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A Largely Deformable Surface Type neural electrode array Based on PDMS

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON neural SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING 2013年第4期21卷 544-553页

作者： Chou, Namsun Yoo, Soonki Kim, Sohee GIST Sch Mechatron Kwangju 500712 South Korea GIST Dept Med Syst Engn Kwangju 500712 South Korea

This paper describes a largely deformable surface type neural electrode array based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for cortical use. Noncracked and reliable metal patterns were fabricated successfully on PDMS substrate by employing an intermediate parylene layer. The mechanical and electrical stability of the fabricated electrode arrays was demonstrated by repeatable bending test using a custom-designed bending test module. Also the adhesion of the electrode structure consisting of PDMS, parylene and metal layers was proven by ASTM tape test. The electrode impedance was measured in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 degrees C over three months and analyzed using equivalent circuit models. Based on these results, it is concluded that the suggested electrode array provides a largely deformable structure with mechanical integrity and electrical stability, which can withstand mechanical stresses when inserted through a small trephination hole in the skull and expanded in the small room between the cortex and the skull without damage to the electrode array.

关键词： Deformable electrocorticogram (ECoG) neural electrode array parylene polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

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A Wireless and Batteryless Microsystem with Implantable Grid electrode/3-Dimensional Probe array for ECoG and Extracellular neural Recording in Rats

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SENSORS 2013年第4期13卷 4624-4639页

作者： Chang, Chih-Wei Chiou, Jin-Chern Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Bioengn Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan China Med Univ Dept Med Taichung 40402 Taiwan

This paper presents the design and implementation of an integrated wireless microsystem platform that provides the possibility to support versatile implantable neural sensing devices in free laboratory rats. Inductive coupled coils with low dropout regulator design allows true long-term recording without limitation of battery capacity. A 16-channel analog front end chip located on the headstage is designed for high channel account neural signal conditioning with low current consumption and noise. Two types of implantable electrodes including grid electrode and 3D probe array are also presented for brain surface recording and 3D biopotential acquisition in the implanted target volume of tissue. The overall system consumes less than 20 mA with small form factor, 3.9 x 3.9 cm(2) mainboard and 1.8 x 3.4 cm(2) headstage, is packaged into a backpack for rats. Practical in vivo recordings including auditory response, brain resection tissue and PZT-induced seizures recording demonstrate the correct function of the proposed microsystem. Presented achievements addressed the aforementioned properties by combining MEMS neural sensors, low-power circuit designs and commercial chips into system-level integration.

关键词： microsystem wireless neural electrode array biopotentials

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Materials and devices for high‐density,high‐throughput micro‐electrocorticography arrays

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Fundamental Research 2025年第1期5卷 17-28页

作者： Yang Xie Yanxiu Peng Jinhong Guo Muyang Liu Bozhen Zhang Lan Yin He Ding Xing Sheng Department of Electronic Engineering Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and TechnologyInstitute for Precision MedicineLaboratory of Flexible Electronics TechnologyIDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display School of Optics and PhotonicsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China School of Materials Science and Engineering The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingLaboratory of Flexible Electronics TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The pursuit of precisely recording and localizing neural activities in brain cortical regions drives the development of advanced electrocorticography(ECoG)*** progress has led to the emergence of micro-ECoG(μECoG)devices with sub-millimeter *** review presents the current research status,development directions,potential innovations and applications of high-density,high-throughputμECoG ***,we summarize the challenges associated with accurately recording single or multiple neurons using existingμECoG devices,including passive multielectrode and active transistor ***,we focus on cutting-edge advancements in passiveμECoG devices by discussing the design principles and fabrication strategies to optimize three key parameters:impedance,mechanical flexibility,and ***,recent findings highlight the need for further research and development in active transistor arrays,including silicon,metal oxide,and solution-gated *** active transistor arrays have the potential to unlock the capabilities of high-density,high-throughputμECoG devices and overcome the limitations of passive multielectrode *** review explores the potential innovations and applications ofμECoG devices,showcasing their effectiveness for both brain science research and clinical applications.

