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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2022年第3期19卷 2468-2477页

作者： Raza, Muhammad Taqi Tan, Zhowei Tufail, Ali Anwar, Fatima Muhammad Univ Arizona Informat Syst Dept Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Comp Sci Dept Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Univ Brunei Darussalam Sch Digital Sci Gadong 1410 Brunei Univ Massachusetts Dept Elect & Comp Engn Amherst MA 01003 USA

network function virtualization (NFV) migrates the carrier-grade LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) that runs on commodity boxes to the public cloud. In the new virtualized environment, LTE EPC must offer high availability to its mobile users upon failures. Achieving high service availability is challenging because failover procedure must keep the latency-sensitive control-plane procedures intact during failures. Through our empirical study, we show that existing recovery mechanisms on the cloud and standardized LTE solutions are coarse-grained, thus unable to quickly recover from failures. They incur LTE service outage, lost network connectivity, and slow recovery. To address these issues, we describe a new design for fault-tolerant LTE EPC. It provides quick failure detection and timely recovery from failed operations. To reduce failure detection time, it leverages frequent retransmission of LTE control-plane signaling within EPC as an indication of failure. To recover from failure, it adopts a checkpointing based rollback recovery approach in the LTE context and addresses the shortcomings known in the classic checkpointing approach. Our design is LTE standard-compliant and works as a plug-and-play without modifying existing LTE implementations. Our results show that this approach can recover from the failure in 2.6 seconds and only incurs tens of milliseconds of overhead.

关键词： Long Term Evolution Cloud computing Fault tolerant systems Fault tolerance network function virtualization Hardware Noise measurement NFV availability fault tolerance telecommunication network reliability

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A Binary Gray Wolf Optimization algorithm for deployment of Virtual network functions in 5G hybrid cloud

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COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 2022年 193卷 63-74页

作者： Shahjalal, Mohammad Farhana, Nusrat Roy, Palash Razzaque, Md Abdur Kaur, Kuljeet Hassan, Mohammad Mehedi Green Univ Bangladesh Dept Comp Sci & Engn Dhaka Bangladesh Univ Dhaka Dept Comp Sci & Engn Green Networking Res Grp Dhaka Bangladesh Elect Engn Dept Ecole Technol Super Montreal PQ H3C 1K3 Canada King Saud Univ Coll Comp & Informat Sci Informat Syst Dept Riyadh 11543 Saudi Arabia

A Virtual network function (VNF) is responsible for running codes that have been offloaded by mobile users, and are hosted in the cloud and edge servers of the 5G Internet's hybrid cloud infrastructure. The two key design goals of VNF deployment in a 5G hybrid cloud are to reduce deployment cost and minimize service latency experienced by users (i.e., to maximize their Quality-of-Experiences). However, these two service parameters oppose each other as the reduction of user service latency requires the deployment of a higher number of VNF instances, incurring additional costs. In this work, the aforementioned VNF deployment problem is formulated as a Multi-objective Linear Programming (MOLP) problem that brings a trade-off between the two conflicting objectives. Due to the NP-hardness of the above MOLP framework, we develop an artificial intelligence (AI) driven meta-heuristic Binary Gray Wolf Optimization (BGWO) algorithm for VNF deployment that achieves a near-optimal solution in polynomial time. In comparison to state-of-the-art works, the results of simulated experiments, developed by Python programming version 3.10.2, demonstrate a significant improvement in minimizing VNF deployment costs and maximizing users' QoE up to 30% and 10%, respectively.

关键词： network function virtualization 5G hybrid cloud Quality-of-Experience Deployment cost Gray Wolf Optimization

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MVAD: A Multiple Visual Artifact Detector for Video Streaming

MVAD: A Multiple Visual Artifact Detector for Video Streamin...

