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A Survey of Fault Management in network virtualization Environments: Challenges and Solutions

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2019年第4期16卷 1537-1551页

作者： Cherrared, Sihem Imadali, Sofiane Fabre, Eric Goessler, Gregor Ben Yahia, Imen Grida Orange Lab Networks Cloud Infrastruct Solut & Serv F-92320 Chatillon France INRIA SUpervis Large MOdular & Distributed Syst Campus Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes France Univ Grenoble Alpes INRIA CNRS Grenoble INPLIC F-38000 Grenoble France

The advent of 5G and the ever increasing stringent requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency, and quality of service pushes the boundaries of what is feasible with legacy Mobile network Operators' technologies. network functions virtualization (NFV) is a promising attempt at solving some of these challenges that is widely adopted by the industry and specified by the standardization bodies. In essence, NFV is about running network functions (NFs) as virtualized workloads on commodity hardware. This may optimize deployment costs and simplify the lifecycle management of NFs, but it introduces new fault management challenges and issues. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive state of the art of fault management techniques. We address the impact of virtualization in fault management. We propose a new classification of the recent fault management research achievements in the network virtualization environments and compare their major contributions and shortcomings.

关键词： Computer architecture virtualization 5G mobile communication Hardware network function virtualization Fault management network functions virtualization software defined network machine learning

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Deep recurrent neural network for optical fronthaul dimensioning and proactive vBBU placement in CF-RAN

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PHOTONIC network COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第1期43卷 59-73页

作者： dos Santos, Matias R. P. Tinini, Rodrigo, I Januario, Tiago O. Figueiredo, Gustavo B. Univ Fed Bahia Ondina Salvador BA Brazil Ctr Univ FEI Sbernardo Do Campo SP Brazil

In this paper, we solve virtualized passive optical network (VPON) assignment and virtualized baseband unit (vBBU) placement using an integer linear programming formulation, an approximated heuristic using linear relaxation, and a proactive heuristic based on a specific kind of recurrent neural network. We also studied the application of multi-step forecasting in Cloud-Fog Radio Access network (CF-RAN) traffic demands for joint use with integer linear programming once it allows the solver more time to generate solutions. Also, we examine if the error in batch prediction impacts the final solution in terms of blocking and correctness.

关键词： CF-RAN Integer linear programming network functions virtualization

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Evaluation of Forwarding Efficiency in NFV-Nodes Toward Predictable Service Chain Performance

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2017年第4期14卷 920-933页

作者： Kawashima, Ryota Nakayama, Hiroki Hayashi, Tsunemasa Matsuo, Hiroshi Nagoya Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Nagoya Aichi 4668555 Japan BOSCO Technol Inc Tokyo 1050003 Japan

The concept of network functions virtualization (NFV) has been embodied in commercial networks over the past years. Software-based virtual network functions have forwarding performance concerns in general, and various acceleration technologies have been developed so far, such as DPDK and vhost-user. Existence of several alternatives requires network engineers or operators to select appropriate technologies;however, no pragmatic criterion exists for constructing high-performance NFV-nodes. From their points of view, a lack of common benchmark and understanding of performance characteristics makes it difficult to predict hop-by-hop performance in a service chain, which results in prevention of NFV deployment in mission-critical networks. In this paper, we clarify performance characteristics of packet forwarding in NFV nodes focusing on three types of acceleration technologies;packet I/O architecture, virtual network I/O, and forwarding engine in a practical stage. We examined three packet I/O architectures (NAPI, netmap, and DPDK), three virtual I/O mechanisms (vhost-net, vhost-user, and SR-IOV), and four practical forwarding programs (Open vSwitch, OVS-DPDK, xDPd-DPDK, and Lagopus) with three referential programs (Linux Bridge, VALE, and L2FWD-DPDK). The experiment was conducted on a 40 GbE environment and we examined two device-under-test machines having different CPU performance. We argue performance characteristics of each technology and give quantitative analyses of the result. The key findings are: 1) CPU core speed has impact on both throughput and latency/jitter;2) DPDK can allow performance prediction;3) vhost-user is appropriate for real environment;and 4) OVS-DPDK provides a good combination of performance and functionality.

