The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the functions of non-coding rnas in bacteria and animal cells and the systems of rna decay that destroy damaged rnas.
The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the functions of non-coding rnas in bacteria and animal cells and the systems of rna decay that destroy damaged rnas.
Vertebrate genomes contain many virus-related sequences derived from both retroviruses and non-retroviral rna and DNA viruses. Such non-retroviral rna sequences are possibly produced by reverse-transcription and integ...
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Vertebrate genomes contain many virus-related sequences derived from both retroviruses and non-retroviral rna and DNA viruses. Such non-retroviral rna sequences are possibly produced by reverse-transcription and integration of viral mrnas of ancient rna viruses using retrotransposon machineries. We refer to this process as transcript reversion. During an ancient bornavirus infection, transcript reversion may have left bornavirus-related sequences, known as endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoproteins (EBLNs), in the genome. We have recently demonstrated that all Homo sapiens EBLNs are expressed in at least one tissue. Because species with EBLNs appear relatively protected against infection by a current bornavirus, Borna disease virus, it is speculated that EBLNs play some roles in antiviral immunity, as seen with some endogenous retroviruses. EBLNs can function as dominant negative forms of viral proteins, small rnas targeting viral sequences, or DNA or rna elements modulating the gene expression. Growing evidence reveals that various rna viruses are reverse-transcribed and integrated into the genome of infected cells, suggesting transcript reversion generally occurs during ongoing infection. Considering this, transcript reversion-mediated interference with related viruses may be a novel type of antiviral immunity in vertebrates. Understanding the biological significance of transcript reversion will provide novel insights into host defenses against viral infections.
Gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis in a horse results from dynamic interactions between a horse's gut physiology and the microbes in the various compartments. Micrornas (mirna), single-stranded 20–22 basepair rna ...
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Gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis in a horse results from dynamic interactions between a horse's gut physiology and the microbes in the various compartments. Micrornas (mirna), single-stranded 20–22 basepair rna molecules involved in post-transcriptional control of gene expression, have been implicated as an essential mechanism for control of gastrointestinal physiology and communication between host and microbe. Researchers have described how host-derived mirnas influence microbial communities' composition in the GI. We have recently described how the pelvic flexure separates distinct microbial populations in the equine hindgut and subsequently have wondered if equine mirna transcripts expressed by GI tissues could have a role in maintaining this separation. Investigations to characterize mirnas' expression profile and other non-coding rnas in the equine GI tract are limited. To address this, it is critical that we first know something about the expression of non-coding transcripts in the equine GI. This study investigated mirna expression in tissues of the hindgut surrounding the pelvic flexure. rna was isolated from the intestinal epithelium of 3 4-year-old American Quarter Horses collected from the right and left ventral colon (VC), pelvic flexure (PF), and right and left dorsal colon (DC). The mirna transcripts were reverse transcribed using the miScript II RT kit, and relative abundance was quantified using the miScript SYBR Green PCR kit and primer sets for 286 annotated mature equine mirnas. Biological replicates were pooled, and differential expression was determined following normalization by the delta Ct = Ct(target) – Ct(sample) method. A total of 230 mirna transcripts were expressed in at least one GI location, with 60 expressed in all 5 locations. Twenty-eight transcripts had expression restricted to a single site, 5 of which were only expressed in the pelvic flexure. Additionally, 42 transcripts have patterns of expression across a subset of anatomica
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