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Deep recurrent neural network for optical fronthaul dimensioning and proactive vBBU placement in CF-RAN

PHOTONIC network COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第1期43卷 59-73页

作者： dos Santos, Matias R. P. Tinini, Rodrigo, I Januario, Tiago O. Figueiredo, Gustavo B. Univ Fed Bahia Ondina Salvador BA Brazil Ctr Univ FEI Sbernardo Do Campo SP Brazil

In this paper, we solve virtualized passive optical network (VPON) assignment and virtualized baseband unit (vBBU) placement using an integer linear programming formulation, an approximated heuristic using linear relaxation, and a proactive heuristic based on a specific kind of recurrent neural network. We also studied the application of multi-step forecasting in Cloud-Fog Radio Access network (CF-RAN) traffic demands for joint use with integer linear programming once it allows the solver more time to generate solutions. Also, we examine if the error in batch prediction impacts the final solution in terms of blocking and correctness.

关键词： CF-RAN Integer linear programming network functions virtualization

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Evaluation of Forwarding Efficiency in NFV-Nodes Toward Predictable Service Chain Performance

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2017年第4期14卷 920-933页

作者： Kawashima, Ryota Nakayama, Hiroki Hayashi, Tsunemasa Matsuo, Hiroshi Nagoya Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Nagoya Aichi 4668555 Japan BOSCO Technol Inc Tokyo 1050003 Japan

The concept of network functions virtualization (NFV) has been embodied in commercial networks over the past years. Software-based virtual network functions have forwarding performance concerns in general, and various acceleration technologies have been developed so far, such as DPDK and vhost-user. Existence of several alternatives requires network engineers or operators to select appropriate technologies;however, no pragmatic criterion exists for constructing high-performance NFV-nodes. From their points of view, a lack of common benchmark and understanding of performance characteristics makes it difficult to predict hop-by-hop performance in a service chain, which results in prevention of NFV deployment in mission-critical networks. In this paper, we clarify performance characteristics of packet forwarding in NFV nodes focusing on three types of acceleration technologies;packet I/O architecture, virtual network I/O, and forwarding engine in a practical stage. We examined three packet I/O architectures (NAPI, netmap, and DPDK), three virtual I/O mechanisms (vhost-net, vhost-user, and SR-IOV), and four practical forwarding programs (Open vSwitch, OVS-DPDK, xDPd-DPDK, and Lagopus) with three referential programs (Linux Bridge, VALE, and L2FWD-DPDK). The experiment was conducted on a 40 GbE environment and we examined two device-under-test machines having different CPU performance. We argue performance characteristics of each technology and give quantitative analyses of the result. The key findings are: 1) CPU core speed has impact on both throughput and latency/jitter;2) DPDK can allow performance prediction;3) vhost-user is appropriate for real environment;and 4) OVS-DPDK provides a good combination of performance and functionality.

关键词： DPDK network functions virtualization performance evaluation service chaining software defined networking

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SDN&NFV contribution to IoT objects virtualization

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COMPUTER networkS 2019年 149卷 200-212页

作者： Atzori, L. Bellido, J. L. Bolla, R. Genovese, G. Lera, A. Jara, A. Lombardo, C. Morabito, G. Univ Genoa DITEN Dept Telecommun Elect Elect & Naval Engn Genoa Italy Univ Genoa DITEN Genoa Italy CNIT Multimedia Commun Lab Pisa Italy CNIT Pisa Italy CNIT Italian Natl Interuniv Consortium Telecommun Local Res Unit Pisa Italy Univ Reggio Calabria Reggio Di Calabria Italy Univ Reggio Calabria Telecommun Reggio Di Calabria Italy Univ Reggio Calabria Lab Adv Res Telecommun Syst Reggio Di Calabria Italy Univ Catania Dipartimento Ingn Informat & Telecomunicaz Catania Italy Univ Cagliari Dept Elect & Elect Engn Cagliari Italy Hop Ubiquitous SL Murcia Murcia Spain

The Internet of Things paradigm will certainly be one of the main drivers of the tomorrow's 5th generation (5G) wireless networks. In order to support the algorithms required for real time exchange and analysis of great amounts of data among the involved smart devices, Virtual Objects (VO) have become a key component to improve the objects energy management efficiency, as well as to address heterogeneity and scalability issues. Following the research trend of exploiting on-demand cloud computing resources to augment the processing and storage capabilities of IoT devices, this paper addresses the design of a novel infrastructure and paradigm to support the deployment of new personal IoT services inside the infrastructure provider premises. The goal is to bring cloud-computing services much closer to the end users and to be able to replace physical IoT devices with their "Virtual Images". Among other benefits, this approach will ensure a longer lifetime to IoT constrained devices and enable the inclusion of new protocols making the development of logic and the configuration of IoT smart application environment technology-agnostic. To achieve this goal, we have developed an open-source software platform that exploits OpenStack APIs and leverages a web interface providing all the functionality typically available in a home gateway through the OpenWRT Linux distribution. Results show this approach brings a manifest reduction in the amount of data transmitted, with benefits in terms of reduced workload and power consumption as well as extended device lifetime. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Internet of Things network functions virtualization Virtual Object Mobile Edge Computing