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2025 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2025

作者： Feng, Chen Danier, Duolikun Zhang, Fan MacKin, Alex Collins, Andrew Bull, David Visual Information Lab University of Bristol BSI 5DD United Kingdom Amazon Prime Video 1 Principal Place Worship Street LondonEC2A 2FA United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9798331510831

Visual artifacts are often introduced into streamed video content, due to prevailing conditions during content production and delivery. Since these can degrade the quality of the user's experience, it is important to automatically and accurately detect them in order to enable effective quality measurement and enhancement. Existing detection methods often focus on a single type of artifact and/or determine the presence of an artifact through thresholding objective quality indices. Such approaches have been reported to offer inconsistent prediction performance and are also impractical for real-world applications where multiple artifacts co-exist and interact. In this paper, we propose a Multiple Visual Artifact Detector, MVAD, for video streaming which, for the first time, is able to detect multiple artifacts using a single framework that is not reliant on video quality assessment models. Our approach employs a new Artifact-aware Dy-namic Feature Extractor (ADFE) to obtain artifact-relevant spatial features within each frame for multiple artifact types. The extracted features are further processed by a Recurrent Memory Vision Transformer (RMViT) module, which captures both short-term and long-term temporal information within the input video. The proposed network architecture is optimized in an end-to-end manner based on a new, large and diverse training database that is generated by simulating the video streaming pipeline and based on Adversarial Data Augmentation. This model has been evaluated on two video artifact databases, Maxwell and BVI-Artifact, and achieves consistent and improved prediction results for ten target visual artifacts when compared to seven existing single and multiple artifact detectors. The source code and training database will be available at https://***/MVAD/. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： network function virtualization

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MTDNS: Moving Target Defense for Resilient DNS Infrastructure 22

MTDNS: Moving Target Defense for Resilient DNS Infrastructur...

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22nd IEEE Consumer Communications and networking Conference, CCNC 2025

作者： Aydeger, Abdullah Zhou, Pei Hoque, Sanzida Carvalho, Marco Zeydan, Engin Florida Institute of Technology MelbourneFL32901 United States Barcelona08860 Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798331508050

One of the most critical components of the Internet that an attacker could exploit is the DNS (Domain Name System) protocol and infrastructure. Researchers have been constantly developing methods to detect and defend against the attacks against DNS, specifically DNS flooding attacks. However, most solutions discard packets for defensive approaches, which can cause legitimate packets to be dropped, making them highly dependable on detection strategies. In this paper, we propose MTDNS, a resilient MTD-based approach that employs Moving Target Defense techniques through Software Defined networking (SDN) switches to redirect traffic to alternate DNS servers that are dynamically created and run under the network function virtualization (NFV) framework. The proposed approach is implemented in a testbed environment by running our DNS servers as separate Virtual network functions, NFV Manager, SDN switches, and an SDN Controller. The experimental result shows that the MTDNS approach achieves a much higher success rate in resolving DNS queries and significantly reduces average latency even if there is a DNS flooding attack. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： network function virtualization

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SDN and NFV security approaches for IoT environments 3

SDN and NFV security approaches for IoT environments

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3rd International Conference on Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence, ESAI 2024

作者： Zerifi, Manare Ezzouhairi, Abdellatif Boulaalam, Abdelhak Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University National School of Applied Sciences Fez Morocco

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522056

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in several fields introduces a lack of protection level and opens new gaps for cybercriminals. Current security mechanisms are not adapted to the dynamic characteristics of IoT and are not capable of answering its requirements. In this sense, Software Defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) are two new concepts that can be used to reinforce the cybersecurity of IoT systems. For this reason, we propose, in this paper, a deep analysis and comprehensive study of different security mechanisms introduced by SDN and NFV and its impact on addressing IoT security challenges, and we compare them with conventional security mechanisms. Then, we discuss the several challenges related to applying SDN and NFV in IoT security functionalities. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： network function virtualization

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Toward Software-Defined networking-Based IoT Frameworks: A Systematic Literature Review, Taxonomy, Open Challenges and Prospects

