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Fast Datapath Processing Based on Hop-by-Hop Packet Aggregation for Service Function Chaining

IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2019年第11期E102D卷 2184-2194页

作者： Taguchi, Yuki Kawashima, Ryota Nakayama, Hiroki Hayashi, Tsunemasa Matsuo, Hiroshi Nagoya Inst Technol Grad Sch Engn Nagoya Aichi 4668555 Japan BOSCO Technol Inc Tokyo 1050003 Japan

Many studies have revealed that the performance of software-based Virtual network functions (VNFs) is insufficient for mission-critical networks. Scaling-out approaches, such as auto-scaling of VNFs, could handle a huge amount of traffic;however, the exponential traffic growth confronts us the limitations of both expandability of physical resources and complexity of their management. In this paper, we propose a fast datapath processing method called Packet Aggregation Flow (PA-Flow) that is based on hop-by-hop packet aggregation for more efficient Service Function Chaining (SFC). PA-Flow extends a notion of existing intra-node packet aggregation toward network-wide packet aggregation, and we introduce following three novel features. First, packet I/O overheads at intermediate network devices including NFV-nodes are mitigated by reduction of packet amount. Second, aggregated packets are further aggregated as going through the service chain in a hop-by-hop manner. Finally, next-hop aware packet aggregation is realized using OpenFlow-based flow tables. PA-Flow is designed to be available with various VNF forms (e.g. VM/container/baremetal-based) and virtual I/O technologies (e.g. vhost-user/SR-IOV), and its implementation does not bring noticeable delay for aggregation. We conducted two evaluations: (i) a baseline evaluation for understanding fundamental performance characteristics of PA-Flow (ii) a simulation-based SFC evaluation for proving PA-Flow's effect in a realistic environment. The results showed that throughput of short packet forwarding was improved by 4 times. Moreover, the total number of packets was reduced by 93% in a large-scale SFC.

关键词： Packet Aggregation network functions virtualization Service Function Chaining vhost-user DPDK

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A Simulation Framework for Virtualized Resources in Cloud Data Center networks

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2019年第8期37卷 1808-1819页

作者： Bellavista, Paolo Corradi, Antonio Foschini, Luca Luciano, Sabato Solimando, Michele Univ Bologna DISI I-40136 Bologna Italy

Many IT companies are embracing the new softwarization paradigm through the adoption of new architecture models, such as software-defined network and network function virtualization, primarily to limit the costs of maintaining and deploying their network infrastructures, by giving the possibility to service/application providers to reconfigure and programmatically perform actions on the network. Accordingly, the dynamic management of the data center networks requires complex operations to ensure high availability and continuous reliability in order to guarantee full functionality of the virtualized resources. In this context, simulator-based approaches are helpful for planning and evaluating the deployment of the cloud data center networking, but existing cloud simulators have several limitations: they have too high overhead for wide-scale data center networks, complex configuration, and too abstract deployment models. For these motivations, we propose DCNs-2, a novel extension for the Ns-2 simulator, as a valid solution to efficiently simulate a cloud network infrastructure, with all the involved entities, such as switches, physical/virtual machines, and racks. The proposed solution not only makes configuration easier, but through extensive tests, we show that its execution overhead is limited to less than 130 MB of memory and the execution time is acceptable even for very wide-scale and complex deployment environments.

关键词： network simulation data center network software-defined networks network functions virtualization cloud computing infrastructure as a service Ns-2

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Statelet-Based Efficient and Seamless NFV State Transfer

