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A Security Management Architecture for Time Synchronization Towards High Precision networks

IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 117542-117553页

作者： Li, Hongxing Li, Dengkui Zhang, Xiaodong Shou, Guochu Hu, Yihong Liu, Yaqiong Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Beijing Key Lab Network Syst Architecture & Conve Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Informat & Commun Engn Beijing 100876 Peoples R China

Time synchronization is quickly becoming a fundamental prerequisite for a smart society. With the development of the fifth-generation (5G) network, time-sensitive networking (TSN), and the rise of high-precision networks, its accurate and reliable features have attracted an increasing amount of attention. As the most promising protocol with sub-microsecond accuracy, precision time protocol (PTP) has been widely used for network synchronization, and its proper operation and security are critical to the industries that build the infrastructure for a smart society. In order to provide synchronization security as a service, this paper presents a scheme based on software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) principles for synchronization security. Security management is built as a virtual network function (VNF), and a mitigation mechanism is proposed to detect delay attacks and generate countermeasures. Finally, we investigate the impact of random delay attacks, constant delay attacks, and linear delay attacks and verify the performance of the proposed mitigation mechanism through experiments. The results show that the scheme is capable of detecting PTP delay attacks and mitigating their impact on time synchronization.

关键词： Synchronization Delays Security Protocols Clocks Security management Computer architecture Time synchronization delay attacks precision time protocol software-defined networking network functions virtualization time-sensitive networking high precision communication

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Evolvable Virtual network Function Placement Method: Mechanism and Performance Evaluation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2019年第1期16卷 27-40页

作者： Otokura, Mari Leibnitz, Kenji Koizumi, Yuki Kominami, Daichi Shimokawa, Tetsuya Murata, Masayuki Osaka Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol Ctr Informat & Neural Networks Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Osaka Univ Grad Sch Econ Toyonaka Campus Toyonaka Osaka 5600043 Japan

In network functions virtualization (NFV), network functions are operated in software as virtual network functions (VNFs) instead of dedicated hardware. The most important issues that need to be addressed in NFV are where the VNFs should be placed in the network, as well as what amount of resources should be assigned to each VNF. Evolvable VNF placement (EvoVNFP) is a meta-algorithm that we previously proposed for controlling an underlying iterative VNF placement method. EvoVNFP realizes better adaptability to regular demand changes by mimicking biological evolution under time-varying environments leading to faster generation of placements. We provide detailed evaluation studies about the mechanism of EvoVNFP and show that iterative placement methods combined with EvoVNFP can generate placements that adapt better to varying goals because of triggers. Numerical results verify that EvoVNFP is able to reduce the required number of calculation steps by up to 48%.

关键词： network functions virtualization software defined networks evolution modularly varying goals

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Energy-delay-aware VNF scheduling: a reinforcement learning approach with hierarchical reward enhancement

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CLUSTER COMPUTING-THE JOURNAL OF networkS SOFTWARE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第6期27卷 7657-7671页

作者： Yang, Xi-Wei Wu, Xiao-Chun Shao, Yue Tang, Gan Zhejiang Gongshang Univ Dept Informat & Elect Engn Hangzhou 310020 Zhejiang Peoples R China

network functions virtualization (NFV) is a technology that virtualizes network functions into virtual network functions (VNF) to deliver communication services. Efficient and flexible VNF scheduling is an important way to improve network resource utilization, reduce costs, and provide better service quality. With the development of artificial intelligence, network equipment is no longer just a forwarding node, but also a computing node. Therefore, energy consumption will become an important indicator that needs to be considered in the VNF scheduling problem. In this paper, we aim to realize VNF scheduling with minimizes idle energy loss (IEL) of NFV nodes and the makespan (i.e., overall completion time) for all services. The problem can be formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP), and the complexity of the problem grows exponentially as the size of the network scale increases. To solve this problem efficiently and flexibly, we treat MILP as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and design an reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to solve the MDP problem. Specifically, the algorithm utilizes a hierarchical reward enhancement (HRE) mechanism, called RL-HRE. In addition, a weighted reward function is carefully designed in the proposed algorithm to achieve flexible energy-delay-aware VNF scheduling. The simulation results show that RL-HRE is superior to other comparative algorithms in terms of solution accuracy and time complexity.

