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Optimizing resource and power consumption in a cloud environment via consolidation and placement investigation: A survey

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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2025年 141卷

作者： Khemili, Wided Hajlaoui, Jalel Eddine Omri, Mohamed Nazih Univ Sousse Higher Inst Comp Sci & Commun Technol MARS Res Lab Sousse Tunisia Univ Sousse Natl Engn Sch Sousse MARS Res Lab Sousse Tunisia

network function virtualization (NFV) is the latest technological innovation in which anew structure has been introduced to make a network more flexible, more controllable, and more cost-effective. This technology ensures the sharing of physical resources while reducing losses. The NFV technology enables the simultaneous execution of a variety of network functions over a shared network. Additionally, it imposes various challenges, such as placement, orchestration, and consolidation. Despite the considerable importance of the use of NFVs, several technical problems remain to be identified and addressed. The consolidation of Virtual network functions (VNF) can be considered one of the main challenges for the better operation and management of VNF. This consolidation consists of allocating certain virtual resources to the same physical machine or between two virtual resources to balance the exploitation of resources and minimize energy consumption. In this article, we present a detailed and comprehensive comparative study of consolidation problems by presenting a new and original classification of the main approaches proposed in the literature. Our goal is to give scholars and practitioners more experience from the literature on how to consolidate and place elements to optimize energy consumption and resources in a cloud environment.

关键词： Virtual network functions network function virtualization Virtual Machine Services placement Consolidation Orchestration

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Resource backup algorithm of service function chain based on network characteristics and sharing advantages

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International Journal of Information and Communication Technology 2024年第5期24卷 36-53页

作者： Zhang, Shunli Jinzhong University No. 199 Wenhua Street Yuci District Shanxi Province Jinzhong China

In the context of network function virtualisation (NFV), the issue of low reliability during deployment of service function chain (SFC) has become an urgent and important issue to be addressed. A heuristic advantage node selection and backup algorithm were proposed when selecting backup underlying nodes for VNF instances. The advantages of the underlying nodes as alternative nodes for VNF instances based on their resource availability, traffic size, and recovery ability are evaluated. K-kernel decomposition algorithm was used to identify core nodes and edge nodes. The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper reduces the consumption of backup instances and bandwidth resources while improving the reliability of SFC and improves the availability and acceptance rate of SFC. This algorithm determines the optimisation order of VNF instances based on the superiority evaluation results of VNF instances and optional backup underlying nodes, improving the utilisation of backup resources. Copyright © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： network function virtualization

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Service function Chain Deployment With Intrinsic Dynamic Defense Capability

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING 2025年第6期24卷 5418-5432页

作者： Wang, Ran Cai, Lundan Wu, Qiang Niyato, Dusit Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Comp Sci & Technol Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China Collaborat Innovat Ctr Novel Software Technol & In Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

The Service function Chain (SFC) leverages network function virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined networking (SDN) for flexible deployment, creating customized service chains tailored to specific applications. As NFV and SDN technologies play crucial roles in the SFC implementation, any security risk that arises in an NFV/SDN network can potentially pose a threat to SFC. Thus, SFC becomes vulnerable to network security attacks. To address this, intrinsic security technologies, including moving target defense and mimic defense, offer proactive protection against both known and unknown threats. It is expected to break through traditional security protection mechanisms such as "enhanced", "plug-in" and "passive" defense. This paper proposes an intrinsic dynamic defense architecture to equip SFC with active defense capabilities, shifting from passive reactive mechanism based on prior knowledge to an active defense against various attacks. The architecture comprises two models and five modules, including a sub-pool partitioning algorithm that enhances heterogeneity across sub-pools by splitting the heterogeneous replica pool into several sub-pools among replica VNFs. To meet Quality of Service (QoS) requirements like latency, cost, and security, we formulate a multi-objective optimization problem with three objectives: latency, cost, and defense success rate. Following that, we propose a dynamic Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based deployment algorithm. This algorithm selects appropriate VNFs based on heterogeneity and historical information, improving SFC and VNF security against external attacks. Extensive experiments validate that our architecture significantly enhances network security, provided that this improvement comes at the expense of limited cost and latency.