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2017年第4期14卷 964-977页

作者： Nobach, Leonhard Rimac, Ivica Hilt, Volker Hausheer, David Tech Univ Darmstadt Peer To Peer Syst Engn Lab D-64283 Darmstadt Germany Nokia Bell Labs Autonomous Software Syst Res Grp D-70435 Stuttgart Germany Tech Univ Darmstadt Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol Darmstadt Germany

network functions virtualization (NFV) environments can provide increased elasticity and flexibility for operators, as network-related services can be scaled and moved as needed. Such operations require a seamless transfer of state to provide a service without interruption or performance degradation. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel approach for efficient and seamless NFV state transfers. Our approach is based on the concept of statelets, which are compact representations of information in incoming packets that change the state of a virtualized network function. We present and describe slim migration (SliM), a system for efficient NFV state transfers using a statelet interface that we have implemented as an add-on to the data plane development kit, a high-performance packet I/O library. We have evaluated SliM in a testbed and present results that show its benefits in terms of lower delays and lower packet-loss rates. Moreover, our analysis and evaluation results show that SliM offers three times as much shared link capacity to the dataplane as previous approaches, while reducing the duration of a state transfer to one-third of their time.

关键词： network functions virtualization state migration state management virtualization sofware-defined networking cost-efficiency

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Energy- and Reliability-Aware Provisioning of Parallelized Service Function Chains With Delay Guarantees

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GREEN COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GREEN COMMUNICATIONS AND networkING 2024年第1期8卷 205-223页

作者： Chintapalli, Venkatarami Reddy Killi, Balaprakasa Rao Partani, Rajat Tamma, Bheemarjuna Reddy Murthy, C. Siva Ram Natl Inst Technol Calicut Dept Comp Sci & Engn Kozhikode 673601 India Natl Inst Technol Warangal Dept Comp Sci & Engn Warangal 506004 India Natl Inst Technol Karnataka Dept Comp Sci & Engn Surathkal 575025 India Indian Inst Technol Hyderabad Dept Comp Sci & Engn Hyderabad 502284 India Indian Inst Technol Madras Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 600036 India

network functions virtualization (NFV) leverages virtualization and cloud computing technologies to make networks more flexible, manageable, and scalable. Instead of using traditional hardware middleboxes, NFV uses more flexible Virtual network functions (VNFs) running on commodity servers. One of the key challenges in NFV is to ensure strict reliability and low latency while also improving energy efficiency. Any software or hardware failures in an NFV environment can disrupt the service provided by a chain of VNFs, known as a Service Function Chain (SFC), resulting in significant data loss, delays, and wasted resources. Due to the sequential nature of SFC, latency increases linearly with the number of VNFs. To address this issue, researchers have proposed parallelized SFC or VNF parallelization, which allows multiple independent VNFs in an SFC to run in parallel. In this work, we propose a method to solve the parallelized SFC deployment problem as an Integer Linear Program (ILP) that minimizes energy consumption while ensuring reliability and delay constraints. Since the problem is NP-hard, we also propose a heuristic scheme named ERASE that determines the placement of VNFs and routes traffic through them in a way that minimizes energy consumption while meeting capacity, reliability, and delay requirements. The effectiveness of ERASE is evaluated through extensive simulations and it is shown to perform better than benchmark schemes in terms of total energy consumption and reliability achieved.

关键词： Delays Servers Parallel processing Energy consumption Merging Software reliability Ultra reliable low latency communication network functions virtualization parallelized service function chaining flexible resource allocation energy consumption reliability

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CDN-As-a-Service Provision Over a Telecom Operator's Cloud

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2017年第3期14卷 702-716页

作者： Frangoudis, Pantelis A. Yala, Louiza Ksentini, Adlen Univ Rennes 1 IRISA F-35042 Rennes France EURECOM Commun Syst Dept F-06904 Sophia Antipolis France

We present the design and implementation of a content-delivery-network-as-a-service (CDNaaS) architecture, which allows a telecom operator to open up its cloud infrastructure for content providers to deploy virtual content delivery network (CDN) instances on demand, at regions where the operator has presence. Using northbound REST APIs, content providers can express performance requirements and demand specifications, which are translated to an appropriate service placement on the underlying cloud substrate. Our architecture is extensible, supporting various different CDN flavors, and, in turn, different schemes for cloud resource allocation and management. In order to decide on the latter in an optimal manner from an infrastructure cost and a service quality perspective, knowledge of the performance capabilities of the underlying technologies, and compute resources is critical. Therefore, to gain insight which can be applied to the design of such mechanisms, but also with further implications on service pricing and SLA design, we carry out a measurement campaign to evaluate the capabilities of key enabling technologies for CDNaaS provision. In particular, we focus on virtualization and containerization technologies for implementing virtual CDN functions to deliver a generic HTTP service, as well as an HTTP video streaming one, empirically capturing the relationship between performance and service workload, both from a system operator and a user-centric viewpoint.