关键词： network functions virtualization VNF scheduling Mixed integer linear program Reinforcement learning

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Refactoring network functions Modules to Reduce Latencies and Improve Fault Tolerance in NFV

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第10期36卷 2275-2287页

作者： Raza, Muhammad Taqi Lu, Songwu Gerla, Mario Li, Xi Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Univ Sci & Technol China Sch Software Engn Hefei 230000 Anhui Peoples R China

network functions virtualization (NFV) allows service providers to deliver new services to their customers more quickly by adopting software-centric network functions implementation over commercial, off-the-shelf hardwares. This NFV-based software-centric approach cannot use dedicated mechanisms implemented over custom built boxes to reduce latencies and tolerate faults. We present a case study of IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), which is the most complex NFV instance, requires extremely low end-to-end latency (40 msec), and demands system availability as high as five nines. Through an empirical study, we discover that highly modular IMS network functions implementation over virtualized platform: 1) incurs latencies and 2) does not tolerate faults. NFV-based IMS modules incur high latencies by creating a feedback loop among each other while executing delay sensitive data-plane traffic. These IMS modules are also susceptible to failure, causing the control-plane to terminate the application session while keeping the data-plane to forward data packets. To address these issues, we propose to refactor network function modules. We reduce latencies by pipelining the IMS modules, and recover failed modules by reconfiguring their neighboring modules. We build our system prototype of open source IMS over OpenStack platform. Our results show that our scheme reduces latencies and failure recovery time up to 12x and 10x, respectively, when compared with the state-of-the-art virtualized IMS implementation.

关键词： network functions virtualization LTE IP multimedia subsystem fault tolerance software defined networking

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A Survey of Securing networks Using Software Defined networking

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 2015年第3期64卷 1086-1097页

作者： Ali, Syed Taha Sivaraman, Vijay Radford, Adam Jha, Sanjay Newcastle Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU Tyne & Wear England Univ New S Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Cisco Syst Sydney NSW 2060 Australia

Software Defined networking (SDN) is rapidly emerging as a new paradigm for managing and controlling the operation of networks ranging from the data center to the core, enterprise, and home. The logical centralization of network intelligence presents exciting challenges and opportunities to enhance security in such networks, including new ways to prevent, detect, and react to threats, as well as innovative security services and applications that are built upon SDN capabilities. In this paper, we undertake a comprehensive survey of recent works that apply SDN to security, and identify promising future directions that can be addressed by such research.

关键词： Anonymization data offloading network functions virtualization network security network verification software defined networking threat detection threat remediation

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New Trends in Over the Top Media Service (OTT) Web User Behaviour Analysis and Unethical User Prediction

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MOBILE networkS & APPLICATIONS 2023年 1-17页

作者： Nguyen, Ha Huy Cuong Grzonka, Daniel Khoa, Bui Thanh Sagar, K. V. Daya Abbasi, Irshad Ahmed Mahaveerakannan, R. Alkhayyat, Ahmed Univ Danang Da Nang Vietnam Cracow Univ Technol Krakow Poland Ind Univ Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh Vietnam Koneru Lakshmaiah Educ Fdn Dept Elect & Commun Engn Vaddeswaram Andhra Prades India Belqarn Univ Bisha Fac Sci & Arts Dept Comp Sci Sabt Al Alaya 61985 Saudi Arabia Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci Saveetha Sch Engn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai Tamil Nadu India Islamic Univ Coll Tech Engn Najaf Iraq

