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59th Annual IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC)

作者： Martins, Sofia Aguiar, Ana Steenkiste, Peter Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Porto Fac Engn Porto Portugal Inst Telecomunicacoes Lisbon Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9798350304060;9798350304053

Virtualized Radio Access networks are a promising solution to reduce the energy consumption of 5G networks. However, the shift from traditional to virtualized RANs has rendered existing energy models for RANs obsolete. In this paper, we present a methodology and testbed to develop an energy model for vRANs. Our methodology estimates the energy consumption of Baseband Unit functions based on performance monitoring counters and utilization metrics collected on a testbed. Our experimental results offer insights into the distribution of energy consumption across RAN functions. These results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, the physical layer is considerably more energy-intensive than other layers. We believe that this methodology can serve as a foundation for constructing an energy consumption model that will facilitate the development of energy-aware load balancers and the selection of energy-efficient RAN deployments, leading to significant energy savings.

关键词： Radio access networks network function virtualization Energy modeling Performance monitoring counters

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Road to Dynamic functional Split in Radio Access networks 22

Road to Dynamic Functional Split in Radio Access Networks

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IEEE 22nd Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON)

作者： Pousa, Ricardo J. B. Nguyen, Giang T. Bassoli, Riccardo Fitzek, Frank H. P. Tech Univ Dresden Deutsch Telekom Chair Commun Networks Dresden Germany Tech Univ Dresden Hapt Commun Syst Dresden Germany Tech Univ Dresden Ctr Tactile Internet Human In The Loop CeTI Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387032;9798350387025

The ever-growing bandwidth requirements of mobile networks have prompted the re-evaluation of a centralized architecture for Radio Access networks (RANs). Although relieved by optical connections, the bottleneck inherent with C-RANs can impede future service delivery. Changing to a non-static functional architecture may be better suited for evolving scenarios. Different options have been outlined to split the Base Band Units (BBUs) protocol stack functionality to meet the envisioned demands while minimizing Capital Expenditure (CAPEX). The bandwidth requirement between split functions varies greatly depending on the functional Split (FS) chosen. The emergence of network function virtualization (NFV), and the possibility of using Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components with specialized software allows for easy repair and maintainability. By deploying BBU functions virtually on COTS nodes, enabling the architecture adjustment on a use-case basis, Operating Expenditure (OPEX) can be further reduced. This work covers the solution of Dynamic functional Split (DFS), the deployment requirements, and how they affect the envisioned RAN architecture. The conclusion reached is that addressing the needs of the emergent mobile networks with a DFS unlocks new opportunities for using RAN resources.

关键词： Radio Access networks Dynamic functional Split Software Defined networks network function virtualization

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Security-as-a-function in 5G network: Implementation and Performance Evaluation 15

Security-as-a-Function in 5G Network: Implementation and Per...

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15th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM)

作者： Malik, Shivank Bera, Samaresh Indian Inst Technol Jammu Dept Comp Sci & Engn Jammu 181221 India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350350463;9798350350456

The service-based architecture of 5G allows network operators to place softwarized network functions on commodity hardware with the help of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies. While several existing works focused on network function placement and service routing in a 5G network theoretically, more investigation is required to study the performance of the softwarized network functions when placed on commodity hardware. In this paper, we study the softwarized network security function placement in a 5G network and its impact on the network performance. Specifically, we focus on the implementation of primary network security functions, such as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) and network address translation (NAT), in a 5G network using open-source tools. We present a comprehensive method for the function placement, network configuration, and performance evaluation in the presence of synthetic network traffic. The extensive experiment results show that softwarized network security functions can be used to meet the quality-of-service requirements of specific applications in 5G. In contrast, dedicated hardware-based network functions may be required to support applications with stringent QoS requirements.

关键词： 5G core network Performance evaluation network security Intrusion detection and prevention system network function virtualization

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Dynamic, Reconfigurable and Green network Slice Admission Control and Resource Allocation in the O-RAN Using Model Predictive Control 23

Dynamic, Reconfigurable and Green Network Slice Admission Co...

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23rd International-Federation-for-Information-Processing (IFIP) networking Conference (IFIP networking)

作者： Fryganiotis, Nikolaos Stai, Eleni Dimolitsas, Ioannis Zafeiropoulos, Anastasios Papavassiliou, Symeon Natl Tech Univ Athens Sch Elect & Comp Engn Inst Commun & Comp Syst ICCS Athens Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9798350390605;9783903176638

In the context of 5G, virtualization has transformed Radio Access network (RAN) architectures, enabling efficient resource utilization, flexibility and scalability of RAN deployments and operations. Within this paradigm, network slicing has emerged as a pivotal technique, enabling the creation of tailored virtual network instances to meet diverse service requirements. This study performs joint slice request admission control and optimal Virtual network functions (VNFs) placement in O-RAN-enabled networks, subject to infrastructure and Quality-of-Service constraints. Contrary to existing schemes, emphasis is placed on two not yet deeply studied directions. The first is about handling future uncertainties on slice requests arrivals for which an iterative Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based approach is proposed that leverages updated traffic forecasts for dynamic adaptation. The second relates to VNFs migration in the O-RAN modules to increase the slice acceptance ratio in an energy efficient way. Through performance evaluations and comparisons, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed MPC-based solution compared to other approaches.

