Extracellular rna (exrna) has recently expanded as a highly important area of study in biomarker discovery and cancer therapeutics. exrna consists of diverse rna subpopulations that are normally protected from degrada...
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Extracellular rna (exrna) has recently expanded as a highly important area of study in biomarker discovery and cancer therapeutics. exrna consists of diverse rna subpopulations that are normally protected from degradation by incorporation into membranous vesicles or by lipid/protein association. They are found circulating in biofluids, and have proven highly promising for minimally invasive diagnostic and prognostic purposes, particularly in oncology. Recent work has made progress in our understanding of exrnas—from their biogenesis, compartmentalization, and vesicle packaging to their various applications as biomarkers and therapeutics, as well as the new challenges that arise in isolation and purification for accurate and reproducible analysis. Here we review the most recent advancements in exrna research. less
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adult and fetal tissues. In vitro, MSCs show functional plasticity by differentiating into specialized cells of all germ layers. MSC...
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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adult and fetal tissues. In vitro, MSCs show functional plasticity by differentiating into specialized cells of all germ layers. MSCs are of relevant to medicine and have been proposed for several disorders. MSCs can be transplanted across allogeneic barriers as “off the shelf” cells. This chapter focuses on methods to deliver MSCs to the brain because neurological pathology such as damage due to stroke can lead to debilitating mental and physical problems. In general, neurological diseases are difficult to treat, partly due to the challenge in getting drugs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). MSCs as well as other stem cells can cross the BBB. The described method begins to develop procedures, leading to efficient delivery of drugs to the brain. Here describe how MSCs can be propagated from bone marrow aspirates and their utility in delivering small rna to the brain. The chapter discusses the issue to enhance efficient delivery of MSCs to the brain. less
Since the discovery of rnai, great efforts have been undertaken to unleash the potential biomedical applicability of small noncoding rnas, mainly mirnas, involving their use as biomarkers for personalized diagnostics ...
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Since the discovery of rnai, great efforts have been undertaken to unleash the potential biomedical applicability of small noncoding rnas, mainly mirnas, involving their use as biomarkers for personalized diagnostics or their usability as active agents or therapy targets. The research's focus on the noncoding rna world is now slowly moving from a phase of basic discoveries into a new phase, where every single molecule out of many hundreds of cataloged noncoding rnas becomes dissected in order to investigate these molecules' biomedical relevance. In addition, rna classes neglected before, such as long noncoding rnas or circular rnas attract more attention. Numerous timely results and hypotheses were presented at the 2015 Keystone Symposium 'Micrornas and noncoding rnas in Cancer'.
Currently, the study of the transcriptome is widely used to interpret the functional elements of the genome and molecular constituents of cells and tissues in an effort to unravel biological pathways associated with d...
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Currently, the study of the transcriptome is widely used to interpret the functional elements of the genome and molecular constituents of cells and tissues in an effort to unravel biological pathways associated with development and disease. The advent of technologies is now enabling the study of such comprehensive transcriptional characterization of mrna, mirna, lncrna, and small rna in a robust and successful manner. Transcriptomic strategies are gaining momentum across diverse areas of biological, plant sciences, medical, clinical, and pharmaceutical research for biomarker discovery, and disease diagnosis and prognosis. less
作者：
Espinosa, Joaquin M.Univ Colorado
Linda Crnic Inst Syndrome Anschutz Med Campus Aurora CO 80045 USA Univ Colorado
Dept Pharmacol Anschutz Med Campus Aurora CO 80045 USA Univ Colorado
Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol Boulder CO 80203 USA
Non-coding (nc)rnas known as enhancer-derived rnas (ernas) and as long ncrnas (lncrnas) have received much attention, but their true functional specialization and evolutionary origins remain obscure. The recent charac...
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Non-coding (nc)rnas known as enhancer-derived rnas (ernas) and as long ncrnas (lncrnas) have received much attention, but their true functional specialization and evolutionary origins remain obscure. The recent characterization of Bloodlinc, an erna derived from a super-enhancer that also functions as a lncrna, suggests that lncrnas can evolve from ernas.
Circular rnas (circ-rnas), a novel class of noncoding rnas, are a popular topic in animal research because they have potential as post-transcriptional regulators and diagnostic markers. Research in plants is only now ...