关键词： DPDK network functions virtualization performance evaluation service chaining software defined networking

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Cloud-Native Service Mesh Readiness for 5G and Beyond

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 132286-132295页

作者： Aldas, Saidulu Babakian, Andrew Intel Corp Santa Clara CA 95054 USA VMware Inc Palo Alto CA 94304 USA

The 3GPP has defined the 5G network infrastructure differently from earlier generations, utilizing a Service-Based Architecture (SBA) to accommodate scalability and ensure cost-effectiveness in a cloud and microservices-friendly design. Each 5G network Function (NF) operates as a service, seamlessly scaling to support an on-demand load and latency requirements. However, this introduces significant complexity to the infrastructure due to an influx of messages across 5G services, making request handling and resiliency challenging. While the 3GPP has provided guidelines and recommendations to address this complexity, it is left to the vendors to develop a working model and design choices within the cloud-native framework. This paper explores the intricate challenges that 5G encounters within the current cloud-native deployment landscapes, with a focus on service-to-service communication, service discovery, and network programmability. It highlights the essential role of Service Mesh in fulfilling 3GPP's vision, proposing enhancements tailored for 5G deployment scenarios. In addition, this work provides architectural guidance for enhancing Service Mesh frameworks to support 5G Core Signalling, extending the Envoy proxy to meet 5G's unique semantic requirements. Finally, this paper sheds light on the future requirements for developing optimal Service Mesh infrastructure that minimizes performance implications while maintaining seamless scalability for cloud-native environments.

关键词： Cloud-native 3GPP 5G core network functions virtualization service communication proxy service mesh service discovery identifier system

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A Fair Resource Sharing Mechanism between Mobile Virtual network Operators

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2015年第11期E98B卷 2141-2150页

作者： Liu, Wei Hu, Rui Shinkuma, Ryoichi Takahashi, Tatsuro Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Informat Commun & Comp Engn Kyoto 6068501 Japan Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Informat Fac Communicat & Comp Engn Kyoto 6068501 Japan

Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) are mobile operators without their own infrastructure or government issued spectrum licenses. They purchase spectrum resources from primary mobile network operators (MNOs) to provide communication services under their own brands. MVNOs are expected to play an important role in mobile network markets, as this will increase the competition in retail markets and help to meet the demand of niche markets. However, with the rapidly increasing demand of mobile data traffic, efficient utilization of the limited spectrum resources owned by MVNOs has become an important issue. We propose here a resource sharing mechanism between MVNOs against the background of network functions virtualization (NFV). The proposed mechanism enables MVNOs to improve their quality of service (QoS) by sharing spectrum resources with each other. A nash bargaining solution based decision strategy is also devised to ensure the fairness of resource sharing. Extensive numerical evaluation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed models and mechanisms.

关键词： mobile virtual network operator fair resource sharing network functions virtualization

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Optimal Embedding of Aggregated Service Function Tree

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2022年第10期33卷 2584-2596页

作者： Guo, Deke Ren, Bangbang Tang, Guoming Luo, Lailong Chen, Tao Fu, Xiaoming Natl Univ Def Technol Sci & Technol Informat Syst Engn Lab Changsha 410073 Hunan Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong Peoples R China Univ Gottingen D-37077 Gottingen Germany

Many hardware-based security middleboxes have been deployed in the networks to defend against different threats. However, these hardware middleboxes are hard to upgrade or migrate. The emergence of network functions virtualization (NFV), which realizes various security functions in the form of virtual network functions (VNFs), brings many benefits to network security. To improve the security level further, several VNFs are coordinated in a pre-defined order to form service function chains (SFCs). It is expected that the SFCs are embedded properly with low cost, including the VNF setup cost and the flow routing cost. In this paper, we find that when an SFC is required by multiple flows for the identical network security threats, the total cost could be reduced by embed:Mg an aggregated service function tree (ASFT) instead of multiple independent SFCs. We formally characterize the integer programming model of this problem and prove that it is NP-hard. Then we propose a performance-guaranteed approximation algorithm and prove that the algorithm could find the optimal solution in a special case. Extensive experiments indicate that our method can reduce the total cost by 22.0% and 24.1% against two compared algorithms, respectively.

关键词： network functions virtualization service function chain approximation algorithm

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Uninterruptible IMS: Maintaining Users Access During Faults in Virtualized IP Multimedia Subsystem

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2020年第7期38卷 1464-1477页

作者： Raza, Muhammad Taqi Lu, Songwu Univ Arizona Dept Informat Syst Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

network function virtualization (NFV) of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) pose promise to service increasing multimedia traffic demand. In this paper, we show that virtualized IMS (vIMS) is unable to provide session-level resilience under faults and becomes the bottleneck to high service availability. We propose a design to provide fault-tolerance for vIMS operations. In control-plane, our system decomposes single IMS operation into different atomic actions, and partition these actions into critical and non-critical actions. Only the critical actions are then monitored in real time and the system can easily resume IMS operations after failure. In data-plane, we decompose multimedia traffic flows and partition each multimedia service as a separate Virtualized network Function (VNF). Through data-plane partitioning, our design restricts the damage from faults to only failed VNF. Thereafter, impacted service flow is merged with other ongoing service flows. We build our system prototype of open source IMS over virtualized platform. Our results show that we can achieve session-level resilience by performing fail-over procedure within tens of milliseconds under different combinations of IMS failures in both control-plane and data-plane operations.