关键词： Electrocorticography Micro-electrocorticography Flexible electronics Bioelectronics neural electrode array

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Resorbable scaffold based chronic neural electrode arrays

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BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES 2013年第3期15卷 481-493页

作者： Ceyssens, Frederik van Kuyck, Kris Vande Velde, Greetje Welkenhuysen, Marleen Stappers, Linda Nuttin, Bart Puers, Robert Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept ESAT MICAS B-3001 Louvain Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Res Grp Expt Neurosurg & Neuroanat B-3000 Louvain Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Biomed MRI O&N B-3000 Louvain Belgium IMEC VZW B-3001 Louvain Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept MTM B-3001 Louvain Belgium

We have developed a novel type of neural electrode array for future brain-machine interfaces (BMI) and neural implants requiring high resolution recording and stimulation on the surface of brain lesions or on the cortex. The devices differ on two points from commonly used thin film electrode arrays: first, the thin film backbone of the implant is exceptionally thin (down to 5 microns) and finely patterned into spring-like structures. This increases the flexibility of the electrode array and allows stretching and conforming better to a quasi spherical cavity surface. Second, the thin film backbone of the device is reinforced with a porous layer of resorbable chitosan. This design aims at minimal invasiveness and low mechanical irritation during prolonged use, while the chitosan matrix ensures the implant is stiff enough for practical handling during the implantation procedure and dissolves afterwards. Furthermore, the chitosan adds haemostatic and antiseptic properties to the implant and improves adhesion. In the article, the design and fabrication process are presented. In vitro and long term in vivo test results over a 12 month period are shown. By adopting the use of a resorbable scaffold-like material as main constituent of neural implants, the presented work opens up the possibility of applying tissue engineering techniques to further improve neural implant technology.

关键词： neural electrode neural electrode array BCI BMI ECoG Chitosan Scaffold neural recording neural stimulation Thin film Chronic

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Flexible neural electrode arrays With Switch-Matrix Based on a Planar Silicon Process

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS

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IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 2014年第2期35卷 253-255页

作者： Fujishiro, Akifumi Takahashi, Sou Sawada, Kazuaki Ishida, Makoto Kawano, Takeshi Toyohashi Univ Technol Dept Elect & Elect Informat Engn Toyohashi Aichi 4418580 Japan

Herein, we fabricate a flexible microelectronic system using a conventional silicon (Si) integrated circuit process. The fabricated device is a <12-mu m-thick film flexible 7 x 8 (56 ch) switch-matrix microelectrode array, which can be used to record the electrical activity from numerous three-dimensional biological tissues. The embedded Si-nMOSFETs/(111) in a polyimide flexible film exhibit a controlled threshed voltage with a leakage current of 10(-11) A and a subthreshold swing of 123 mV/decade at a 50-mV drain voltage. The electrical characteristics between the flat and bent (with a 3-mm curvature radius) devices do not significantly change in a saline environment. These results indicate that the proposed method, which does not utilize conventional transfer printing technology, may be used to fabricate high-performance flexible electronics via a high-resolution lithography process. Such flexible electrode arrays may be applicable to high spatial-resolution recordings of neuronal signals from three-dimensional tissues, such as the brain surface, retina, and peripheral nerves.

关键词： Flexible electronics MOSFETs MEMS neural electrode array thin film transistors (TFTs)

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Stretchable Transparent electrode arrays for Simultaneous Electrical and Optical Interrogation of neural Circuits in Vivo

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NANO LETTERS 2018年第5期18卷 2903-2911页

作者： Zhang, Jing Liu, Xiaojun Xu, Wenjing Luo, Wenhan Li, Ming Chu, Fangbing Xu, Lu Cao, Anyuan Guan, Jisong Tang, Shiming Duan, Xiaojie Peking Univ Coll Engn Dept Biomed Engn Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Peking Tsinghua Ctr Life Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Acad Adv Interdisciplinary Studies Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Ctr Nanochem Beijing Sci & Engn Ctr Nanocarbons Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Dept Mat Sci & Engn Coll Engn Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Sch Life Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Sch Life Sci Beijing 100084 Peoples R China ShanghaiTech Univ Sch Life Sci & Technol Shanghai 201210 Peoples R China

