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Next-Gen Service function Chain Deployment: Combining Multi-Objective Optimization With AI Large Language Models

IEEE network 2025年第3期39卷 20-28页

作者： Li, Yuanfeng Zhang, Qi Yao, Haipeng Gao, Ran Xin, Xiangjun Guizani, Mohsen Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun BUPT Sch Elect Engn Beijing Key Lab Space Ground Interconnect & Conver Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun BUPT State Key Lab Informat Photon & Opt Commun Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun BUPT Sch Informat & Commun Engn Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Beijing Inst Technol Sch Informat & Elect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Mohamed Bin Zayed Univ Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Dept Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates

With the rapid development of next-generation mobile network services, there is a growing need for customized services to meet the demands of various network functions. Leveraging the Software-Defined networking (SDN) architecture, network function virtualization (NFV) enhances service delivery flexibility by virtualizing network appliances. This allows for Service function Chain (SFC), which further enhances service delivery flexibility through centralized, programmable management. However, existing works require manual adjustments and tuning when adapting to evolving user demands and network expansions, lacking the flexibility needed for changing network conditions. With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs), the automation of network management has gained new momentum by understanding programming logic, generating code, and incorporating advanced knowledge of network and optimization. This paper introduces an LLM-assisted network operating system framework and presents a case for LLM-assisted SFC optimization. Finally, it proposes an NSGA2-based multi-objective LLM optimization algorithm, which continuously updates the heuristic code policies through evolutionary iterations. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of this approach in achieving stable and efficient multi-objective optimization for SFC deployment.

关键词： Optimization Codes network operating systems Programming Service function chaining Heuristic algorithms Routing Performance evaluation network function virtualization Mathematical models Next generation networking Software defined networking Large language models Artificial intelligence Pareto optimization Service function Chain Large Language Model Multi-objective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithms Automation of network Management

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Heuristic Binary Search: Adaptive and Fast IPv6 Route Lookup With Incremental Prefix Updates

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON networkING 2025年第2期33卷 554-569页

作者： Jiang, Donghong Li, Yanbiao Chen, Yuxuan Hu, Jing Huang, Yi Xie, Gaogang Chinese Acad Sci Comp Network Informat Ctr Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Comp Sci & Technol Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Huawei Technol Co Ltd Shenzhen 518129 Peoples R China

The advent of Software Defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) has revolutionized the deployment of software-based routing and forwarding devices in cloud and network systems. Yet, the performance of IPv6 route lookup in these devices remains a significant challenge due to two main factors: 1) the longer IPv6 addresses, which hinder high-speed lookup, and 2) the huge IPv6 IP address space, necessitates adaptability to varied length-based prefix distributions across various network scenarios. Existing IP lookup algorithms fall short in addressing these IPv6-specific challenges. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel Heuristic Binary Search (HBS) scheme. Building on the classical "Binary Search on Prefix Lengths" scheme, HBS employs three innovative techniques to achieve adaptive and fast IPv6 lookups with incremental updates: 1) a heuristic binary search method for fast lookup;2) a tree rotation method for dynamic adjustment of binary search tree shapes in response to changes in prefix distribution;and 3) the introduction of the Associated Marker List (AML), a new data structure aimed at facilitating rapid incremental prefix updates. Our theoretical proofs and comprehensive evaluations demonstrate HBS's superiority in lookup performance, dynamic adaptability, update speed, and memory efficiency.

关键词： IP networks Cloud computing Software defined networking Software Routing network function virtualization Data structures Costs Performance evaluation Memory management IPv6 Lookup route lookup binary search heuristic dynamic adaptability

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EmPOWER: A Testbed for network function virtualization Research and Experimentation

EmPOWER: A Testbed for Network Function Virtualization Resea...

