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SERIAL DEPENDENCIES AND MARKOV PROPERTIES OF NEURONAL INTERSPIKE INTERVALS FROM RAT CEREBELLUM

BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN 1982年第2期8卷 163-169页

作者： SHERRY, CJ BARROW, DL KLEMM, WR TEXAS A&M UNIV DEPT BIOL COLLEGE STN TX 77843 USA TEXAS A&M UNIV DEPT MATH COLLEGE STN TX 77843 USA TEXAS A&M UNIV DEPT VET ANAT COLLEGE STN TX 77843 USA

Three different approaches, each with different theoretical assumptions, were used to show that mammalian neuronal spike trains contain serial ordering. When intervals are categorized according to whether their durations are short, medium or long, sequential groupings of adjacent interval categories exhibit Markov dependencies, extending to at least the 4th order. The observed incidence of specified patterns of these groups of adjacent interval categories differs from the independent case, based on Chi square goodness-of-fit tests, and by using similar procedures. There is divergence from independence when adjacent interval patterns are described in terms of relative lengths of adjacent intervals. The statistical indicators of serial dependence were significantly greater when applied to the original data than when applied to the same data after shuffling. Each of these approaches leads to the notion that information is carried in clusters of adjacent intervals (bytes or words) and the specific patterns of interspike intervals which contribute most to the statistical significance (i.e., those clusters that are potential candidates for information carriers). In most of the 10 neurons, the memory of the system appears to be at least 36-45 ms.

关键词： Markov chain Relative interval code neural coding Unit activity Information processing Serial dependency

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PERIPHERAL neural BASIS OF TACTILE SENSATIONS IN MAN .2. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN MECHANORECEPTORS IN THE HAIRY SKIN AND CORRELATIONS OF THEIR ACTIVITY WITH TACTILE SENSATIONS

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BRAIN RESEARCH 1981年第1期219卷 13-27页

作者： JARVILEHTO, T HAMALAINEN, H SOININEN, K Department of Psychology Experimental Laboratories Ritarikatu 5 SF-00170 Helsinki 17 Finland

Properties of the human mechanoreceptors in the hairy skin of the back of the hand were studied by microelectrode measurements from the radial nerve. Correlations of unit activity with sensations elicited by tactile pulses (single cycle sinusoids of 20, 60 and 150 Hz) were examined with simultaneous measurements of unit activity and sensation thresholds and magnitude. A total of 264 mechanoreceptive units was identified. Of all units, 66% were classified as slowly adapting (SA) and 34% as rapidly adapting (RA) units. Mechanical thresholds of the units as well as simultaneously measured sensation thresholds decreased with increasing frequency of the pulse. The thresholds of several SA units were identical with the subjective thresholds. The responses of the units to supraliminal pulses consisted maximally of 7 impulses. Most SAI and RA units were able to code to some extent the stimulus amplitude on the basis of number of impulses, but only RA units had stimulus-response functions indicating velocity coding. Comparisons of the estimates of sensation magnitude with the number of impulses in the response indicated that the estimate may be based mainly on activity in a population of RA units. The comparison of the present results with earlier reports on properties of receptors in the glabrous skin of the human hand indicates that there are some differences between the characteristics of receptors in the hairy and glabrous skin. Human receptors in the hairy skin do not seem to differ from the corresponding receptors in the animals.

关键词： skin mechanoreceptors touch man neural coding

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BEHAVIORAL SUPPORT FOR A neural TASTE THEORY

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PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1974年第3期12卷 413-417页

作者： SCOTT, TR UNIV DELAWARE DEPT PSYCHOLNEWARKDE 19711

The time required for rats to make a behavioral taste discrimination was predicted from neural discharge rates and tested using conditioned aversion. Predictions were based on the hypothesis that the responses evoked from a neural population by two different chemicals must diverge by a certain critical total number of spikes before the chemicals are discriminable. This total could be derived from the responses of all neurons in the population. Behavioral discrimination times generally supported predictions made from second-order (bulbar) neural responses, but were ambiguous concerning predictions based on fourth-order (thalamic) responses. The implications of these results for the possible functions of bulbar and thalamic taste neurons is discussed.