Recent developments of transparent electrode arrays provide a unique capability for simultaneous optical and electrical interrogation of neural circuits in the brain. However, none of these electrode arrays possess the stretchability highly desired for interfacing with mechanically active neural systems, such as the brain under injury, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here, we report a stretchable transparent electrode array from carbon nanotube (CNT) web-like thin films that retains excellent electrochemical performance and broad-band optical transparency under stretching and is highly durable under cyclic stretching deformation. We show that the CNT electrodes record well-defined neuronal response signals with negligible light-induced artifacts from cortical surfaces under optogenetic stimulation. Simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging through the transparent CNT electrodes from cortical surfaces of GCaMP-expressing mice with epilepsy shows individual activated neurons in brain regions from which the concurrent electrical recording is taken, thus providing complementary cellular information in addition to the high-temporal-resolution electrical recording. Notably, the studies on rats show that the CNT electrodes remain operational during and after brain contusion that involves the rapid deformation of both the electrode array and brain tissue. This enables real-time, continuous electrophysiological monitoring of cortical activity under traumatic brain injury. These results highlight the potential application of the stretchable transparent CNT electrode arrays in combining electrical and optical modalities to study neural circuits, especially under mechanically active conditions, which could potentially provide important new insights into the local circuit dynamics of the spinal cord and PNS as well as the mechanism underlying traumatic injuries of the nervous system.

关键词： Stretchable electronics transparent electrode neural electrode array brain activity mapping optogenetics calcium imaging traumatic brain injury nanobio interface carbon nanotube

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Next-generation Flexible neural and Cardiac electrode arrays

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING LETTERS 2014年第2期4卷 95-108页

作者： Kim, Jaemin Lee, Mincheol Rhim, Jung Soo Wang, Pulin Lu, Nanshu Kim, Dae-Hyeong Inst for Basic Sci Korea Ctr Nanoparticle Res Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Chem Proc Sch Chem & Biol Engn Seoul 151742 South Korea Univ Texas Austin Ctr Mech Solids Struct & Mat Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech Austin TX 78712 USA

The electrical activities of the brain and heart have been recorded and analyzed for diverse clinical and pathological purposes. To construct an implantable system for monitoring the electrical activity effectively, flexible and stretchable electrode arrays that are capable of making conformal contacts on the curvilinear, soft, and dynamic surfaces of the target organs have been extensively researched. Among many strategies, the most representative approach is to fabricate electrode arrays on plastic substrates to achieve more intimate and conformal contact with the target organs. Further optimizations are along with the development of ultrathin and stretchable electronics. Advanced structural modifications, such as thinning the overall profile or applying a mesh-like electrode network, have shown the greatly enhanced conformability and deformability of the device, providing improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Furthermore, brittle but high-performance silicon transistors have been successfully incorporated in flexible forms by virtue of mechanics-based active electronics designs, enabling the construction of high-density arrays comprising hundreds of multiplexed electrodes that can be individually addressed by only a few external wires. This review summarizes these strategies and describes their strengths and weaknesses, and it suggests possible technologies for next-generation electrode arrays.

关键词： neural electrode array Cardiac electrode array Flexible electrode array Stretchable electrode array

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Explant Analysis of Utah electrode arrays Implanted in Human Cortex for Brain-Computer-Interfaces

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FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021年 9卷 759711页

作者： Woeppel, Kevin Hughes, Christopher Herrera, Angelica J. Eles, James R. Tyler-Kabara, Elizabeth C. Gaunt, Robert A. Collinger, Jennifer L. Cui, Xinyan Tracy Univ Pittsburgh Dept Bioengn Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA Ctr Neural Basis Cognit Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Rehab Neural Engn Labs Pittsburgh PA USA Univ Texas Austin Dept Neurosurg Austin TX 78712 USA Univ Pittsburgh Dept Phys Med & Rehabil Pittsburgh PA USA

Brain-computer interfaces are being developed to restore movement for people living with paralysis due to injury or disease. Although the therapeutic potential is great, long-term stability of the interface is critical for widespread clinical implementation. While many factors can affect recording and stimulation performance including electrode material stability and host tissue reaction, these factors have not been investigated in human implants. In this clinical study, we sought to characterize the material integrity and biological tissue encapsulation via explant analysis in an effort to identify factors that influence electrophysiological performance. We examined a total of six Utah arrays explanted from two human participants involved in intracortical BCI studies. Two platinum (Pt) arrays were implanted for 980 days in one participant (P1) and two Pt and two iridium oxide (IrOx) arrays were implanted for 182 days in the second participant (P2). We observed that the recording quality followed a similar trend in all six arrays with an initial increase in peak-to-peak voltage during the first 30-40 days and gradual decline thereafter in P1. Using optical and two-photon microscopy we observed a higher degree of tissue encapsulation on both arrays implanted for longer durations in participant P1. We then used scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to assess material degradation. All measures of material degradation for the Pt arrays were found to be more prominent in the participant with a longer implantation time. Two IrOx arrays were subjected to brief survey stimulations, and one of these arrays showed loss of iridium from most of the stimulated sites. Recording performance appeared to be unaffected by this loss of iridium, suggesting that the adhesion of IrOx coating may have been compromised by the stimulation, but the metal layer did not detach until or after array removal. In summary, both tissue encapsulation and material degra