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IEEE Workshop on Software Defined networks for Future networks and Services (SDN4FNS)

作者： Riggio, Roberto Rasheed, Tinku Granelli, Fabrizio CREATE NET Trento Italy Univ Trento Trento Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781479927814;9781479927807

Software Defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) are making their way into the research agenda of all the major players in the networking domain. Parallely, testbeds and experimental facilities are widely regarded as the fundamental step-stone to future "clean slate" networking. However, designing and building experimental facilities can hardly be considered a trivial step for either researchers and practitioners. Scale, flexibility, and ease of use are just some of the challenges faced by a testbed designer. These considerations are at the base of efforts such as GENI in USA, AKARI in Japan, FEDERICA, NOVI and OFELIA in Europe which provide federated and open facilities for the Future Internet research agenda. Albeit the importance of such facilities is unquestioned, today there is still a dearth of testbed exploiting SDN and NFV concepts in the wireless networking domain. In this paper we present EmPOWER an experimental testbed which aims at filling this gap by offering an open platform on top of which novel concepts can be tested at scale. The EmPOWER testbed is composed by 3 0 nodes and is currently used by both undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Trento and by the research staff at CREATE-NET.

关键词： Software Defined networking network function virtualization WiFi Testbeds Open-source

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Advancing 5G network Applications Lifecycle Security:An ML-Driven Approach

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第11期141卷 1447-1471页

作者： Ana Hermosilla Jorge Gallego-Madrid Pedro Martinez-Julia Jordi Ortiz Ved P.Kafle Antonio Skarmeta Information and Communications Engineering Department University of MurciaMurcia30100Spain Research&Development Department Odin Solutions S.L.Murcia30007Spain Network Architecture Laboratory Network Research InstituteNational Institute of Information and CommunicationsTokyo184-8795Japan Engineering and Applied Techniques Department University Center of Defense at the Spanish Air Force AcademyMurcia30729Spain

As 5th Generation(5G)and Beyond 5G(B5G)networks become increasingly prevalent,ensuring not only networksecurity but also the security and reliability of the applications,the so-called network applications,becomesof paramount *** paper introduces a novel integrated model architecture,combining a networkapplication validation framework with an AI-driven reactive system to enhance security in *** proposedmodel leverages machine learning(ML)and artificial intelligence(AI)to dynamically monitor and respond tosecurity threats,effectively mitigating potential risks before they impact the network *** dualapproach not only validates the functionality and performance of network applications before their real deploymentbut also enhances the network’s ability to adapt and respond to threats as they *** implementation ofthis model,in the shape of an architecture deployed in two distinct sites,demonstrates its practical viability *** application validation with proactive threat detection and response,the proposed modeladdresses critical security challenges unique to 5G *** paper details the model,architecture’sdesign,implementation,and evaluation of this solution,illustrating its potential to improve network securitymanagement in 5G environments *** findings highlight the architecture’s capability to ensure boththe operational integrity of network applications and the security of the underlying infrastructure,presenting asignificant advancement in network security.

关键词： network application network function virtualization machine learning security 5G

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Model for Jointly Determining Service function Chain Routes and Update Scheduling with State Consistency

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第12期E107B卷 965-980页

作者： Takahashi, Tomoki Sato, Takehiro Oki, Eiji Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Informat Kyoto 6068501 Japan

Service chaining technology realizes that packets are processed through virtual network functions (VNFs);the set of successive VNFs is called a service function chain (SFC). Routes of SFCs need to be updated in order to resolve a quality of service degradation due to concentration of processing loads on certain VNFs. When updating the SFC routes, states of migrated VNF instances need to be kept consistent to prevent a degradation of processing accuracy of the VNF instances. Existing studies determine SFCs to be updated, their routes, and an update scheduling in multiple phases;each decision does not necessarily minimize the total time required to update the SFC routes. This paper proposes a model that jointly determines SFCs to be updated, their routes, and an update scheduling while guaranteeing state consistency. The proposed model considers the time required to update flow entries of SFC routes, the time required to migrate states of VNF instances, and the delay time required to transmit, propagate, and process packets. The objective function is to minimize the total time required to update SFC routes under a constraint of processing load balancing among VNF instances. The proposed model is formulated as an integer linear programming problem. The proposed model is compared to a benchmark model based on the existing studies. Numerical results show that the proposed model can reduce the total update time compared to the benchmark model.