关键词： Taste Sensory quality neural coding Psychophysics

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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF FLICKER PERCEPTION IN CAT

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PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1972年第4期8卷 603-&页

作者： SCHWARTZ, AS Division of Neurobiology Barrow Neurological Institute of St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix Arizona U.S.A.

The roles of the geniculostriate system and the superior colliculus in determining the critical flicker frequency (CFF) in cats were studied by subtotal lesions and electrical recordings in these respective areas. Lesions in the former uniformly decreased CFF; lesions in the latter usually were followed by increased CFF, which could have been due to continued training. These results suggested that the geniculostriate system mediated high frequencies of flicker, while the colliculus could mediate only lower frequencies. Photic following activity, defined as time-integrated power measurements of the fundamental flicker frequencies in the EEGs of these two areas, occurred reliably at suprathreshold frequencies in the cortex and at much lower frequencies in the colliculus. A quantitative relationship between CFF and photic following activity by these visual mechanisms was also noted. The data further support the view that the function of these visual components in the determination of CFF in the intact cat differ, and suggest the possibility that the colliculus may serve as a filter to limit the the discrimination of high flicker rates.

关键词： Critical flicker frequency neural coding EEG Photic following Visual mechanisms

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF neural coding IN GUSTATION

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PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1968年第1期3卷 1-+页

作者： MARSHALL, DA Department of Biology Clark University Worcester Massachusetts USA

The broad responsiveness of single taste fibers to different classes of chemical stimuli has provided strong evidence against interpretations according to the classical doctrine of quality-specific fiber types. An alternative suggested by Pfaffmann was later developed as an "across-fiber patterning'' model by Erickson. Rats were found able to behaviorally discriminate among taste stimuli in accord with predictions based on comparing the responses of many single fibers to several different stimuli;with many fibers responding to a particular stimulus, the differential responsiveness of each fiber to a number of stimuli thus appeared to be the basis for encoding stimulus quality. The replicability and generality of Erickson''s finding was tested using the Virginia opossum as an experimental subject;a behavioral measure suitable to this species was developed for the purpose. The results are in aggrement with those obtained from rats and offer evidence for the generality of across-fiber pattern coding in mammalian gustation. Although certain differences appear in comparing single fiber data from rat and opossum, results of a "neural response function" analysis do not suggest any fundamental differences in the gustatory coding mechanisms of the 2 species.

关键词： Comparative psychology Gustation neural coding neural response function Operant discrimination Opossum Sensory coding Specific nerve energies

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PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF BRIEF STIMULI INTERACTING WITH HYPERPOLARIZING RESPONSE

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PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1968年第6期3卷 845-+页

作者： WASSERMAN, GS Ophthalmology Branch National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland 20014 USA

Application of a brief stimulus produces long-lasting changes in the transmembrane potential of a Limulus retinular cell when steady hyperpolarizing current is also being applied. The steady current holds the cell in one of two stable states, depending upon current strength. Any brief stimulus can trigger the cell from either state into the other for long periods of time, after which the cell returns to the pre-stimulus state. A sensitivity change is associated with the state change; this suggests that such activity might be a means of information storage.

关键词： Unit activity neural coding Memory Limulus

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DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN EQUIMOLAR NACL AND LICL SOLUTIONS BY ANOSMIC ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS

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PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1968年第6期3卷 887-&页

作者： HARRIMAN, AE NANCE, DM MILNER, JS Department of Psychology Oklahoma State University Stillwater 74074 USA

Laboratory rats, either made anosmic or subjected to sham operations, were later rendered capable of discriminative preference for NaCl over an equimolar LiCl solution. During a series of two-bottle tests (NaCl opposite LiCl), the importance of olfaction relative to that of taste in the discrimination was determined by such measures as initial fluid intakes, first min alternations, and first min fluid intakes. The rats proved able to distinguish by taste between the solutions, and olfactory cues were neither required nor important in the discrimination.

