The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the functions of non-coding rnas in bacteria and animal cells and the systems of rna decay that destroy damaged rnas.
The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the functions of non-coding rnas in bacteria and animal cells and the systems of rna decay that destroy damaged rnas.
Recent studies on yeast transcriptome have revealed the presence of a large set of rna polymerase II transcripts mapping to intergenic and antisense regions or overlapping canonical genes. Most of these ncrnas (ncrnas...
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Recent studies on yeast transcriptome have revealed the presence of a large set of rna polymerase II transcripts mapping to intergenic and antisense regions or overlapping canonical genes. Most of these ncrnas (ncrnas) are subject to termination by the Nrd1-dependent pathway and rapid degradation by the nuclear exosome and have been dubbed cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs). CUTs are often considered as by-products of transcriptional noise, but in an increasing number of cases they play a central role in the control of gene expression. Regulatory mechanisms involving expression of a CUT are diverse and include attenuation, transcriptional interference, and alternative transcription start site choice. This review focuses on the impact of cryptic transcription on gene expression, describes the role of the Nrd1-complex as the main actor in preventing nonfunctional and potentially harmful transcription, and details a few systems where expression of a CUT has an essential regulatory function. We also summarize the most recent studies concerning other types of ncrnas and their possible role in regulation.
Gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis in a horse results from dynamic interactions between a horse's gut physiology and the microbes in the various compartments. Micrornas (mirna), single-stranded 20–22 basepair rna ...
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Gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis in a horse results from dynamic interactions between a horse's gut physiology and the microbes in the various compartments. Micrornas (mirna), single-stranded 20–22 basepair rna molecules involved in post-transcriptional control of gene expression, have been implicated as an essential mechanism for control of gastrointestinal physiology and communication between host and microbe. Researchers have described how host-derived mirnas influence microbial communities' composition in the GI. We have recently described how the pelvic flexure separates distinct microbial populations in the equine hindgut and subsequently have wondered if equine mirna transcripts expressed by GI tissues could have a role in maintaining this separation. Investigations to characterize mirnas' expression profile and other non-coding rnas in the equine GI tract are limited. To address this, it is critical that we first know something about the expression of non-coding transcripts in the equine GI. This study investigated mirna expression in tissues of the hindgut surrounding the pelvic flexure. rna was isolated from the intestinal epithelium of 3 4-year-old American Quarter Horses collected from the right and left ventral colon (VC), pelvic flexure (PF), and right and left dorsal colon (DC). The mirna transcripts were reverse transcribed using the miScript II RT kit, and relative abundance was quantified using the miScript SYBR Green PCR kit and primer sets for 286 annotated mature equine mirnas. Biological replicates were pooled, and differential expression was determined following normalization by the delta Ct = Ct(target) – Ct(sample) method. A total of 230 mirna transcripts were expressed in at least one GI location, with 60 expressed in all 5 locations. Twenty-eight transcripts had expression restricted to a single site, 5 of which were only expressed in the pelvic flexure. Additionally, 42 transcripts have patterns of expression across a subset of anatomica
Objectives Although skeletal muscle is a target of hormonal regulation,the muscle transcriptome,including messenger-rna(mrna),long non-coding rnas(lncrnas),and micrornas(mirnas)has not previously been studied across t...
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Objectives Although skeletal muscle is a target of hormonal regulation,the muscle transcriptome,including messenger-rna(mrna),long non-coding rnas(lncrnas),and micrornas(mirnas)has not previously been studied across the menopausal ***,we took a multi-rna-omics approach to get insight into transcriptome-wide events of *** We included baseline and follow-up muscle samples from seven early(EarlyMT)and 17 late perimenopausal(LateMT)women transitioning to early postmenopause during the *** rna was sequenced and differential expression(DE)of the transcriptome was *** functions were investigated with pathway analyses and protein level expression with Western *** We found 30 DE mrna genes in EarlyMT and 19 in LateMT participating in pathways controlling cell death,growth,and interactions with the external *** of protein level changes may indicate a specific role of the regulatory rnas during menopause.10 DE lncrna transcripts but no DE lncrna genes were *** DE mirnas were *** identified putative regulatory networks likely to be affected by estradiol *** in gene expression were correlated with changes in body composition variables,indicating that muscularity and adiposity regulators are affected by menopausal *** also found correlations between gene expression and physical activity *** The observed DE genes and their regulatory networks offer novel mechanistic insights into factors affecting body composition during and after *** results imply that physiological deteriorations orchestrated by the muscle transcriptome likely depend on the magnitude of hormonal change and are influenced by physical activity.
Environmental conditions can alter the form, function, and behavior of organisms over short and long timescales, and even over generations. Aphid females respond to specific environmental cues by transmitting signals ...
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Environmental conditions can alter the form, function, and behavior of organisms over short and long timescales, and even over generations. Aphid females respond to specific environmental cues by transmitting signals that have the effect of altering the development of their offspring. These epigenetic phenomena have positioned aphids as a model for the study of phenotypic plasticity. The molecular basis for this epigenetic inheritance in aphids and how this type of inheritance system could have evolved are still unanswered questions. With the availability of the pea aphid genome sequence, new genomics technologies, and ongoing genomics projects in aphids, these questions can now be addressed. Here, we review epigenetic phenomena in aphids and recent progress toward elucidating the molecular basis of epigenetics in aphids. The discovery of a functional DNA methylation system, functional small rna system, and expanded set of chromatin modifying genes provides a platform for analyzing these pathways in the context of aphid plasticity. With these tools and further research, aphids are an emerging model system for studying the molecular epigenetics of polyphenisms.
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