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Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system through large-scale systems neuroscience

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2016年第27期113卷 7337-7344页

作者： Hawrylycz, Michael Anastassiou, Costas Arkhipov, Anton Berg, Jim Buice, Michael Cain, Nicholas Gouwens, Nathan W. Gratiy, Sergey Iyer, Ramakrishnan Lee, Jung Hoon Mihalas, Stefan Mitelut, Catalin Olsen, Shawn Reid, R. Clay Teeter, Corinne de Vries, Saskia Waters, Jack Zeng, Hongkui Koch, Christof Allen Inst Brain Sci Project MindScope Seattle WA 98103 USA

The scientific mission of the Project MindScope is to understand neocortex, the part of the mammalian brain that gives rise to perception, memory, intelligence, and consciousness. We seek to quantitatively evaluate the hypothesis that neocortex is a relatively homogeneous tissue, with smaller functional modules that perform a common computational function replicated across regions. We here focus on the mouse as a mammalian model organism with genetics, physiology, and behavior that can be readily studied and manipulated in the laboratory. We seek to describe the operation of cortical circuitry at the computational level by comprehensively cataloging and characterizing its cellular building blocks along with their dynamics and their cell type-specific connectivities. The project is also building large-scale experimental platforms (i.e., brain observatories) to record the activity of large populations of cortical neurons in behaving mice subject to visual stimuli. A primary goal is to understand the series of operations from visual input in the retina to behavior by observing and modeling the physical transformations of signals in the corticothalamic system. We here focus on the contribution that computer modeling and theory make to this long-term effort.

关键词： neocortex computation visual system simulation neural coding

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Feeling form: the neural basis of haptic shape perception

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2016年第2期115卷 631-642页

作者： Yau, Jeffrey M. Kim, Sung Soo Thakur, Pramodsingh H. Bensmaia, Sliman J. Baylor Coll Med Dept Neurosci One Baylor Plaza T115F Houston TX 77030 USA Howard Hughes Med Inst Janelia Res Campus Ashburn VA USA Boston Sci Corp St Paul MN USA Univ Chicago Dept Organismal Biol & Anat 1025 E 57Th St Chicago IL 60637 USA

The tactile perception of the shape of objects critically guides our ability to interact with them. In this review, we describe how shape information is processed as it ascends the somatosensory neuraxis of primates. At the somatosensory periphery, spatial form is represented in the spatial patterns of activation evoked across populations of mechanoreceptive afferents. In the cerebral cortex, neurons respond selectively to particular spatial features, like orientation and curvature. While feature selectivity of neurons in the earlier processing stages can be understood in terms of linear receptive field models, higher order somatosensory neurons exhibit nonlinear response properties that result in tuning for more complex geometrical features. In fact, tactile shape processing bears remarkable analogies to its visual counterpart and the two may rely on shared neural circuitry. Furthermore, one of the unique aspects of primate somatosensation is that it contains a deformable sensory sheet. Because the relative positions of cutaneous mechanoreceptors depend on the conformation of the hand, the haptic perception of three-dimensional objects requires the integration of cutaneous and proprioceptive signals, an integration that is observed throughout somatosensory cortex.

关键词： neurophysiology touch neural coding shape perception tactile objects

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Separate functions for responses to oral temperature in thermo-gustatory and trigeminal neurons

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CHEMICAL SENSES 2016年第5期41卷 457-471页

作者： Lemon, Christian H. Kang, Yi Li, Jinrong Univ Oklahoma Dept Biol 730 Van Vleet Oval Norman OK 73019 USA

Oral temperature is a component and modifier of taste perception. Both trigeminal (V) and taste-sensitive cells, including those in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), can respond to oral temperature. However, functional associations in thermal sensitivity between V and gustatory neurons are poorly understood. To study this we recorded electrophysiological responses to oral stimulation with cool (9, 15, 25, 32, and 34 A degrees C) and warm (40 and 45 A degrees C) temperatures from medullary V (n = 45) and taste-sensitive NTS (n = 27) neurons in anesthetized mice. Results showed temperatures below 34 A degrees C activated the majority of V neurons but only a minority of NTS units. V neurons displayed larger responses to cooling and responded to temperatures that poorly stimulated NTS cells. Multivariate analyses revealed different temperatures induced larger differences in responses across V compared with NTS neurons, indicating V pathways possess greater capacity to signal temperature. Conversely, responses to temperature in NTS units associated with gustatory tuning. Further analyses identified two types of cooling-sensitive V neurons oriented toward innocuous or noxious cooling. Multivariate analyses indicated the combined response of these cells afforded distinction among a broad range of cool temperatures, suggesting multiple types of V neurons work together to represent oral cooling.