关键词： Lithium chloride Olfaction neural coding Preference Sodium chloride Taste

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MEMBRANE EXCITABILITY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERPOLARIZING RESPONSE

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PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1970年第5期5卷 601-+页

作者： WASSERMAN, GS Psychology Department University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin U.S.A.

The hyperpolarizing response (HPR), an increase in membrane resistance elicited by extrinsic current, is associated with an inexcitable state of the neuronal membrane. This change in membrane excitability suggests a m... 详细信息

关键词： Unit activity neural coding Memory Short-term memory Limulus

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The sense of flutter-vibration evoked by stimulation of the hairy skin of primates: Comparison of human sensory capacity with the responses of mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the hairy skin of monkeys

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Experimental Brain Research 1969年第3期9卷 236-260页

作者： Merzenich, Michael M. Harrington, Thomas Department of Physiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland United States Laboratory of Neurophysiology 283 Medical Sciences Building University of Wisconsin Madison 53706 Wisc. United States

We have studied the response properties of peripheral myelinated fibers ending in the hairy skin of the Rhesus monkey, activated by sinusoidal mechanical stimulation. In parallel experiments we measured thresholds of the sensations evoked in man by identical stimuli, delivered under similar conditions to corresponding areas of the hairy skin. We found that the sense of low frequency vibration (i. e., flutter) depends upon activity in rapidly adapting alpha fibers which end in or about the hair follicles. High frequency vibration is signalled by Pacinian afferents whose terminals lie deep to the skin itself. These two sets of fibers, by reason of their discharge patterns and differential sensitivities in different frequency ranges, are thought to provide the essential first order input for the human sense of vibration evoked by stimulation of the hairy skin. Rapidly adapting cutaneous afferents of the delta size and two classes of slowly adapting alpha fibers are also entrained by mechanical sinusoids, but are thought not to contribute to vibratory sensibility. Our findings support the proposition that the sensitivity of humans to oscillatory mechanical stimuli at different frequencies, and the quality of the sensations evoked by them, are determined in the first instance by the properties of two distinct sets of peripheral afferent fibers. © 1969 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Cutaneous sensibility neural coding Neurophysiology Psychophysics Vibration

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neural coding in the sense of touch: Human sensations of skin indentation compared with the responses of slowly adapting mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the hairy skin of monkeys

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Experimental Brain Research 1970年第3期10卷 251-264页

作者： Harrington, Thomas Merzenich, Michael M. Department of Physiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland United States Laboratory of Neurophysiology 283 Medical Sciences Building University of Wisconsin Madison 53706 Wisconsin United States Department of Psychology University of Nevada Reno Nevada United States

The human capacity to scale the intensity of brief mechanical indentations of the hairy skin was measured by the method of subjective magnitude estimation. The afferent discharges evoked by nearly identical stimuli delivered to comparable locations on the hairy skin in monkeys were recorded in a number of types of first-order mechanoreceptive afferents. It was shown that of these only those which adapt slowly to mechanical stimuli possess sufficient dynamic range of response to account for the range of human pressure sensation. Two such afferents innervating the hairy skin, previously identified by others as the Type I and Type II afferents, were studied in detail as regards their responses to brief mechanical stimuli of different intensities. The relation of the human subject's estimate of intensity to stimulus magnitude is described by a power function with an exponent of about 0.4. Using impulse frequency in the "early steady state" as a measure, the responses of both types of slowly adapting mechanoreceptive afferents are related to stimulus magnitudes by power functions with exponents averaging about 0.5. On the assumption that the stimuli used elicit similar patterns of discharge in the first-order afferents innervating the hairy skin of men and monkeys, the results support the general proposition, now shown to hold for a number of senses, that the intensity of human sensation is determined by the functional properties of the first-order sensory fibers, and that the final behavioral output in the form of a subjective estimate of magnitude is a linear function of the frequency of discharge in those first-order fibers. © 1970 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Cutaneous Sensibility neural coding Neurophysiology Pressure Psychophysics Touch

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