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normalization method for evaluating J-Resistance curves of small-sized CIET specimen and crack front constraints

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES 2016年 94-95卷 60-75页

作者： Bao, C. Cai, L. X. He, G. W. Dan, C. Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Mech & Engn Appl Mech & Struct Safety Key Lab Sichuan Prov Chengdu 610031 Peoples R China

Based on dimensionless load separation principle, the normalization method for estimating J-resistance curves of CIET specimen for ductile materials has been developed. Experiments of ductile crack growth resistance on a typical pressure vessel steel SA-508 are conducted by using CT, SEB and CIET specimens. The resulted Resistance curves show outstanding influence by load configuration and specimen dimensions. J-Q-M and J-A(2)-M approaches are introduced to quantify the crack front constraint of the three types of specimens. According to finite element analyses (FEA) under plane strain and 3D conditions, the distance-independent constraint parameters are calibrated by matching the FEA results with the J-Q-M and J-A(2)-M solutions using weight average method. The analyses show that the parameters of Q and A(2) are load-independent under plane strain condition, but under 3D condition, the J-A(2)-M approach is incapable of characterizing the stress and deformation fields ahead of crack front of CIET specimen for SA-508 steel, and the parameter Q is no longer load-independent. Because of different crack front constraint, the CIET specimen with B =10 mm, a(0) = 5.8 mm gets the lowest fracture resistance while the SEB specimen with B = 20 mm, a(0) =11 mm and the CT specimen with B =15 mm, a(0) = 29 mm obtain the highest fracture resistance for SA-508 steel. The size requirements of J-Q-M dominance for each used CIET, CT and SEB specimens are got. Finally, the constraint-modified J-resistance curves of SA -508 steel based on J-QM approach are constructed to predict the crack growth resistance for any fracture specimens or actual flawed structures. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： J-resistance curves normalization method CIET specimen Crack front constraints J-Q-M theory J-A(2)-M theory

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normalization method for J-R curve determination using SENT specimens

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ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS 2018年 199卷 658-671页

作者： Oliveira de Menezes, Joao Teixeira Perez Ipina, Juan E. Castrodeza, Enrique M. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro COPPE Lab Fracture Mech POB 68505 BR-21941972 Rio De Janeiro RJ Brazil Natl Univ Comahue CONICET Fracture Mech Grp 1400 Buenos Aires StQ8300IBX Neuquen Argentina

According to BS 8571:2014, standard J-R curves from SENT geometry can be determined from single or multiple specimens. The recommended methodologies for single specimen include unloading compliance or DCPD, although any validated technique can be used. The normalization method, which is not directly recommended in BSI standards, is an alternative. J-R curves through normalization technique based on P-CMOD records were experimentally determined using SENT specimens (0.40 < alpha(o)/W < 0.55) of two structural steels, later compared with the ones measured by unloading compliance. Results indicated that the normalization method is a valid alternative for J-R curve determination using SENT specimens.

关键词： Structural steels J-R curves SENT geometry normalization method

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Application of a normalization method for determining J-R curves in glassy polymer PVC at different crosshead speeds

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FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES 1997年第2期20卷 119-127页

作者： Che, M Grellmann, W Seidler, S Landes, JD UNIV TENNESSEE KNOXVILLETN 37996

A new single-specimen testing method, the normalization method with the so-called LMN calibration function, based on the load separation principle and function calibrations from an individual test record, was used to construct J-R curves directly from load versus load-line displacement records without any additional on-line crack-length monitoring equipment. The research was done on CT-specimens of a glassy polymer PVC at different crosshead speeds ranging from 0.01 to 50 mm/min. The J-R curves evaluated from the normalization method are in good agreement with those from the conventional multiple-specimen testing method in the whole range of the tested crosshead speeds. The results demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method for developing J-R curves at different crosshead speeds in PVC. The crack initiation J-integral values, J(0.2), showed a two-regime dependence on the crosshead speeds in the tested crosshead speed range.

关键词： fracture toughness J-R curves normalization method single-specimen multiple-specimen crosshead speed PVC

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Toxicity of Diclofenac: Cadmium Binary Mixtures to Algae Desmodesmus subspicatus Using normalization method

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BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018年第2期101卷 205-213页

作者： Weissmannova, Helena Dolezalova Pavlovsky, Jiri Fiserova, Lenka Kosarova, Hedvika Brno Univ Technol Fac Chem Purkynova 118 Brno 61200 Czech Republic Tech Univ Ostrava Fac Met & Mat Engn VSB 17 Listopadu 15-2172 Ostrava 70833 Czech Republic

Algal test using chlorococcal algae Desmodesmus subspicatus was used to determine single acute toxicity of either diclofenac or cadmium and to assess acute toxicity of their binary mixtures. The test confirmed significant acute toxicity of both diclofenac and cadmium;diclofenac with acute toxicity E(r)C50 60.44 +/- 0.20 mg/L and cadmium with acute toxicity E(r)C50 2.14 +/- 0.02 mg/L. This study of acute toxicity of binary cadmium-diclofenac mixtures confirmed their negative effects on aquatic producers and it also proved influence of the above substances on acute toxicity of their mixtures. normalization method was applied to predict acute toxicity of binary mixtures composed of chemicals with significantly different acute toxicities. normalization method used molar ratio (R) of chemicals in binary mixtures as their composition descriptor.