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Circular rnas (circ-rnas), a novel class of noncoding rnas, are a popular topic in animal research because they have potential as post-transcriptional regulators and diagnostic markers. Research in plants is only now emerging, but indicates that circ-rnas could also be a crucial class of noncoding regulators.
Breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major causes of death in older women. Interestingly, breast cancer occurs less frequently in AD patients than in the general population. Amyloidosis, the aggregation ...
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Breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major causes of death in older women. Interestingly, breast cancer occurs less frequently in AD patients than in the general population. Amyloidosis, the aggregation of amyloid proteins to form amyloid bodies, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD and other human neuropathies by forming intracellular fibrillary proteins. Contrary to popular belief, amyloidosis is a common occurrence in mammalian cells, and has recently been reported to be a natural physiological process in response to environmental stress stimulations (such as pH and temperature extremes, hypoxia, and oxidative stress). Many proteins contain an intrinsic "amyloid-converting motif ", which acts in conjunction with a specific noncoding rna to induce formation of proteinaceous amyloid bodies that are stored in intracellular bundles. In cancer cells such as breast and prostate, the process of amyloidosis induces cells to enter a dormant or resting stage devoid of cell division and proliferation. Therefore, cancer cells undergo growth cessation and enter a dormant stage following amyloidosis in the cell;this is akin to giving the cell AD to cease growth.
Ribosome profiling identifies rna fragments associated with translating ribosomes. The technology provides an opportunity to examine genome-wide translation events at single-nucleotide resolution and in an unbiased ma...
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Aim: There is little knowledge about the expression profile and function of circular rnas (circrnas) in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: The expression profiles of circrnas in RWPE-1, 22RV1 and PC3 cells were explored ...
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Aim: There is little knowledge about the expression profile and function of circular rnas (circrnas) in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: The expression profiles of circrnas in RWPE-1, 22RV1 and PC3 cells were explored via high-throughput circrnas sequencing and validated by real-time qPCR. The roles of differentially expressed circrnas were evaluated by bioinformatics analyses. Results: Altogether 9545 circrnas were identified and hundreds of differentially expressed circrnas were recognized. Circrna-mirna networks analysis showed that many circrnas, including circSLC7A6, circGUCY1A2 and circZFP57 could cross-talk with tumor-related mirnas such as miR-21, miR-143 and miR-200 family. Conclusion: The results of our bioinformatics analyses suggested that circrnas should play critical roles in the development and progression of PCa. Lay abstract: The expression profile and role of circular rnas (circrnas) in prostate cancer (PCa) is unknown. In this study, the profiling of circrnas in PCa cells was explored and their potential function was predicted by bioinformatics analyses. In total, 9545 circrnas and hundreds of differentially expressed circrnas were identified. Bioinformatics analyses showed that circrnas including circSLC7A6, circGUCY1A2 and circZFP57 could cross talk with tumor-related mirnas. This indicated that circrnas might play an important role in PCa and warrant further study. [GRAPHICS] .
Sexually dimorphic neural circuits are essential for the reproductive behavior. The molecular basis underling the sexual dimorphism, however, is still elusive in the brains of insects. To identify genes with sex-diffe...
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Sexually dimorphic neural circuits are essential for the reproductive behavior. The molecular basis underling the sexual dimorphism, however, is still elusive in the brains of insects. To identify genes with sex-differential expression in the brain of silkworm moths, we performed fluorescent differential display screening and identified a novel gene, termed Fben-1 (Female-brain expressed noncoding rna-1), whose expression is preferential to the female brain. Fben-1 cDNA sequences contained no significant open-reading frames and comprised a sex-differential transcript composition. Expression of Fben-1 was developmentally regulated and predominant in adult female moth brains. In situ hybridization revealed that Fben-1 is mainly expressed in the cells around the mushroom bodies, a higher brain center of the insect brain. In addition, Fben-1 transcripts were localized exclusively in the nuclei of these cells. This is the first report that a long nuclear noncoding rna is expressed in a sex-differential manner in the higher center of insect brains. Our results suggest the possible involvement of nuclear noncoding rna in sexually dimorphic brain functions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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