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A Survey of Fault Management in network virtualization Environments: Challenges and Solutions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2019年第4期16卷 1537-1551页

作者： Cherrared, Sihem Imadali, Sofiane Fabre, Eric Goessler, Gregor Ben Yahia, Imen Grida Orange Lab Networks Cloud Infrastruct Solut & Serv F-92320 Chatillon France INRIA SUpervis Large MOdular & Distributed Syst Campus Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes France Univ Grenoble Alpes INRIA CNRS Grenoble INPLIC F-38000 Grenoble France

The advent of 5G and the ever increasing stringent requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency, and quality of service pushes the boundaries of what is feasible with legacy Mobile network Operators' technologies. network functions virtualization (NFV) is a promising attempt at solving some of these challenges that is widely adopted by the industry and specified by the standardization bodies. In essence, NFV is about running network functions (NFs) as virtualized workloads on commodity hardware. This may optimize deployment costs and simplify the lifecycle management of NFs, but it introduces new fault management challenges and issues. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive state of the art of fault management techniques. We address the impact of virtualization in fault management. We propose a new classification of the recent fault management research achievements in the network virtualization environments and compare their major contributions and shortcomings.

关键词： Computer architecture virtualization 5G mobile communication Hardware network function virtualization Fault management network functions virtualization software defined network machine learning

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Optimal orchestration of virtual network functions

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COMPUTER networkS 2018年 142卷 108-127页

作者： Gao, Meihui Addis, Bernardetta Bouet, Mathieu Secci, Stefano Univ Lorraine CNRS LORIA F-54000 Nancy France Thales Commun & Secur Gennevilliers France Sorbonne Univ CNRS LIP6 F-75005 Paris France

The emergence of network functions virtualization (NFV) is bringing a set of novel algorithmic challenges in the operation of communication networks. NFV introduces volatility in the management of network functions, which can be dynamically orchestrated, i.e., placed, resized, etc. Virtual network functions (VNFs) can belong to VNF chains, where nodes in a chain can serve multiple demands coming from the network edges. In this paper, we formally define the VNF placement and routing (VNF-PR) problem, proposing a versatile linear programming formulation that is able to accommodate specific features and constraints of NFV infrastructures, and that is substantially different from existing virtual network embedding formulations in the state of the art. We also design a math-heuristic able to scale with multiple objectives and large instances. By extensive simulations, we draw conclusions on the trade-off achievable between classical traffic engineering (TE) and NFV infrastructure efficiency goals, evaluating both Internet access and Virtual Private network (VPN) demands. We do also quantitatively compare the performance of our VNF-PR heuristic with the classical Virtual network Embedding (VNE) approach proposed for NFV orchestration, showing the computational differences, and how our approach can provide a more stable and closer-to-optimum solution. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： network functions virtualization VNF orchestration VNF chaining VNF placement

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Uninterruptible IMS: Maintaining Users Access During Faults in Virtualized IP Multimedia Subsystem

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2020年第7期38卷 1464-1477页

作者： Raza, Muhammad Taqi Lu, Songwu Univ Arizona Dept Informat Syst Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

network function virtualization (NFV) of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) pose promise to service increasing multimedia traffic demand. In this paper, we show that virtualized IMS (vIMS) is unable to provide session-level resilience under faults and becomes the bottleneck to high service availability. We propose a design to provide fault-tolerance for vIMS operations. In control-plane, our system decomposes single IMS operation into different atomic actions, and partition these actions into critical and non-critical actions. Only the critical actions are then monitored in real time and the system can easily resume IMS operations after failure. In data-plane, we decompose multimedia traffic flows and partition each multimedia service as a separate Virtualized network Function (VNF). Through data-plane partitioning, our design restricts the damage from faults to only failed VNF. Thereafter, impacted service flow is merged with other ongoing service flows. We build our system prototype of open source IMS over virtualized platform. Our results show that we can achieve session-level resilience by performing fail-over procedure within tens of milliseconds under different combinations of IMS failures in both control-plane and data-plane operations.

关键词： network functions virtualization LTE IP multimedia subsystem fault tolerance software defined networking

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Optimal Embedding of Aggregated Service Function Tree

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2022年第10期33卷 2584-2596页

作者： Guo, Deke Ren, Bangbang Tang, Guoming Luo, Lailong Chen, Tao Fu, Xiaoming Natl Univ Def Technol Sci & Technol Informat Syst Engn Lab Changsha 410073 Hunan Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong Peoples R China Univ Gottingen D-37077 Gottingen Germany

Many hardware-based security middleboxes have been deployed in the networks to defend against different threats. However, these hardware middleboxes are hard to upgrade or migrate. The emergence of network functions virtualization (NFV), which realizes various security functions in the form of virtual network functions (VNFs), brings many benefits to network security. To improve the security level further, several VNFs are coordinated in a pre-defined order to form service function chains (SFCs). It is expected that the SFCs are embedded properly with low cost, including the VNF setup cost and the flow routing cost. In this paper, we find that when an SFC is required by multiple flows for the identical network security threats, the total cost could be reduced by embed:Mg an aggregated service function tree (ASFT) instead of multiple independent SFCs. We formally characterize the integer programming model of this problem and prove that it is NP-hard. Then we propose a performance-guaranteed approximation algorithm and prove that the algorithm could find the optimal solution in a special case. Extensive experiments indicate that our method can reduce the total cost by 22.0% and 24.1% against two compared algorithms, respectively.