关键词： Content delivery networks experimental approaches cloud computing network functions virtualization network planning and service deployment quality of experience virtualization

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Providing Heterogeneous Signaling and User Traffic for 5G Core network Functional Testing

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 2968-2980页

作者： Rivera, Diego Ignacio Moreno, Jose Sanz Rodrigo, Mario Lopez, Diego R. Mozo, Alberto Univ Politecn Madrid Dept Ingn Sistemas Telemat ETSI Telecomunicac E-28040 Madrid Spain Telefonica I D Madrid 28010 Spain Univ Politecn Madrid Dept Sistemas Informat ETSI Sistemas Informat Madrid 28031 Spain

In the next 10 years, the telecommunications sector will be dominated by the deployment of pervasive networking available in a wide range of heterogeneous scenarios applying 5G (and beyond) technologies. SDN, NFV as well as network Sliding Technologies used by 5G will provide a "softwarization " of the network functional elements, opening the ecosystem of network providers to a vast number of suppliers from traditional manufacturers to start-ups focusing on specialized functions. Due to the need to assert the expected interoperability of the introduction and evolution of this set of network functions, a set of validation tools is needed to explore traffic patterns according to different scenarios and thus allow the performance of the software modules to be evaluated. This research work presents the design of software tools that aim to provide a way for generating signaling and user traffic in 5G networks, enabling the definition of novel pure-software testing environments for 5G that includes real signaling and user traffic. The tools have been designed to support a set of testing signaling procedures that cover the basic main functioning of 5G networks and that allow for the transmission of user traffic over the network. The tools have been implemented and licensed as Open Source and have been validated through their deployment in a virtualized 5G environment that includes a 5G core network.

关键词： 5G mobile communication Testing Proposals Software engineering Computer architecture Telecommunication traffic Delays 5G networks traffic generation network functional testing network functions virtualization

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A Survey on FPGA Support for the Feasible Execution of Virtualized network functions

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS AND TUTORIALS 2020年第1期22卷 504-525页

作者： Niemiec, Gabriel S. Batista, Luis M. S. Schaeffer-Filho, Alberto E. Nazar, Gabriel L. Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Inst Informat BR-90040060 Porto Alegre RS Brazil

network functions virtualization (NFV) has received considerable attention in the past few years, both from industry and academia, due to its potential for reducing capital and operational expenditures, thus enabling faster innovation in networks. NFV proposes decoupling network functions from fixed hardware platforms and implementing them as virtual machines on off-the-shelf servers. Although potentially able to provide the mentioned benefits, software-based implementations of compute-intensive network functions still struggle to perform at the desired speed, especially when requiring line-rate processing for ever-faster communication links. To address this, hardware acceleration can be used to improve the throughput and latency of virtualized network functions (VNFs). In order to provide the advantages foreseen for NFV, however, such accelerators cannot be fixed and application-specific hardware, since they need to cope with new VNFs as well as fluctuations in demand. In this context, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are particularly suitable, since they are able to provide high-performance implementations of network functions and they are completely reprogrammable, thereby being able to implement different VNFs even after deployment. There have been many recent efforts to enable the use of FPGAs in the NFV context, including efficient implementations of network functions on FPGAs, platforms to manage the integration and coexistence of multiple VNFs on an FPGA, and high-level synthesis tools especially tailored to ease the programming of VNFs for FPGAs. In this work we survey previous work covering these aspects, and discuss the main open research challenges that must be addressed before FPGA adoption in NFV infrastructures becomes effectively seamless and efficient.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays virtualization Tutorials Hardware acceleration Servers Industries network functions virtualization hardware acceleration FPGA

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Algorithms for functionalities of virtual network: a survey