关键词： network functions virtualization LTE IP multimedia subsystem fault tolerance software defined networking

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Reliable Placement of Service Function Chains and Virtual Monitoring functions With Minimal Cost in Softwarized 5G networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2021年第2期18卷 1491-1507页

作者： Thiruvasagam, Prabhu Kaliyammal Chakraborty, Abhishek Mathew, Abin Murthy, C. Siva Ram Indian Inst Technol Madras Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India

network functions virtualization (NFV) allows softwarization of network functions and enables to run network functions as Virtual network Function (VNF) instances on top of the cloud infrastructure. In softwarized 5G networks, communication services can be realized through Service Function Chains (SFCs) in which multiple VNFs are connected in a sequential order as per the requirements, which offer flexibility, agility, and dynamic management and orchestration of networks. However, softwarization and cloudification of networks using NFV introduce new challenges in terms of reliability and availability due to software bugs, hardware failures, malfunction of VNFs, and service degradation. In this article, we first explore latency-aware and reliable SFC placement to meet the requirements of users and enhance the reliability of SFCs from VNF failures. Then, we focus on reliable placement of virtual monitoring functions at proximal locations of VNFs in order to identify and mitigate service degradation and security-related issues in the network. To this end, we formulate the problems as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problems to minimize the total deployment cost, and show that they are NP-hard. To overcome the high computational complexity of the ILP problems, we propose novel heuristic algorithms based on complex network theory to provide near-optimal solutions in polynomial time for large input instances. By extensive simulations, we show that our proposed algorithms provide near-optimal solution (optimality gap is 5%) in a real-world network topology.

关键词： Monitoring 5G mobile communication Cloud computing Telecommunication network reliability Software Hardware Degradation 5G network network functions virtualization virtual network function service function chain communication service virtual monitoring function reliability end-to-end latency service level agreement

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Flexible Access network Multi-Tenancy Using NFV/SDN in TWDM-PON

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 42937-42948页

作者： Pakpahan, Andrew Fernando Hwang, I-Shyan Univ Advent Indonesia Dept Informat Engn Bandung Indonesia Yuan Ze Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Taoyuan Taiwan

Over the past decade, network operators worldwide have regarded passive optical networks (PONs) as a successful access network system and the preferred technology for fiber-to-the-home/building/curb/distribution-point (FTTx) architecture. However, implementing the state-of-the-art PONs requires a high initial capital expenditure (CapEx) to deploy fiber in the field and acquires the necessary active devices. Thus, new architectures need to be developed to share the physical architecture and enable the multi-tenancy capability in a flexible way to satisfy different requirements from the operators and users. This research proposes to integrate the next-generation TWDM-PON with software-defined network (SDN) and the network function virtualization (NFV) to provide highly enhanced form of virtual unbundling of broadband access networks, enabling cost sharing and the dynamics of a competitive landscape. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture and mechanism can provide better performance in multi-tenancy condition, while guaranteeing the quality-of-service requirements in terms of the mean packet delay, jitter, throughput, and packet loss ratio.

关键词： Optical network units Optical fiber devices Passive optical networks Next generation networking Wavelength division multiplexing Broadband communication Transceivers Multi-tenancy open access network software defined network network functions virtualization TWDM-PON

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Towards a Cost Optimal Design for a 5G Mobile Core network Based on SDN and NFV

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2017年第4期14卷 1061-1075页

作者： Basta, Arsany Blenk, Andreas Hoffmann, Klaus Morper, Hans Jochen Hoffmann, Marco Kellerer, Wolfgang Tech Univ Munich Chair Commun Networks Munich Germany Nokia Bell Labs Res Dept Munich Germany Nokia Bell Labs Munich Germany Tech Univ Munich Dept Elect & Comp Engn Chair Commun Networks Munich Germany

With the rapid growth of user traffic, service innovation, and the persistent necessity to reduce costs, today's mobile operators are faced with several challenges. In networking, two concepts have emerged aiming at cost reduction, increase of network scalability and deployment flexibility, namely network functions virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined networking (SDN). NFV mitigates the dependency on hardware, where mobile network functions are deployed as software virtual network functions on commodity servers at cloud infrastructure, i.e., data centers. SDN provides a programmable and flexible network control by decoupling the mobile network functions into control plane and data plane functions. The design of the next generation mobile network (5G) requires new planning and dimensioning models to achieve a cost optimal design that supports a wide range of traffic demands. We propose three optimization models that aim at minimizing the network load cost as well as data center resources cost by finding the optimal placement of the data centers as well the SDN and NFV mobile network functions. The optimization solutions demonstrate the trade-offs between the different data center deployments, i.e., centralized or distributed, and the different cost factors, i.e., optimal network load cost or data center resources cost. We propose a Pareto optimal multi-objective model that achieves a balance between network and data center cost. Additionally, we use prior inference, based on the solutions of the single objectives, to pre-select data center locations for the multi-objective model that results in reducing the optimization complexity and achieves savings in run time while keeping a minimal optimality gap.

关键词： Software Defined networking network functions virtualization 5G mobile core network optimization

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