关键词： multisensory neural coding nucleus of the solitary tract taste temperature trigeminal

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Pluralistic Mechanism

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THEORIA-REVISTA DE TEORIA HISTORIA Y FUNDAMENTOS DE LA CIENCIA 2017年第2期32卷 161-175页

作者： Wajnerman Paz, Abel Univ Buenos Aires Fac Filosofia & Letras Inst Filosofia Dr Alejandro Korn Puan 4804to PisoOf 431 RA-1406 Buenos Aires DF Argentina

An argument recently proposed by Chirimuuta (2014) seems to motivate the rejection of the claims that every neurocognitive phenomenon can have a mechanistic explanation and that every neurocognitive explanation is mechanistic. In this paper, I focus on efficient coding models involving the so-called "canonical neural computations" and argue that although they imply some form of pluralism, they are compatible with two mechanistic generalizations: all neurocognitive explanations are (at least in part) mechanistic;and all neurocognitive phenomena that have an explanation have (at least) a purely mechanistic explanation.

关键词： mechanism pluralism efficient coding neural computation neural coding

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Neurons in primary visual cortex represent distribution of luminance

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PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS 2016年第18期4卷 12966-12966页

作者： Wang, Yong Wang, Yi Chinese Acad Sci Inst Biophys State Key Lab Brain & Cognit Sci 15 Datun Rd Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China

To efficiently detect a wide range of light-intensity changes, visual neurons must adapt to ambient luminance. However, how neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) code the distribution of luminance remains unknown. We designed stimuli that represent rapid changes in luminance under different luminance distributions and investigated V1 neuron responses to these novel stimuli. We demonstrate that V1 neurons represent luminance changes by dynamically adjusting their responses when the luminance distribution changes. Many cells (35%) detected luminance changes by responding to dark stimuli when the distribution was dominated by bright stimuli, bright stimuli when dominated by dark stimuli, and both dark and bright stimuli when dominated by intermediate luminance stimuli;13% of cells signaled the mean luminance that was varied with different distributions;the remaining 52% of cells gradually shifted the responses that were most sensitive to luminance changes when the luminance distribution varied. The remarkable response changes of the former two cell groups suggest their crucial roles in detecting luminance changes. These response characteristics demonstrate that V1 neurons are not only sensitive to luminance change, but also luminance distribution change. They encode luminance changes according to the luminance distribution. Mean cells represent the prevailing luminance and reversal cells represent the salient stimuli in the environment.

关键词： Extracellular recording luminance distribution neural coding primary visual cortex

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A neural Assembly-Based View on Word Production: The Bilingual Test Case

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LANGUAGE LEARNING 2016年第Sup2期66卷 92-131页

作者： Strijkers, Kristof Lab Parole & Langage Aix En Provence France

I will propose a tentative framework of how words in two languages could be organized in the cerebral cortex based on neural assembly theory, according to which neurons that fire synchronously are bound into large-scale distributed functional units (assemblies), which represent a mental event as a whole ("gestalt"). For language this means a word is engendered by widely distributed cell assemblies in which the different linguistic constituents are grouped together in action-perception circuits and become activated in parallel. In this article I will discuss the advantages of assembly coding over the traditional hierarchical convergence scheme. Recent evidence from language comprehension and production supporting the notion of neural assemblies representing words are discussed and a spatiotemporal model for word production based on this concept is presented. Finally, I will show how this view may be generalized to bilingualism and explain mechanistically some key phenomena in the literature.

关键词： language production bilingualism neural coding binding problems cell assemblies

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neural coding properties based on spike timing and pattern correlation of retinal ganglion cells

Neural coding properties based on spike timing and pattern c...

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中国神经科学学会第九届全国学术会议暨第五次会员代表大会

作者： Han-Yan GONG,Ying-Ying ZHANG,Pei-Ji LIANG,Pu-Ming ZHANG~* School of Biomedical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China

Objective It has been already known that stimulus information is represented with various rules in neuron spike trains called neural *** aim for understanding neural coding is to explore the distinct relationship between stimulus and the individual or ensemble neural *** between spike trains or neurons sometimes indicates certain neural coding rules in the visual *** relationship between spike timing correlation and pattern correlation is discussed,and their ability to represent stimulus features is compared to examine their coding strategies not only in individual neurons but also in *** Two kinds of stimuli,natural movies and checkerboard,are used to arouse firing activities in chicken retinal ganglion *** spike timing correlation and pattern correlation are calculated by cross-correlation function and Lempel-Ziv distance *** According to the correlation values,it is demonstrated that spike trains with similar spike patterns are not necessarily concerted in firing ***,spike pattern correlation values between individual neurons' responses reflect the difference of natural movies and checkerboard;neurons cooperate with each other with higher pattern correlation values which represent spatiotemporal correlations during response to natural *** timing does not reflect stimulus features as obvious as spike patterns,caused by their particular coding properties or physiological foundation. Conclusion Separating the pattern correlation out of traditional timing correlation concept uncover additional insight in neural coding.