关键词： brain-computer interface human participant Utah array neural electrical stimulation neural electrode array explant analysis

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Progress in the Field of Micro-Electrocorticography

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MICROMACHINES 2019年第1期10卷 62-62页

作者： Shokoueinejad, Mehdi Park, Dong-Wook Jung, Yei Hwan Brodnick, Sarah K. Novello, Joseph Dingle, Aaron Swanson, Kyle I. Baek, Dong-Hyun Suminski, Aaron J. Lake, Wendell B. Ma, Zhenqiang Williams, Justin Univ Wisconsin Dept Biomed Engn Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Neurosurg Sch Med & Publ Hlth Madison WI 53792 USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Elect & Comp Engn 1415 Johnson Dr Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Seoul Sch Elect & Comp Engn Seoul 02504 South Korea Univ Wisconsin Dept Surg Div Plast & Reconstruct Surg 600 Highland Ave Madison WI 53792 USA

Since the 1940s electrocorticography (ECoG) devices and, more recently, in the last decade, micro-electrocorticography (mu ECoG) cortical electrode arrays were used for a wide set of experimental and clinical applications, such as epilepsy localization and brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies. Miniaturized implantable mu ECoG devices have the advantage of providing greater-density neural signal acquisition and stimulation capabilities in a minimally invasive fashion. An increased spatial resolution of the mu ECoG array will be useful for greater specificity diagnosis and treatment of neuronal diseases and the advancement of basic neuroscience and BCI research. In this review, recent achievements of ECoG and mu ECoG are discussed. The electrode configurations and varying material choices used to design mu ECoG arrays are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages of mu ECoG technology compared to electroencephalography (EEG), ECoG, and intracortical electrode arrays. electrode materials that are the primary focus include platinum, iridium oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), indium tin oxide (ITO), and graphene. We discuss the biological immune response to mu ECoG devices compared to other electrode array types, the role of mu ECoG in clinical pathology, and brain-computer interface technology. The information presented in this review will be helpful to understand the current status, organize available knowledge, and guide future clinical and research applications of mu ECoG technologies.

关键词： electrocorticography ECoG micro-electrocorticography mu ECoG neural electrode array neural interfaces electrophysiology brain-computer interface in vivo imaging tissue response graphene

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LONG TERM LFP MEASUREMENTS WITH ULTRA-FINE neural electrodeS EMBEDDED IN POROUS RESORBABLE CARRIER

LONG TERM LFP MEASUREMENTS WITH ULTRA-FINE NEURAL ELECTRODES...

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International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems

作者： F. Ceyssens K. van Kuyck B. Nuttin R. Puers KULeuven dept. ESAT-MICAS Leuven BELGIUM KULeuven Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy Leuven BELGIUM

ISBN: (纸本)9781467359825

We have developed a novel type of neural electrode array for future brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) or neural prosthesis requiring high resolution recording and stimulation on the cortex. The microelectrode arrays developed comprise of a down to 5 μm thin stack of platinum and polyimide or Parylene C insulation, which is finely microstructured for increased flexibility. The electrode stack is temporarily reinforced with a matrix of porous chitosan, which resorbs after implantation. This design ensures low invasiveness and mechanical irritation during prolonged use, while the chitosan matrix ensures the implant is stiff enough for practical handling during the implantation procedure and is resorbed afterwards. Furthermore, it adds haemostatic and antiseptic properties to the implant. The design and fabrication process are presented. In vitro and long-term in vivo test results are illustrate the ability to measure an evoked physiological response in a period of up to 12 months. Finally, the concept of using porous, scaffold-like materials as main constituent of neural implants is discussed.

关键词： neural electrode neural electrode array BCI BMI ECoG chitosan scaffold neural recording neural stimulation thin film chronic

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