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2021年第7期77卷 7368-7439页

作者： Umrao, Brajesh Kumar Yadav, Dharmendra Kumar Motilal Nehru Natl Inst Technol Allahabad Dept Comp Sci & Engn Prayagraj India

Nowadays, network functionalities are provided through dedicated hardware middleboxes. These hardware middleboxes are statically embedded with network topology to provide the network services. The types of middleboxes increase in the network, with an increased number of users and network services. The growth in multiple kinds of middleboxes creates an ossified network that is difficult for network management. network Function virtualization (NFV) deals with such problems by eliminating network functions from the piece of hardware and implement it as a software to execute in a commodity server. The network virtualization provides more flexibility and elasticity in the network to automatically manage and control the network functions. NFV internally implements the different algorithms to automate the on-demand service provisioning mechanism. In the service provisioning process, NFV allows to share the physical resources among the Virtual network functions (VNFs). In order to optimally allocate the physical resources to each VNF, there is a need to include some efficient resource sharing mechanisms in NFV infrastructure. These resource sharing mechanisms are the VNF placement, service chaining, VNFs scheduling, and VNF migration. Therefore, this survey discusses the solutions, implementation tools, and limitations with respect to these resource sharing mechanisms. Moreover, research challenges and current trends related to the resource sharing strategies are explored.

关键词： network functions virtualization Provisioning Ossification Virtual network functions Placement Scheduling Migration Chaining

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Optimal orchestration of virtual network functions

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COMPUTER networkS 2018年第Sep.4期142卷 108-127页

作者： Gao, Meihui Addis, Bernardetta Bouet, Mathieu Secci, Stefano Univ Lorraine CNRS LORIA F-54000 Nancy France Thales Commun & Secur Gennevilliers France Sorbonne Univ CNRS LIP6 F-75005 Paris France

The emergence of network functions virtualization (NFV) is bringing a set of novel algorithmic challenges in the operation of communication networks. NFV introduces volatility in the management of network functions, which can be dynamically orchestrated, i.e., placed, resized, etc. Virtual network functions (VNFs) can belong to VNF chains, where nodes in a chain can serve multiple demands coming from the network edges. In this paper, we formally define the VNF placement and routing (VNF-PR) problem, proposing a versatile linear programming formulation that is able to accommodate specific features and constraints of NFV infrastructures, and that is substantially different from existing virtual network embedding formulations in the state of the art. We also design a math-heuristic able to scale with multiple objectives and large instances. By extensive simulations, we draw conclusions on the trade-off achievable between classical traffic engineering (TE) and NFV infrastructure efficiency goals, evaluating both Internet access and Virtual Private network (VPN) demands. We do also quantitatively compare the performance of our VNF-PR heuristic with the classical Virtual network Embedding (VNE) approach proposed for NFV orchestration, showing the computational differences, and how our approach can provide a more stable and closer-to-optimum solution. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： network functions virtualization VNF orchestration VNF chaining VNF placement

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Management in a Cyber-Physical World: A Report on APNOMS 2019

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JOURNAL OF network AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT 2020年第2期28卷 423-431页

作者： Kitaguchi, Yoshiaki Seok, Woojin Huang, Jiun-Long Ju, Hong-Taek Chen, Yen-Wen Yoshihara, Kiyohito Tokyo Inst Technol Meguro Ku 2-12-1 Ookayama Tokyo 1528550 Japan Korea Inst Sci & Technol 245 Daehak Ro Daejeon 34141 South Korea Natl Chiao Tung Univ 1001 Univ Rd Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Keimyung Univ 1095 Dalgubeol Daero Daegu 42601 South Korea Natl Cent Univ 300 Zhongda Rd Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan KDDI Res 2-1-15 Ohara Saitama 3568502 Japan

This article presents a report on APNOMS 2019, which was held on September 18-20, 2019 in Kunibiki Messe, Matsue, Japan. The theme of APNOMS 2019 was "Management in a Cyber-Physical World."

关键词： network Operations and Management Software Defined networks network functions virtualization Cyber-Physical System

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