关键词： Binary mixtures Diclofenac Cadmium Desmodesmus subspicatus normalization method

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Evaluation of fracture toughness in different regions of weld joints using unloading compliance and normalization method

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ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS 2018年 195卷 1-12页

作者： Tang, Jiankai Liu, Zheng Shi, Shouwen Chen, Xu Tianjin Univ Sch Chem Engn & Technol Tianjin 300354 Peoples R China

Both unloading compliance method and normalization method specified in ASTM E1820-16 were conducted on the API 5L X70 and X80 pipeline steels. Extensive experimental measures of fracture toughness for different regions of weld joints were carried out. For comparison, the J-R curves and initiation fracture toughness determined using the normalization method are compared with those obtained by the elastic unloading compliance method for two different weld joints. The results show that good agreements exist between the two methods, and an average difference less than 10% is detected. Moreover, the comparison indicates that the J-R curves from the unloading compliance method are lower at the initial stage of crack extension, and as the crack grows, the J-R curves are higher compared with those of the normalization method. For different regions in weld joints, there is clear distinction of differences between the corresponding results from above two methods. A ductile brittle mixed fracture mechanism is found in weld metal and coarse grained heat affected zone, and a corresponding higher deviation is detected.

关键词： Fracture testing normalization method Unloading compliance method J-R curves Weld joints

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Application of normalization method to fracture resistance testing for storage tank A285 carbon steel

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING 2009年第10期86卷 669-676页

作者： Zhu, X. K. Lam, P. S. Chao, Y. J. Battelle Mem Inst Columbus OH 43201 USA Savannah River Natl Lab Aiken SC 29808 USA Univ S Carolina Dept Mech Engn Columbia SC 29208 USA

To determine the fracture resistance and its constraint effect for storage tank A285 carbon steel, a set of single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens with different crack lengths are tested under the guideline of ASTM standard E1820. normalization method is adopted to develop J-R curves by directly using the load versus load-line displacement data without the need for online crack size measurement. For validation, the conventional electric potential drop method is also used to monitor crack extension, and to determine the J-R curves. The results indicate that the crack extension,J-R curves and fracture initiation toughness determined from both methods are nearly identical for the SENB specimens considered. The J-R curves obtained from the A285 SENB specimens show a strong dependence on crack size or fracture constraint. In reference to the J-A(2) fracture theory, the constraint effect is quantified by a constraint parameter A(2). Through experimental and numerical analyses of the specimens, a constraint-corrected J-R curve is obtained as a function of crack extension and the constraint parameter A(2). It is concluded that the normalization method is valid and cost-effective for the determination of J-R curves from both standard and nonstandard SENB specimens. In addition, the parameter A(2) can reasonably quantify the constraint effect on the experimental J-R curves. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fracture toughness J-R curve normalization method Potential drop method Constraint effect J-A(2) theory A285 carbon steel

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Round robin test on normalization method under static loading condition

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JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION 2006年第6期34卷 537-561页

作者： Oh, Young Jin Hwang, Il Soon Joyce, James A. Seoul Natl Univ Dept Nucl Engn Seoul 151742 South Korea USN Acad Dept Mech Engn Annapolis MD 21402 USA

In 2001, the normalization method was approved as ASTM method E 1820-01 [1] for use in high loading rate J-R tests. Prior to its approval, High Rate Round Robin was conducted under the coordination of ASTM Subcommittee E08.08.02 for the verification of accuracy and reproducibility of the method. However, the results of the normalization method cannot be verified against those of other well-established methods because no other method is available in the high loading rate condition. In this round robin test, J-R curves were measured under static loading conditions for A106Gr.C nuclear piping steel by the normalization method so that results can be compared with those obtained simultaneously by the unloading compliance method. The deviation of J(lc) by normalization and differences of J(lc) values from those of the unloading compliance method were quantified. The normalization method showed J(lc) deviation up to 60% when tested with initial a/W=0.5. In order to seek ways to reduce the deviation, both offset method and tangent method were tried for normalization analysis, but with limited improvement. These partially modified normalization methods of the offset method and tangent method decreases the deviation of J(lc), but increases the difference from those of the unloading compliance method. More fundamental approaches are warranted for adequate improvement.