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 70850-70901页

作者： Siddiqui, Shahbaz Hameed, Sufian Shah, Syed Attique Ahmad, Ijaz Aneiba, Adel Draheim, Dirk Dustdar, Schahram NUCES Dept Comp Sci Karachi 75160 Pakistan Birmingham City Univ Sch Comp & Digital Technol Birmingham B4 7XG W Midlands England VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland Espoo 020421 Finland Tallinn Univ Technol Informat Syst Grp EE-12618 Tallinn Estonia Vienna Univ Technol Distributed Syst Grp A-1040 Vienna Austria

Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized as one of the leading actors for the next evolutionary stage in the computing world. IoT-based applications have already produced a plethora of novel services and are improving the living standard by enabling innovative and smart solutions. However, along with its rapid adoption, IoT technology also creates complex challenges regarding the management of IoT networks due to its resource limitations (computational power, energy, and security). Hence, it is urgently needed to refine the IoT-based application's architectures to robustly manage the overall IoT infrastructure. Software-defined networking (SDN) has emerged as a paradigm that offers software-based controllers to manage hardware infrastructure and traffic flow on a network effectively. SDN architecture has the potential to provide efficient and reliable IoT network management. This research provides a comprehensive survey investigating the published studies on SDN-based frameworks to address IoT management issues in the dimensions of fault tolerance, energy management, scalability, load balancing, and security service provisioning within the IoT networks. We conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on the research studies (published from 2010 to 2022) focusing on SDN-based IoT management frameworks. We provide an extensive discussion on various aspects of SDN-based IoT solutions and architectures. We elaborate a taxonomy of the existing SDN-based IoT frameworks and solutions by classifying them into categories such as network function virtualization, middleware, OpenFlow adaptation, and blockchain-based management. We present the research gaps by identifying and analyzing the key architectural requirements and management issues in IoT infrastructures. Finally, we highlight various challenges and a range of promising opportunities for future research to provide a roadmap for addressing the weaknesses and identifying the benefits from the potentials offered by SD

关键词： Internet of Things Blockchains Middleware Load management Computer architecture Sensors Security Internet of Things (IoT) software-defined networking (SDN) SDN-based IoT management frameworks systematic literature review network function virtualization OpenFlow middleware blockchain security management fault tolerance load balancing scalability energy management

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Managing Virtual Programmable Switches: Principles, Requirements, and Design Directions

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE 2022年第2期60卷 53-59页

作者： Bueno, Guilherme Saquetti, Mateus Rodrigues, Pablo Lamb, Ivan Gaspary, Luciano Luizelli, Marcelo C. Zhani, Mohamed Faten Azambuja, Jose Rodrigo Cordeiro, Weverton Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil Fed Univ Pampa Bage RS Brazil Ecole Technol Super Montreal PQ Canada

virtualization is a key enabler of various networking concepts, like virtual networks, cloud computing, and network function virtualization. With the advent of software-defined networks and programmable forwarding planes, researchers began investigating solutions to support the creation of virtual switches that one can program using emerging domain-specific languages like P4. This article covers the current state of affairs in programmable switch virtualization and highlights key principles, challenges, and opportunities related to operations and management of virtual switches whose behavior can be redefined on the fly and independently. We also introduce PvS, a proof-of-concept management layer that focuses on secure and independent management of programmable virtual switches.

关键词： Cloud computing network function virtualization virtualization Domain specific languages Programable control

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Machine Learning Assisted Security Analysis of 5G-network-Connected Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EMERGING TOPICS IN COMPUTING 2022年第4期10卷 2006-2024页

作者： Saha, Tanujay Aaraj, Najwa Jha, Niraj K. Princeton Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn New Jersey NJ 08544 USA Technol Innovat Inst Abu Dhabi 9639 U Arab Emirates

