 x IBM Power9 8335-GTH and 4 x GPU NVIDIA V100 (Volta), our UM-based parallelization outperforms the manual memory allocation versions by 1.10x to 1.85x. However, these improvements are highly sensitive to the information forwarded to the devices' driver describing the most convenient location for specific memory regions. We analyse these improvements in terms of the relationship between the computational and communication phases of the applications. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Multi-GPU Unified Virtual Memory Single address space nas parallel benchmarks

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Modeling of the CPU frequency to minimize energy consumption in parallel applications

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SUSTAINABLE COMPUTING-INFORMATICS & SYSTEMS 2018年 17卷 1-8页

作者： Sundriyal, Vaibhav Sosonkina, Masha Old Dominion Univ Dept Modeling Simulat & Visualizat Engn Norfolk VA 23529 USA

Although high-performance computing traditionally focuses on the efficient execution of large-scale applications, power consumption is going to become a critical design constraint for exascale systems. Drastic increases in the power consumption of supercomputers affect significantly their operating costs and failure rates. In modern microprocessor architectures, equipped with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and CPU clock modulation (throttling), the power consumption may be controlled in software. Additionally, network interconnect, such as Infiniband, may be exploited to maximize energy savings while the application performance loss and frequency switching overheads must be carefully balanced. This work proposes a model for determining a frequency level that minimizes energy consumption during parallel application execution. This model features a closed-form expression for the optimal frequency with respect to several application and system parameters. The model is then validated on the entire original suite of the nas parallel benchmarks, thereby being exposed to different types of workloads. The obtained closed-form expression provides insights into the viability of energy consumption with changes in processor frequency and clearly shows that a simplistic strategy of just lowering the operating frequency does not always yield a reduced energy consumption. Average energy savings of 7% have been achieved by using the optimal frequency determined by the proposed model for the nas benchmarks. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Energy savings DVFS nas parallel benchmarks Power consumption

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The Energy Efficiency Evaluating Method Determining Energy Consumption of the parallel Program According to Its Profile

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LOBACHEVSKII JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS 2020年第12期41卷 2542-2551页

作者： Kiselev, E. A. Kiselev, V. I. Shabanov, B. M. Aladyshev, O. S. Baranov, A. V. Russian Acad Sci Joint Supercomp Ctr Sci Res Inst Syst Anal Moscow 119334 Russia Russian Univ Transport MIIT Moscow 127994 Russia

The paper is devoted to the evaluation of energy efficiency of High Performance Computing systems used in a scientific supercomputer center. The authors propose a method for the comparison of energy efficiency of computing systems based on the power consumption and execution time of parallel programs. The paper presents a software tool that allows to determine the energy consumption profile of a parallel program automatically without changing its source code. The paper also presents the results of power consumption comparison of nas parallel benchmarks (BT, EP, IS, and LU) tests on computing systems with codenames Intel microprocessors Broadwell, Cascade Lake, Knights Landing and Skylake).

关键词： supercomputer energy efficiency power consumption profile parallel program high performance computing system HPC nas parallel benchmarks Intel

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Effect of MPI tasks location on cluster throughput using nas

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CLUSTER COMPUTING-THE JOURNAL OF NETWORKS SOFTWARE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2019年第4期22卷 1187-1198页

作者： Rodriguez-Pascual, Manuel Morinigo, Jose A. Mayo-Garcia, Rafael CIEMAT Ctr Invest Energet Medioambientales & Tecnol Dept Technol Madrid Spain

In this work the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (nas) benchmarks have been executed in a systematic way on two clusters of rather different architectures and CPUs, to identify dependencies between MPI tasks mapping and the speedup or resource occupation. To this respect, series of experiments with the nas kernels have been designed to take into account the context complexity when running scientific applications on HPC environments (CPU, I/O or memory-bound, execution time, degree of parallelism, dedicated computational resources, strong- and weak-scaling behaviour, to cite some). This context includes scheduling decisions, which have a great influence on the performance of the applications, making difficult to achieve an optimal exploitation with cost-effective strategies of the HPC resources. An analysis on how task grouping strategies under various cluster setups drive the execution time of jobs and the infrastructure throughput is provided. As a result, criteria for cluster setup arise linked to maximize performance of individual jobs, total cluster throughput or achieving better scheduling. To this respect, a criterion for execution decisions is suggested. This work is expected to be of interest on the design of scheduling policies and useful to HPC administrators.

关键词： MPI application performance Benchmarking Cluster throughput nas parallel benchmarks

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OpenMP-oriented applications for distributed shared memory architectures

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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2004年第4期16卷 371-384页

作者： Marowka, A Liu, ZY Chapman, B Univ Houston Dept Comp Sci Houston TX 77204 USA

The rapid rise of OpenMP as the preferred parallel programming paradigm for small-to-medium scale parallelism could slow unless OpenMP can show capabilities for becoming the model-of-choice for large scale high-performance parallel computing in the coming decade. The main stumbling block for the adaptation of OpenMP to distributed shared memory (DSM) machines, which are based on architectures like cc-NUMA, stems from the lack of capabilities for data placement among processors and threads for achieving data locality. The absence of such a mechanism causes remote memory accesses and inefficient cache memory use, both of which lead to poor performance. This paper presents a simple software programming approach called copy-inside-copy-back (CC) that exploits the data privatization mechanism of OpenMP for data placement and replacement. This technique enables one to distribute data manually without taking away control and flexibility from the programmer and is thus an alternative to the automat and implicit approaches. Moreover, the CC approach improves on the OpenMP-SPMD style of programming that makes the development process of an OpenMP application more structured and simpler. The CC technique was tested and analyzed using the nas parallel benchmarks on SGI Origin 2000 multiprocessor machines. This study shows that OpenMP improves performance of coarse-grained parallelism, although a fast copy mechanism is essential. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： OpenMP data locality nas parallel benchmarks programming model

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