关键词： network function virtualization software-defined network ser- vice function chain network update

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Delay-Sensitive and Resource-Efficient VNF Deployment in Satellite-Terrestrial networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第10期73卷 15467-15482页

作者： Xu, Meilin Jia, Min Guo, Qing de Cola, Tomaso Harbin Inst Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Harbin 150008 Peoples R China German Aerosp Ctr Inst Commun & Nav D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen Germany

Large-scale low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems are integral to future 6G communication networks. Due to the scarcity and mobility of satellite network resources, it is necessary to integrate software defined network (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) into the large-scale LEO satellite-terrestrial network. In this paper, we propose a centralized and distributed software-defined satellite network architecture. Under this architecture, we focus on the virtual network function (VNF) deployment and flow scheduling problem (VDS). Considering user delay performance and limited satellite network resources, we formulate the VDS problem as a nonlinear binary programming (NLBP) problem, which includes 0-1 fractional and piecewise function programming. To address this challenge, we linearize the NLBP problem and propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based exact method to obtain optimal solutions for small-scale scenarios. Furthermore, we propose a resource-efficient VNF deployment and flow scheduling algorithm (RE-VDS) to efficiently obtain suboptimal solutions for large-scale scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm closely approximates the optimal solution in small-scale scenarios and exhibits favorable performance in terms of system resource utilization, load balancing, and trade-off user performance and operator profit in large-scale scenarios.

关键词： LEO satellite network function virtualization virtual network function end-to-end delay resource utilization LEO satellite network function virtualization virtual network function end-to-end delay resource utilization

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Building Scalable and Flexible Virtual networks on Programmable Data Plane

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IEEE network 2024年第2期38卷 193-201页

作者： Li, Ziyong Hu, Yuxiang Wu, Jiangxing Tian, Le Hu, Tao Guo, Zehua PLA Strateg Support Force Informat Engn Univ Inst Informat Technol Zhengzhou 450002 Peoples R China Beijing Inst Technol Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

network virtualization allows multiple logical networks to coexist on the same physical infrastructure. However, existing virtualization techniques do not work well for data plane. Software-based virtualization techniques suffer from poor performance due to high virtualization overhead while hardware-based virtualization techniques are not flexible due to limited programmability. In this paper, we present Virtualizing Programmable Data Plane (VirtPDP), an architecture to achieve scalability, flexibility, and isolation simultaneously. Specifically, VirtPDP proposes a parallel pipeline structure by extending programmable data plane to parallelly execute multiple virtual networks on a programmable switch. With VirtPDP, each virtual network runs independently to guarantee performance isolation. Additionally, VirtPDP uses a multi-controller control plane structure to independently manage virtual networks on the programmable switch. We implement the VirtPDP prototype both on BMv2 target and Tofino target. The experimental results show that compared to existing work, VirtPDP not only realizes parallel operation of multiple virtual networks with low performance loss, but also provides better flexibility and scalability. Meanwhile, Tofino-based VirtPDP performs much better than DPDK-based NativeP4 while realizing the coexistence of multiple virtual networks.

关键词： virtualization Switches Scalability Hardware Virtual machine monitors Virtual machining network function virtualization

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Optimizing the Micro-Architectural Performance of the Current and Emerging Edge Infrastructure

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CLOUD COMPUTING 2024年第1期12卷 40-52页

作者： Wang, Jianda Wang, Zhen Wu, Weili Hu, Yang Dalian Maritime Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Dalian 116026 Peoples R China Univ Texas Dallas Dept Elect & Comp Engn Richardson TX 75080 USA Univ Texas Dallas Dept Comp Sci Richardson TX 75080 USA Tsinghua Univ Sch Integrated Circuits Beijing 100190 Peoples R China

The network function virtualization (NFV) is the essential technology proposed to tackle the next-generation mobile system's various flexibility features. In this article, we implement a thorough micro-architectural performance investigation on the NFV-enabled edge virtual Radio Access network (vRAN) and the emerging 5G new-radio (nr) platform to unveil the main micro-architectural bottlenecks of the next-generation network's vRAN system. Based on our experimental results, we find that the high core bound hinders the processing speed of the vRAN and 5G nr platforms. Several solutions alleviating the vRAN's core bound are proposed to accelerate the vRAN system's processing speed. Besides, we observe that the current co-location strategy cannot maximize the COTS servers' CPU utilization and meanwhile eliminate the system hang-up caused by CPU resource contention. We fill this gap by proposing an optimized co-location strategy based on our observed vRAN co-location characterization. Finally, we detect that on the modern hyper-threading-enabled COTS servers, the current pin core policy of 5G nr will cause L3 cache contention, which will lead to severe system hang-up. A novel threads management mechanism is proposed to eliminate this system hang-up on the hyper-threading-enabled COTS servers.