关键词： neural coding spike pattern correlation spike timing correlation cross-correlation Lempel-Ziv distance

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Burst Firing in the Electrosensory System of Gymnotiform Weakly Electric Fish: Mechanisms and Functional Roles

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FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016年第AUG期10卷 81页

作者： Metzen, Michael G. Krahe, Rudiger Chacron, Maurice J. McGill Univ Dept Physiol Montreal PQ Canada McGill Univ Dept Biol Montreal PQ Canada

Neurons across sensory systems and organisms often display complex patterns of action potentials in response to sensory input. One example of such a pattern is the tendency of neurons to fire packets of action potentials (i.e., a burst) followed by quiescence. While it is well known that multiple mechanisms can generate bursts of action potentials at both the single-neuron and the network level, the functional role of burst firing in sensory processing is not so well understood to date. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the known mechanisms and functions of burst firing in processing of electrosensory stimuli in gymnotiform weakly electric fish. We also present new evidence from existing data showing that bursts and isolated spikes provide distinct information about stimulus variance. It is likely that these functional roles will be generally applicable to other systems and species.

关键词： burst firing weakly electric fish feature detection directional selectivity neural coding envelope

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Measuring the Performance of neural Models

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FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016年第FEB期10卷 10页

作者： Schoppe, Oliver Harper, Nicol S. Willmore, Ben D. B. King, Andrew J. Schnupp, Jan W. H. Univ Oxford Dept Physiol Anat & Genet Oxford England Tech Univ Munich Bioinspired Informat Proc Garching Germany

Good metrics of the performance of a statistical or computational model are essential for model comparison and selection. Here, we address the design of performance metrics for models that aim to predict neural responses to sensory inputs. This is particularly difficult because the responses of sensory neurons are inherently variable, even in response to repeated presentations of identical stimuli. In this situation, standard metrics (such as the correlation coefficient) fail because they do not distinguish between explainable variance (the part of the neural response that is systematically dependent on the stimulus) and response variability (the part of the neural response that is not systematically dependent on the stimulus, and cannot be explained by modeling the stimulus-response relationship). As a result, models which perfectly describe the systematic stimulus-response relationship may appear to perform poorly. Two metrics have previously been proposed which account for this inherent variability: Signal Power Explained (SPE, Sahani and Linden, 2003), and the normalized correlation coefficient (CCnorm, Hsu et al., 2004). Here, we analyze these metrics, and show that they are intimately related. However, SPE has no lower bound, and we show that, even for good models, SPE can yield negative values that are difficult to interpret. CCnorm is better behaved in that it is effectively bounded between 1 and 1, and values below zero are very rare in practice and easy to interpret. However, it was hitherto not possible to calculate CCnorm directly;instead, it was estimated using imprecise and laborious resampling techniques. Here, we identify a new approach that can calculate CCnorm quickly and accurately. As a result, we argue that it is now a better choice of metric than SPE to accurately evaluate the performance of neural models.

关键词： sensory neuron receptive field signal power model selection statistical modeling neural coding

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FLUCTUATION SCALING IN neural SPIKE TRAINS

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MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2016年第3期13卷 537-550页

作者： Koyama, Shinsuke Kobayashi, Ryota Inst Stat Math Dept Stat Modeling 10-3 Midoricho Tachikawa Tokyo Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI Dept Stat Sci 10-3 Midoricho Tachikawa Tokyo Japan Natl Inst Informat Principles Informat Res Div Chiyoda Ku 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi Tokyo Japan Grad Univ Adv Studies Dept Informat SOKENDAI Chiyoda Ku 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi Tokyo Japan

Fluctuation scaling has been observed universally in a wide variety of phenomena. In time series that describe sequences of events, fluctuation scaling is expressed as power function relationships between the mean and variance of either inter-event intervals or counting statistics, depending on measurement variables. In this article, fluctuation scaling has been formulated for a series of events in which scaling laws in the inter-event intervals and counting statistics were related. We have considered the first-passage time of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and used a conductance-based neuron model with excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to demonstrate the emergence of fluctuation scaling with various exponents, depending on the input regimes and the ratio between excitation and inhibition. Furthermore, we have discussed the possible implication of these results in the context of neural coding.

关键词： neural coding Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process first-passage time spike train statistics single neuron models

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