This research shows unethical user prediction on the peer-to-peer content delivery network against the Over-The-Top media service (OTT). The Web User Behaviour Analysis and unethical user prediction are performed based on the OTT multimedia service platform. The Analysis and unethical user prediction contain the four stages of processing. Firstly "Peer to Peer Content Delivery network" is used to provide services and ideal resources (User). It uses ResourceCache: an optimized algorithm for giving efficient CDN-based over-the-top video streaming services. Secondly, "Selective destination Bitrate-adaptivity" is employed to provide the OTT Service (Devices). It utilizes bitrate adaptivity to improve the adaptivity of Over-The-Top Television systems. Thirdly, the "network functions virtualization (NFV)" enabled multi-access edge data centers to embed to maintain sufficient data about users and their respective devices. It uses the QoE-based Load Balancing of OTT video content in CDN networks to improve the QoE of OTT multimedia services in wireless scenarios. Finally, the efficient "Review of Recommender System" are taken to collect feedback about services and subscription. It is most useful to check unethical user access. The performance result of the proposed system conceives the analysis based on web users' behavior prediction accuracy of 76%, Average precision of 67.8%, Average recall of 74.2%, and Average f1-measures of 85.9% against the performance of unethical user prediction.

关键词： Bitrate-adaptivity Content delivery network network functions virtualization Over-the-top media service Quality of experience and user prediction

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Service Function Chaining in MEC: A Mean-Field Game and Reinforcement Learning Approach

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IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2022年第4期16卷 5357-5368页

作者： Abouaomar, Amine Cherkaoui, Soumaya Mlika, Zoubeir Kobbane, Abdellatif Univ Sherbrooke INTERLAB Fac Engn Sherbrooke PQ J1K 2R1 Canada Mohammed V Univ Rabat ENSIAS Rabat 6533 Morocco

Multiaccess edge computing (MEC) and network virtualization technologies are important enablers for fifth generation networks to deliver diverse services. Services are often provided as fully connected virtual network functions (VNFs), through service function chaining (SFC). However, the problem of allocating SFC resources at the edge still faces many challenges related to the way VNFs are placed, chained, and scheduled. In this article, to solve these problems, we propose a game theory-based approach with the objective to reduce service latency in the context of SFC at the edge. The problem of allocating SFC resources can be divided into two subproblems: 1) the VNF placement and routing subproblem, and 2) the VNF scheduling subproblem. For the former subproblem, we formulate it as a mean-field game in which VNFs are contending over edge resources aiming at reducing the resource consumption of MEC nodes and reducing latency for users. We also propose a reinforcement learning-based technique, where the Ishikawa--Mann learning algorithm is used. For the later subproblem, we formulate it as a matching game between VFNs and edge resources to find the execution order of the VNFs while reducing the latency. To efficiently solve it, we propose a modified version of the many-to-one deferred acceptance algorithm (DAA), called the enhanced multistep DAA. To illustrate the performance of the proposed approaches, we perform extensive simulations. The results show that the approaches achieve up to 40% less resource consumption, and up to 38% less latency than the benchmarked state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： Scheduling Games virtualization Service function chaining Resource management Routing Processor scheduling Edge computing game theory network functions virtualization resource allocation provisioning service function chaining

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A Reliability-Aware, Delay Guaranteed, and Resource Efficient Placement of Service Function Chains in Softwarized 5G networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CLOUD COMPUTING 2022年第3期10卷 1515-1531页

作者： Thiruvasagam, Prabhu Kaliyammal Kotagi, Vijeth J. Murthy, C. Siva Ram Indian Inst Technol Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India

network functions virtualization (NFV) allows flexibility, scalability, agility, and easy manageability of networks by leveraging the features of virtualization and cloud computing technologies. However, softwarization of network functions imposes many challenges. Reliability and latency are major challenges in NFV-enabled 5G networks that can lead to customer dissatisfaction and revenue loss. In general, redundancy is used to improve the reliability of communication services. However, redundancy requires the same amount of additional resources and thus increases cost. In this article, we address the reliability-aware, delay guaranteed, and resource efficient Service Function Chain (SFC) placement problem in softwarized 5G networks. First, we propose a novel SFC subchaining method to enhance the reliability of an SFC without backups. If reliability requirement is not met after subchaining method, we add backups to VNFs to meet the reliability requirement. Then, we formulate the reliable SFC placement problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem in order to solve it optimally. Owing to high computational complexity of the ILP problem for solving large input instances, we propose a modified stable matching algorithm to provide near-optimal solution in polynomial time. By extensive simulations we show that our proposed solutions consume lesser physical resources compared to state-of-the-art solutions for provisioning reliable communication services.