关键词： Security Heuristic algorithms Protection Computer architecture Costs Quality of service network security Mathematical models Aerodynamics Service function chaining network function virtualization software defined network service function chain intrinsic security moving target defense and mimic defense

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TOMATO LEAVES DISEASE IDENTIFICATION MODEL BASED ON IMPROVED MobileNetV3

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INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering 2025年第1期75卷 1072-1083页

作者： Chi, Cheng Qin, Lifeng College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China

Aiming to address the issues of low accuracy and slow response in tomato leaf disease recognition models, an enhanced lightweight model for tomato leaf disease recognition was proposed. The SE attention module in the MobileNetV3-Large model was substituted with a CA attention module, and dilated convolution was incorporated to improve the model’s recognition accuracy and response speed. The CA attention module enhances the perception and feature extraction capabilities of spatial coordinate information in images. Dilated convolution was introduced into the deep network architecture to expand the model’s receptive field. The model was trained using a transfer learning approach that partially froze specific convolutional layers. Experimental results on a dataset comprising 10 common tomato leaf disease images and healthy leaf images demonstrated that the unimproved model achieved a recognition accuracy of 90.11% and an F1 score of 89.98%. After replacing the SE attention module with the CA attention module, the model’s accuracy increased to 91.15%, with the F1 score rising to 91.08%. Furthermore, introducing the dilated convolution model improved the accuracy to 94.33% and the F1 score to 94.22%, while maintaining a parameter count of 2.79×106 and a validation set operation time of 11.76 seconds. Compared to other traditional lightweight models, this model exhibits significant advantages. The field test results show that the detection accuracy rate is 88.79% and the omission rate is 8.44%, which has practical application value. The DC-CA-MobileNetV3 tomato leaf disease recognition model proposed in this study can accurately and efficiently identify tomato leaf diseases, featuring a small number of parameters and ease of deployment in embedded systems. © (2025), (INMA Bucharest). All rights reserved.

关键词： network function virtualization

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First field demonstration of network function virtualization via dynamic optical networks with opencontrail and enhanced NOX orchestration

First field demonstration of network function virtualization...

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Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, ACP 2013

作者： Yu, Yiming Lin, Yi Zhang, Jie Zhao, Yongli Han, Jianrui Zheng, Haomian Cui, Yadi Li, Hui Peng, Yang Ji, Yuefeng Yang, Haifeng State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications China Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China 21Vianet Group Inc. China

An overlay network function virtualization framework that utilizes dynamic optical substrate as the underlay network is demonstrated via field networks. On-demand bandwidth provisioning is allowed by the combination o... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781557529893

关键词： network function virtualization

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Flexible Offloading of Service function Chains to Programmable Switches

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SERVICES COMPUTING 2023年第2期16卷 1198-1211页

作者： Ma, Junte Xie, Sihao Zhao, Jin Fudan Univ Sch Comp Sci Shanghai 200438 Peoples R China Shanghai Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shanghai 200438 Peoples R China

A Service function Chain (SFC) is an ordered sequence of network functions (NFs). Though cost-effective, software-based NFs could introduce a significant performance penalty. In this paper, we present P4SFC, a high-performance and flexible SFC system that leverages the capability of emerging programmable switches. We seek to accelerate packet processing in SFC by offloading proper NFs to P4-capable switches. First, considering the current limitations of P4, we analyze the offloadability of NFs at different granularities in detail, and enable P4SFC to generate offloading strategies for both partially and fully offloadable SFCs. Second, to deploy new SFCs at runtime, we design a dynamic P4 data plane, of which the execution logic can be reconfigured at runtime without interrupting the existed execution logic. Third, to efficiently utilize the limited memory in programmable switches, we propose a state allocator to dynamically offload those NF states that bring the highest performance profits according to the recent flow distribution. We demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of P4SFC with our implementation on a commodity Tofino-based programmable switch. Experimental results show that P4SFC achieves significant performance improvement for real SFC implementations.