关键词： Servers 5G mobile communication Cloud computing Downlink Bandwidth network function virtualization Encoding 5G new radio micro-architecture characterization mobile edge cloud computing radio access network

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Efficient Online Scheduling of Service function Chains Across Multiple Geo-Distributed Regions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2024年第3期21卷 3440-3453页

作者： He, Rui Ren, Bangbang Xie, Junjie Guo, Deke Zhao, Laiping Natl Univ Def Technol Natl Key Lab Informat Syst Engn Changsha 410073 Peoples R China Acad Mil Sci Inst Syst Engn Beijing 100141 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Coll Intelligence & Comp Tianjin 300350 Peoples R China

Traditional network functions are typically implemented using specialized hardware appliances, which are expensive and difficult to upgrade. network function virtualization (NFV) offers an effective approach to address these challenges by implementing comparable functionalities on commercial servers through software-based virtualization. In NFV, a sequence of Virtual network functions (VNFs) is orchestrated to form a Service function Chain (SFC) that provides flexible network services. However, scheduling SFCs with multiple resource constraints to achieve high reliability poses a critical challenge. Existing approaches often assume offline scheduling and overlook the dynamic nature of heterogeneous resource loads across regions. Moreover, they primarily focus on individual VNFs rather than considering the cross-region scheduling of the entire SFC, which can result in increased transmission delay. In this paper, we investigate the problem of service function chain scheduling across multiple regions (SFCS-MR) with deadline constraints, aiming to maximize the success rate of requests. We formulate this problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model and prove its NP-hardness. To address this problem effectively, we propose a two-stage algorithm that determines whether an SFC requires cross-region scheduling and selects the suitable regions for its execution. Through extensive experimental evaluations, we demonstrate that our cross-region SFC scheduling solution can achieve a maximum improvement of 32.42% in the overall request success rate compared to benchmarks.

关键词： Servers Bandwidth Service function chaining Memory management Hardware Dynamic scheduling Costs network function virtualization SFC scheduling deadline constraint geo-distributed regions

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Online virtual network function placement in 5G networks

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COMPUTING 2025年第5期107卷 1-28页

作者： Esfandyari, Alborz Zali, Zeinab Hashemi, Massoud Reza Isfahan Univ Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Esfahan 84156-83111 Iran

The placement of network functions in 5G networks, known as the Virtual network function-Forwarding Graph Embedding (VNF-FGE) problem, presents challenges in resource allocation, energy efficiency, and real-time service delivery. This paper introduces two reinforcement learning methods, OGA and Hybrid-OGA, modeling the VNF-FGE problem as a binary linear programming problem. OGA uses a seq2seq model with actor-critic reinforcement learning for optimal service chain placement, while Hybrid-OGA incorporates a genetic algorithm for refining blocked services placement. These methods address critical issues in 5G network function placement, optimizing VNF placement to minimize energy consumption while maintaining service performance and dependability. We evaluate the methods against First-Fit and CPLEX optimization tools, showing competitive performance in response time, accepted ratio, blocked services, and objective function minimization. Our methods reduce the objective function by 15-40% and improve the accepted ratio by 5-20% compared to CPLEX. With increased request rates, our methods show a 7% decrease in the accepted ratio, while others show a 14-20% decrease. Additionally, our methods increase the objective function by 20-33%, compared to a 48% increase in methods with higher service block rates.

关键词： network function virtualization Multi-access edge computing Optimal placement Reinforcement learning Genetic algorithm 5G wireless network technology 68 94 49

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