关键词： network Slicing Radio Access network (RAN) Open RAN (O-RAN) network function virtualization Admission Control Model Predictive Control (MPC)

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Future Internet Architecture: Applications, Challenges, and Design Issues 8th

Future Internet Architecture: Applications, Challenges, and ...

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8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems, ICTIS 2024

作者： Mirajkar, Riddhi Shinde, Gitanjali Mahalle, Parikshit N. Sable, Nilesh Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Pune India

ISBN: (纸本)9789819766741

The Internet is on the brink of a profound transformation due to evolving technology and the ever-expanding needs of users and applications. This exploration delves into the Future Internet Architecture (FIA), focusing on its potential applications, pressing challenges, and critical design aspects. FIA promises to redefine our digital interactions, enabling immersive augmented reality, virtual reality experiences, seamless Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, and the realization of smart cities. It facilitates data exchange across domains, catering to demands for efficient network architectures amid the rise of edge computing and cloud-native applications. Yet, this optimistic future also poses significant challenges. Security and privacy are paramount concerns with growing device interconnectivity, raising fears of vulnerabilities and data breaches. Scalability is an obstacle as FIA copes with an increasing number of devices and applications. Environmental sustainability and energy efficiency are vital, demanding FIA's attention for a secure and sustainable digital future. At the core of this transformation lies the design of FIA—network protocols, infrastructure, and management tailored for next-gen applications. Innovations like software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), IPv6 transition, 5G deployment, and paradigms like Named Data networking (NDN) are pivotal in FIA's design. This overview offers a comprehensive view of FIA's evolving landscape, highlighting promised applications, challenges, and crucial design considerations. Addressing these aspects could reshape connections, communications, and innovations in an increasingly interconnected world, presenting vast opportunities for progress. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： network function virtualization

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Robust service provisioning of service function chain under demand uncertainty

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IET COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第7期16卷 803-814页

作者： Qiu, Hang Tang, Hongbo You, Wei Xu, Mingyan Wang, Kai Informat Engn Univ Inst Informat Technol Zhengzhou Peoples R China

In network function virtualization, resource allocation is one of the key techniques to ensure the QoS of service requests in face of the uncertain traffic demand and traffic fluctuation of user services. The previous related works usually assume that the traffic demand is a deterministic value and then reallocate substrate resources to deal with the demand uncertainty and traffic fluctuation during operation. In response to performance degradation caused by demand uncertainty and traffic fluctuation, the paper models the service function chain orchestration under demand uncertainty as a robust optimization problem, where the parameter Gamma is introduced to control the conservativeness of the solution. On this basis, the strong duality theory is used to transform the original problem into a mixed-integer linear programming, and then devise an exact Robust Service Provisioning (RSP) algorithm. The simulation evaluation demonstrates that the proposed algorithm could achieve different levels of robustness and make a trade-off between robustness and cost. The impact of Gamma value on the realized robustness and price of robustness is also analysed. Thus, the algorithm proposed could get an effective service function chain orchestration scheme under uncertain traffic demands and provide a reference of the total cost.

关键词： exact Robust Service Provisioning algorithm duality (mathematics) demand uncertainty user services network function virtualization telecommunication traffic resource allocation robust optimization problem virtualisation traffic fluctuation linear programming realized robustness trade-off between robustness service requests integer programming uncertain traffic demand effective service function chain orchestration scheme quality of service software defined networking

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Chaining-Box: A Transparent Service function Chaining Architecture Leveraging BPF

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2022年第1期19卷 497-509页

作者： Castanho, Matheus S. Dominicini, Cristina K. Martinello, Magnos Vieira, Marcos A. M. Univ Fed Minas Gerais Dept Ciencia Comp BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Inst Fed Educ Ciencia & Tecnol Espirito Santo IFE BR-29173087 Serra Brazil Univ Fed Espirito Santo Dept Informat BR-29173087 Serra Brazil

Current Service function Chaining (SFC) architectures are tailor-made for specific environments and platforms, often relying on SFC support on network devices or specialized frameworks. Thus, the service plane and the data plane are tightly coupled, which hinders innovation. For example, prototyping new SFC protocols usually requires re-implementing service functions (SFs) or modifying network devices. To address these issues, we propose Chaining-Box, a new SFC architecture based on a simple idea: implementing all the SFC functionality as a sequence of stages. This is done in a fully transparent manner without changing neither SFs nor network devices. Stages are implemented using BPF, a technology that allows user-defined programs to run inside the Linux kernel. The stages run as packets traverse the kernel stack and implement all SFC actions to provide the chaining. A proof-of-concept of Chaining-Box is implemented as a prototype, which demonstrates a decrease of 20%-40% in latency in comparison with similar proposals. The results also show equivalent performance when compared with OVS-based SFC, but allowing the bridges to be SFC-agnostic.