关键词： network function virtualization service function chain P4 high performance

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Modular VNF Components Acceleration With FPGA Overlays

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2023年第1期20卷 846-857页

作者： Bachini Lopes, Filipe Schaeffer-Filho, Alberto E. Nazar, Gabriel Luca Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Inst Informat BR-91501970 Porto Alegre Brazil

network functions virtualization (NFV) is a novel paradigm that aims to minimize operational and capital expenditures, by decoupling network functions from dedicated hardware and implementing them as Virtualized network functions (VNFs) instead. However, to fulfill such expectations, VNFs must be implemented efficiently, offering high performance and energy efficiency, which is not always feasible on General-Purpose Processors (GPPs). Thus, the use of reconfigurable accelerators, typically based on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), has been proposed to offer higher efficiency whilst not forsaking the flexibility that is the core of the NFV paradigm. Not all VNFs or even VNF Components (VNFCs), however, are suitable for FPGA acceleration. This leads to new challenges related to identifying those VNFCs that should be deployed in FPGAs, maximizing the reuse of developed FPGA accelerators, and managing this heterogeneous infrastructure. To address these challenges, in this paper we present an enhanced design of VNFAccel, a platform to manage VNFCs in heterogeneous NFV infrastructures. We evaluate the performance and energy efficiency of the implemented functions in comparison to GPP-based solutions, showing that, when properly used, FPGAs can provide relevant benefits while maintaining the flexibility and reuse potential envisioned for NFV.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays Software network function virtualization Guidelines Firewalls (computing) Table lookup Performance evaluation FPGA network function virtualization hardware acceleration

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At the Dawn of Generative AI Era: A Tutorial-cum-Survey on New Frontiers in 6G Wireless Intelligence

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2024年 5卷 2433-2489页

作者： Celik, Abdulkadir Eltawil, Ahmed M. King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol Comp Elect & Math Sci & Engn Div Thuwal 239556900 Saudi Arabia

As we transition from the 5G epoch, a new horizon beckons with the advent of 6G, seeking a profound fusion with novel communication paradigms and emerging technological trends, bringing once-futuristic visions to life along with added technical intricacies. Although analytical models lay the foundations and offer systematic insights, we have recently witnessed a noticeable surge in research suggesting machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) can efficiently deal with complex problems by complementing or replacing model-based approaches. The majority of data-driven wireless research leans heavily on discriminative AI (DAI) that requires vast real-world datasets. Unlike the DAI, Generative AI (GenAI) pertains to generative models (GMs) capable of discerning the underlying data distribution, patterns, and features of the input data. This makes GenAI a crucial asset in wireless domain wherein real-world data is often scarce, incomplete, costly to acquire, and hard to model or comprehend. With these appealing attributes, GenAI can replace or supplement DAI methods in various capacities. Accordingly, this combined tutorial-survey paper commences with preliminaries of 6G and wireless intelligence by outlining candidate 6G applications and services, presenting a taxonomy of state-of-the-art DAI models, exemplifying prominent DAI use cases, and elucidating the multifaceted ways through which GenAI enhances DAI. Subsequently, we present a tutorial on GMs by spotlighting seminal examples such as generative adversarial networks, variational autoencoders, flow-based GMs, diffusion-based GMs, generative transformers, large language models, autoregressive GMs, to name a few. Contrary to the prevailing belief that GenAI is a nascent trend, our exhaustive review of approximately 120 technical papers demonstrates the scope of research across core wireless research areas, including 1) physical layer design;2) network optimization, organization, and management;3) network