关键词： network functions virtualization service function chain approximation algorithm

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Reliable Placement of Service Function Chains and Virtual Monitoring functions With Minimal Cost in Softwarized 5G networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2021年第2期18卷 1491-1507页

作者： Thiruvasagam, Prabhu Kaliyammal Chakraborty, Abhishek Mathew, Abin Murthy, C. Siva Ram Indian Inst Technol Madras Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India

network functions virtualization (NFV) allows softwarization of network functions and enables to run network functions as Virtual network Function (VNF) instances on top of the cloud infrastructure. In softwarized 5G networks, communication services can be realized through Service Function Chains (SFCs) in which multiple VNFs are connected in a sequential order as per the requirements, which offer flexibility, agility, and dynamic management and orchestration of networks. However, softwarization and cloudification of networks using NFV introduce new challenges in terms of reliability and availability due to software bugs, hardware failures, malfunction of VNFs, and service degradation. In this article, we first explore latency-aware and reliable SFC placement to meet the requirements of users and enhance the reliability of SFCs from VNF failures. Then, we focus on reliable placement of virtual monitoring functions at proximal locations of VNFs in order to identify and mitigate service degradation and security-related issues in the network. To this end, we formulate the problems as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problems to minimize the total deployment cost, and show that they are NP-hard. To overcome the high computational complexity of the ILP problems, we propose novel heuristic algorithms based on complex network theory to provide near-optimal solutions in polynomial time for large input instances. By extensive simulations, we show that our proposed algorithms provide near-optimal solution (optimality gap is 5%) in a real-world network topology.

关键词： Monitoring 5G mobile communication Cloud computing Telecommunication network reliability Software Hardware Degradation 5G network network functions virtualization virtual network function service function chain communication service virtual monitoring function reliability end-to-end latency service level agreement

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Flexible Access network Multi-Tenancy Using NFV/SDN in TWDM-PON

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 42937-42948页

作者： Pakpahan, Andrew Fernando Hwang, I-Shyan Univ Advent Indonesia Dept Informat Engn Bandung Indonesia Yuan Ze Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Taoyuan Taiwan

Over the past decade, network operators worldwide have regarded passive optical networks (PONs) as a successful access network system and the preferred technology for fiber-to-the-home/building/curb/distribution-point (FTTx) architecture. However, implementing the state-of-the-art PONs requires a high initial capital expenditure (CapEx) to deploy fiber in the field and acquires the necessary active devices. Thus, new architectures need to be developed to share the physical architecture and enable the multi-tenancy capability in a flexible way to satisfy different requirements from the operators and users. This research proposes to integrate the next-generation TWDM-PON with software-defined network (SDN) and the network function virtualization (NFV) to provide highly enhanced form of virtual unbundling of broadband access networks, enabling cost sharing and the dynamics of a competitive landscape. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture and mechanism can provide better performance in multi-tenancy condition, while guaranteeing the quality-of-service requirements in terms of the mean packet delay, jitter, throughput, and packet loss ratio.

关键词： Optical network units Optical fiber devices Passive optical networks Next generation networking Wavelength division multiplexing Broadband communication Transceivers Multi-tenancy open access network software defined network network functions virtualization TWDM-PON

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Evolvable Virtual network Function Placement Method: Mechanism and Performance Evaluation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2019年第1期16卷 27-40页

作者： Otokura, Mari Leibnitz, Kenji Koizumi, Yuki Kominami, Daichi Shimokawa, Tetsuya Murata, Masayuki Osaka Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol Ctr Informat & Neural Networks Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Osaka Univ Grad Sch Econ Toyonaka Campus Toyonaka Osaka 5600043 Japan

In network functions virtualization (NFV), network functions are operated in software as virtual network functions (VNFs) instead of dedicated hardware. The most important issues that need to be addressed in NFV are where the VNFs should be placed in the network, as well as what amount of resources should be assigned to each VNF. Evolvable VNF placement (EvoVNFP) is a meta-algorithm that we previously proposed for controlling an underlying iterative VNF placement method. EvoVNFP realizes better adaptability to regular demand changes by mimicking biological evolution under time-varying environments leading to faster generation of placements. We provide detailed evaluation studies about the mechanism of EvoVNFP and show that iterative placement methods combined with EvoVNFP can generate placements that adapt better to varying goals because of triggers. Numerical results verify that EvoVNFP is able to reduce the required number of calculation steps by up to 48%.

关键词： network functions virtualization software defined networks evolution modularly varying goals

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