The core network architecture of telecommunication systems has undergone a paradigm shift in the fifth-generation (5G) networks. 5G networks have transitioned to software-defined infrastructures, thereby reducing their dependence on hardware-based network functions. New technologies, like network function virtualization and software-defined networking, have been incorporated in the 5G core network (5GCN) architecture to enable this transition. This transition has significantly improved network efficiency, performance, and robustness. However, this has also made the core network more vulnerable, as software systems are generally easier to compromise than hardware systems. This article presents a comprehensive security analysis framework for the 5GCN. The novelty of this approach lies in the creation and analysis of attack graphs of the software-defined and virtualized 5GCN through machine learning. This analysis points to 119 novel possible exploits in the 5GCN. We demonstrate that these potential exploits of 5GCN vulnerabilities generate five novel attacks on the 5G Authentication and Key Agreement protocol. We combine the attacks at the network, protocol, and application layers to generate complex attack vectors. In a case study, we use these attack vectors to find four novel security loopholes in WhatsApp running on a 5G network.

关键词： Attack graphs 5G network 5G security machine learning mobile network security network function virtualization software-defined networks

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network Services Anomalies in NFV: Survey, Taxonomy, and Verification Methods

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2022年第2期19卷 1567-1584页

作者： Zoure, Moubarak Ahmed, Toufik Reveillere, Laurent Univ Bordeaux Bordeaux INP CNRS LaBRIUMR5800 F-33400 Talence France

network function virtualization (NFV) has emerged as a disruptive networking architecture whose galloping evolution is prompting enterprises to outsource network functions to the cloud and ultimately harvest the fruits of cloud computing, including elasticity, pay-as-you-go billing model, and on-demand services provisioning. However, many reluctant enterprises oppose the benefits of this outsourcing to their critical and pressing concerns about security, trust, and compliance. The latter anticipate possible security and QoS policy violations stemming from dishonest behaviors by cloud providers, attacks by co-resident competitors, misconfiguration by cloud administrators, or implementations flaws by NFV developers. As a result, migrating sensitive workloads to the cloud requires enterprises to first assess risks by gaining knowledge of possible network services' anomalies and second, to build trust in the cloud by designing effective mechanisms to detect such anomalies. This survey provides scrutiny of network services anomalies that may occur in the NFV environments. We first present a taxonomy of network service anomalies and analyze their negative impacts on critical service attributes, including security and performance. Second, we compare and classify the existing anomalies' verification mechanisms from the literature. Finally, we point out the literature gap and identify future research directions for anomalies verification in NFV.

关键词： Cloud computing Software Taxonomy Virtual links Security Topology network function virtualization Anomalies network function virtualization network services verification

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DAVINCI: online and Dynamic Adaptation of eVolvable vIrtual network services over Cloud Infrastructures

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2022年 127卷 396-408页

作者： Lahlou, Laaziz Kara, Nadjia Edstrom, Claes Univ Quebec Ecole Technol Super Dept Software Engn & IT Montreal PQ H3C 1K3 Canada Ericsson Canada Inc Montreal PQ H4S 0B6 Canada

Service function chains, or more generally, virtual network services, evolve throughout their life-cycle due to traffic fluctuations, resource usage, and the stringent requirements of the SLO (Service Level Objective) that must be fulfilled. network operators resort to elasticity mechanisms (e.g., vertical and horizontal scaling) and migration procedures to adapt the service function chains dynamically to meet their requirements constantly. However, most state-of-the-art solutions do not evaluate the overall impact of such mechanisms on the service function chains or the resulting penalty costs (e.g., migration downtime and SLO violation). To bridge this gap, we propose DAVINCI, a decision-making tool with different adaptation policies that allows the network operator to adapt the service function chains to minimize network changes (e.g., reallocating paths and VNFs) while keeping penalty costs at their lowest level. Moreover, DAVINCI allows for the adaptations (e.g., migration, vertical and horizontal scaling) to be expressed as a set of decisions and leverages the Min Cost Flow problem to estimate migration downtime. The analytical evaluation shows that DAVINCI outperforms the existing state-of-the-art solution (NFV-PEAR) in terms of migration, traffic costs, and the overhead induced by the migration and elasticity mechanisms while significantly reducing penalty costs. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： network function virtualization Mathematical optimization Orchestration Service function placement and chaining Dynamic adaptation

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