关键词： 5G 6G machine learning (ML) deep learning (DL) artificial intelligence (AI) discriminative AI generative AI generative models generative adversarial networks variational autoencoders normalizing flows diffusion models generative transformers generative pre-trained transformers large language models autoregressive generative models semantic communications integrated sensing and communications digital twins trustworthy AI explainable AI adversarial ML mmWave mMIMO terahertz near-field communication extremely large antenna arrays holographic beamforming open RAN zero-touch service management AI-generated content network function virtualization software defined networks

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Low-Latency and Reliable Virtual network function Placement in Edge Clouds

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2023年第3期20卷 2172-2185页

作者： Ben Haim, Roi Rottenstreich, Ori Technion Israel Inst Technol Viterbi Dept Elect & Comp Engn IL-3200003 Haifa Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Taub Dept Comp Sci IL-3200003 Haifa Israel

Mobile edge computing allows efficient cloud servicing by building small-scale cloud infrastructures at the network edge close to end users. The cloud servers implement virtual network functions in a flexible manner without dedicated middleboxes. In such a network design, latency and reliability are two key performance metrics which are not always aligned and a tradeoff can appear between them. In this paper, we identify three key factors that impact the existence of a tradeoff such as the number of services, the number of functions the services require and the existence of redundancy in the implementation of functions. Our main contribution is indicating exactly whether a tradeoff can exist in each combination of these three factors. In case a tradeoff exists, we find guarantees on the performance in a non-optimized metric of an optimal solution to the other metric. We also study the tradeoff when each service should be served in a particular order. We also propose a function placement method that jointly optimizes both latency and reliability. Lastly, we evaluate our analysis in an experimental setting.

关键词： Reliability Servers Measurement Cloud computing Clustering algorithms Low latency communication Costs network function virtualization mobile edge computing latency reliability

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Availability Model for Data Center networks With Dynamic Migration and Multiple Traffic Flows

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2023年第3期20卷 2975-2989页

作者： Zhu, Juxing Huang, Ning Wang, Junliang Qin, Xiaopeng Beihang Univ Sch Reliabil & Syst Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Beihang Univ Key Lab Sci & Technol Reliabil & Environm Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China China Telecom Res Inst Dept Cloud Network Operat Guangzhou 510630 Peoples R China Huawei Technol Cooperat Data Commun Prod Line Architecture & Design Dept Beijing 100095 Peoples R China

The evaluation of application availability is a crucial step in ensuring functionality of the data center network (DCN). The application of data center network is no more a chain of physical devices, but a chain of virtualized network function (VNF) dynamically installed in servers, i.e., the service function chain (SFC), due to the adaptation of network function virtualization (NFV). When dynamic migration is considered, the application availability evaluation would encounter problems since the state of VNF components is not independent. And in the application deployed in DCN, there is multiple traffic flow because of the serialization of 1+1 (active-standby) and N-way (load-sharing) redundant VNF, however only single flow is considered in current availability model. When dynamic migration and multiple traffic flows are considered, the application availability evaluation would encounter the following problems: 1) The application behavior is not described in the existing availability model;2) The availability model could not quantify the influence of different traffic of each flow. This paper proposes an availability model, which consist of network evolution model (NEM) of DCN and the availability evaluation algorithm based on NEM (AEA-NEM), to evaluate the availability of different applications deployed on DCN. The NEM of DCN describes the dynamical process of migration and switch of three kinds of VNF (normal, 1+1 and N-way) in application, and the AEA-NEM evaluate the availability of application with multiple traffic flows. The simulation results show that, the steady state availability of the proposed model is consistent with it of generalized stochastic Petri net (GSPN) model. And the model could evaluate the application availability with dynamic migration and multiple traffic flows in DCN. Based on the current VNF placement and redundant strategy, the most available designing scheme is analyzed.

关键词： Data centers Maintenance engineering Data center network network function virtualization application reliability network evolution model service function chain

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