关键词： J-R test normalization method unloading compliance method static loading rate nuclear piping steel

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Investigation of normalization method for SE(T) Specimen Based on Experimental and Numerical Studies

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JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION 2020年第1期48卷 466-486页

作者： Qian, Cheng Zhou, Wenxing Huang, Yifan Univ Western Ontario Dept Civil & Environm Engn 1151 Richmond St London N6A 5B9 England

The present study is focused on the application of the normalization method (NM) to develop the J-integral resistance (J-R) curve based on the clamped single-edge (notched) tension (SE(T)) specimen. The investigation involves experimental data obtained from six previously tested SE(T) specimens and 3-D finite element analyses that employ the Gurson-TvergaardNeedleman constitutive model and computational cell methodology. The results of the investigation indicate that the NM method is a viable alternative for developing the J-R curve using the SE(T) specimen. A so-called k factor is proposed to further improve the computational efficiency of the NM method for the SE(T) specimen.

关键词： J-integral resistance curve single-edge (notched) tension specimen normalization method Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman model 3-D finite element analysis

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Optimal inter-batch normalization method for GC/MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics with special attention to centrifugal concentration

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ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019年第26期411卷 6983-6994页

作者： Zaitsu, Kei Noda, Saki Ohara, Tomomi Murata, Tasuku Funatsu, Shinji Ogata, Koretsugu Ishii, Akira Iguchi, Akira Nagoya Univ Inst Adv Res In Vivo Real Time Omics Lab Chikusa Ku Furo Cho Nagoya Aichi 4648601 Japan Nagoya Univ Dept Legal Med & Bioeth Grad Sch Med Showa Ku 65 Tsurumai Cho Nagoya Aichi 4668550 Japan Shimadzu Co Ltd Analyt & Measuring Instruments Div MS Business Unit Life Sci Business DeptNakagyo Ku 1 Nishinokyo Kuwahara Cho Kyoto 6048511 Japan Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol Inst Geol & Geoinformat Marine Geoenvironm Res Grp AIST Tsukuba Cent 71-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058567 Japan

This study investigated the optimal inter-batch normalization method for gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS)-based targeted metabolome analysis of rodent blood samples. The effect of centrifugal concentration on inter-batch variation was also investigated. Six serum samples prepared from a mouse and 2 quality control (QC) samples from pooled mouse serum were assigned to each batch, and the 3 batches were analyzed by GC/MS/MS at different days. The following inter-batch normalization methods were applied to metabolome data: QC-based methods with quadratic (QUAD)- or cubic spline (CS)-fitting, total signal intensity (TI)-based method, median signal intensity (MI)-based method, and isotope labeled internal standard (IS)-based method. We revealed that centrifugal concentration was a critical factor to cause inter-batch variation. Unexpectedly, neither the QC-based normalization methods nor the IS-based method was able to normalize inter-batch variation, though MI- or TI-based normalization methods were effective in normalizing inter-batch variation. For further validation, 6 disease model rat and 6 control rat plasma were evenly divided into 3 batches, and analyzed as different batches. Same as the results above, MI- or TI-based methods were able to normalize inter-batch variation. In particular, the data normalized by TI-based method showed similar metabolic profiles obtained from their intra-batch analysis. In conclusion, the TI-based normalization method is the most effective to normalize inter-batch variation for GC/MS/MS-based metabolome analysis. Graphical abstract

关键词： Metabolomics Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Inter-batch variation normalization method Total signal intensity normalization Sample preparation

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Spectrum normalization method in vibro-acoustical diagnostic measurements of hydroturbine cavitation

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JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME 1996年第4期118卷 756-761页

作者： Bajic, B Keller, A TECH UNIV MUNICH OBERNACH HYDRAUL RES LABOBERNACHGERMANY

Full-scale vibro-acoustical diagnostic measurements of cavitation in four Francis 6 MW double runner turbines were performed. Two types of sensors were used-a hydrophone sensing waterborne noise at the pressure side of a runner and an accelerometer mounted at various points at the outer turbine casing, facing the runner's pressure side. The correlation of noise and acceleration intensity with suction-side pressure fluctuations and runner position was checked. A simple but efficient method of spectrum normalization, which rejects the influence of the measurement set characteristics and vibro-acoustical characteristics of a turbine, was developed. The resulting spectra reveal the dependence of cavitation source strength on the turbine power as a function of noise or acceleration frequency.

关键词： Spectra pressure side CAVITATION hydraulic turbines turbines turbine casing Noise runners normalization method

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