关键词： Protocols Computer architecture Band-pass filters Encapsulation Proposals Kernel Routing Service function chaining BPF programmable networks network function virtualization

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Application of an Innovative Convolutional/LSTM Neural network for Computing Resource Allocation in NFV network Architectures

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2022年第3期19卷 2929-2943页

作者： Eramo, Vincenzo Catena, Tiziana Sapienza Univ Roma DIET I-00184 Rome Italy

An innovative resource allocation framework for virtualized network environments and based on the application of Artificial Intelligence techniques is proposed and investigated. It integrates the needed processing capacity prediction procedure and the allocation one which determines the capacity under-allocation or over-allocation needed to minimize the resource allocation and Quality of Service degradation costs. The proposed solution is based on: i) a monitoring procedure in which the processing capacities required by virtual instances are periodically monitored;ii) an integrated allocation/prediction procedure in which the processing capacities to be allocated to the virtual instances are evaluated in time intervals successive to the monitoring periods. This second procedure uses a Convolutional/Long Short Term Memory neural network whose loss function is defined so as to minimize an overall cost dependent on both the cloud resource allocation and Quality of Service degradation costs. We evaluate the proposed solution in backbone and metropolitan traffic and network scenario. We show how in the traffic scenario of an Italian Mobile Operator in Milan zone, the proposed solution far outperforms the not integrated classical solution in which the capacity prediction and allocation procedures are separately performed. Furthermore its performance are very near to the one of an oracle that optimizes the capacity over/under dimensioning parameter.

关键词： Costs Resource management Quality of service Degradation Neural networks Cloud computing Prediction algorithms network function virtualization long short term memory convolutional neural network resource allocation

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A SFC Placement Strategy in Low-Visibility Multi-Domains networks for Low Resource Usage Cost 22

A SFC Placement Strategy in Low-Visibility Multi-Domains Net...

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22nd IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, ISPA 2024

作者： Xiong, Qingli Liao, Zhuofan Tang, Xiaoyong Changsha University of Science and Technology School of Computer and Communication Engineering Changsha410114 China

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509712

The concept of network function virtualization (NFV) enables the realization of services as a Service function Chain (SFC) that is composed of multiple Virtual network functions (VNFs), allowing for flexible deployment across the network. For wireless networks comprised of diverse domains which means be managed by different network providers, each domain has different resource and transmission costs. Due to commercial confidentiality reasons, the internal information of these domains is not interconnected, which increases the difficulty of SFC deployment. How to deploy SFCs in multi-domains networks at the lowest cost is becoming a challenge. This paper proposes a novel strategy for the scenario that information of sub-domain is invisible. The strategy firstly splits the SFC based on the processing dependency of its VNFs to reduce intermediate data transmission. Then it utilizes a Graph Matching network (GMN) to evaluate the matching degree between sub-domain and SFC fragment. This matching degree acts as a reference for optimizing SFC allocation, thereby avoiding the direct acquisition of internal sub-domain information. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy not only significantly reduces resource, but also maintains a higher request acceptance ratio. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： network function virtualization

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DRL Based SFC Orchestration in SDN/NFV Environments Subject to Transient Unavailability 17th

DRL Based SFC Orchestration in SDN/NFV Environments Subject...

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17th International Conference on Verification and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems, VECoS 2024

作者： Taktak, Wiem Escheikh, Mohamed Barkaoui, Kamel Syscom Laboratory ENIT University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia Cedric Laboratory Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9783031853555

In this paper, we address how complex and dynamic environments characterized by variable and limited capacities and subject to transient unavailability may pose significant challenges for Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents. The investigation concerns the context of the Service function Chaining (SFC) orchestration problem in Software-Defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV)-based environments using the DRL approach, implemented through Deep Q-network (DQN), and aims to maximize Quality of Experience (QoE) while meeting Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. We show through numerical results how limited capacity in the Physical Substrate network (PSN) complicates the training process in terms of finding a suitable compromise between performance and convergence. We highlight how replay buffers may mitigate the transient unavailability of PSN nodes and what the limits of such a solution are when the unavailability becomes more prolonged in time or more severe (simultaneous unavailability of more than one node). © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： network function virtualization

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