关键词： 5G network communication service network functions virtualization virtual network function service function chaining reliability resource management service level agreement SFC placement

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5G-Slicing-Enabled Scalable SDN Core network: Toward an Ultra-Low Latency of Autonomous Driving Service

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2019年第8期37卷 1769-1782页

作者： Chekired, Djabir Abdeldjalil Togou, Mohammed Amine Khoukhi, Lyes Ksentini, Adlen Univ Technol Troyes Charles Delaunay Inst Auton Networking Environm F-10004 Troyes France Dublin City Univ Performance Engn Lab Sch Elect Engn Dublin D09 E8H4 Ireland EURECOM Commun Syst Dept F-06410 Sophia Antipolis France

5G networks are anticipated to support a plethora of innovative and promising network services. These services have heterogeneous performance requirements (e.g., high-rate traffic, low latency, and high reliability). To meet them, 5G networks are entailed to endorse flexibility that can be fulfilled through the deployment of new emerging technologies, mainly software-defined networking (SDN), network functions virtualization (NFV), and network slicing. In this paper, we focus on an interesting automotive vertical use case: autonomous vehicles. Our aim is to enhance the quality of service of autonomous driving application. To this end, we design a framework that uses the aforementioned technologies to enhance the quality of service of the autonomous driving application. The framework is made of 1) a distributed and scalable SDN core network architecture that deploys fog, edge and cloud computing technologies;2) a network slicing function that maps autonomous driving functionalities into service slices;and 3) a network and service slicing system model that promotes a four-layer logical architecture to improve the transmission efficiency and satisfy the low latency constraint. In addition, we present a theoretical analysis of the propagation delay and the handling latency based on GI/M/1 queuing system. Simulation results show that our framework meets the low-latency requirement of the autonomous driving application as it incurs low propagation delay and handling latency for autonomous driving traffic compared to best-effort traffic.

关键词： 5G networks autonomous driving network functions virtualization network slicing software-defined networking

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Resilient and Latency-Aware Orchestration of network Slices Using Multi-Connectivity in MEC-Enabled 5G networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON network AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2021年第3期18卷 2502-2514页

作者： Thiruvasagam, Prabhu Kaliyammal Chakraborty, Abhishek Murthy, C. Siva Ram Indian Inst Technol Madras Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India

network slicing and multi-access edge computing (MEC) are new paradigms which play key roles in 5G and beyond networks. In particular, network slicing allows network operators (NOs) to divide the available network resources into multiple logical network slices (NSs) for providing dedicated virtual networks tailored to the specific service/business requirements. MEC enables NOs to provide diverse ultra-low latency services for supporting the needs of different industry verticals by moving computing facilities to the network edge. An NS can be constructed/deployed by instantiating a set of virtual network functions (VNFs) on top of MEC cloud servers for provisioning diverse latency-sensitive/time-critical communication services (e.g., autonomous driving and augmented reality) on demand at a lesser cost and time. However, VNFs, MEC cloud servers, and communication links are subject to failures due to software bugs, misconfiguration, overloading, hardware faults, cyber attacks, power outage, and natural/man-made disaster. Failure of a critical network component disrupts services abruptly and leads to users' dissatisfaction, which may result in revenue loss for the NOs. In this paper, we present a novel approach based on multi-connectivity in 5G networks to tackle this problem and our proposed approach is resilient against i) failure of VNFs, ii) failure of local servers within MEC, iii) failure of communication links, and iv) failure of an entire MEC cloud facility in regional level. To this end, we formulate the problem as a binary integer programming (BIP) model in order to optimally deploy NSs with the minimum cost, and prove it is NP-hard. Since the exact optimal solution for the NP-hard problem cannot be efficiently computed in polynomial time, we propose an efficient genetic algorithm based heuristic to obtain near-optimal solution in polynomial time. By extensive simulations, we show that our proposed approach not only reduces resource wastage, but also improves

关键词： 5G mobile communication Cloud computing Servers Resilience Base stations Industries Software 5G network network functions virtualization virtual network function network slicing multi-access edge computing ultra-low latency resiliency availability multi-connectivity genetic algorithm

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