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Refactoring to improve the understandability of specifications written in object constraint language

IET SOFTWARE 2009年第2期3卷 69-90页

作者： Correa, A. Werner, C. Barros, M. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro COPPE BR-21945970 Rio De Janeiro Brazil Univ Fed Estado Rio de Janeiro PPGI BR-22290240 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

object constraint language (OCL) is the object management group standard language for the precise specification of constraints associated with Metaobject facility specification-compliant models and metamodels. Although OCL has been created with the intention of being a simpler language when compared with traditional formal specification languages, it is common to find specifications containing OCL constraints that are difficult to understand and evolve. A set of potential problematic constructions often found in specifications written in OCL and a set of refactorings that can be applied to remove them are presented. We present an experimental study that has been performed to evaluate the effects of applying those strategies on the understandability of OCL specifications. The approach to provide automated support for OCL refactorings is also discussed.

关键词： specification languages object management group formal specification languages formal specification metaobject facility specification-compliant models software maintenance object constraint language Software engineering techniques Formal methods OCL refactorings High level languages

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object constraint language based test case optimization with modified Average Percentage of Fault Detection metric

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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE-EVOLUTION AND PROCESS 2024年第11期36卷

作者： Jin, Kunxiang Lano, Kevin Kings Coll London Dept Informat London England

Testing is one of the most time-consuming and unpredictable processes within the software development life cycle. As a result, many test case optimization (TCO) techniques have been proposed to make this process more scalable. object constraint language (OCL) was initially introduced as a constraint language to provide additional details to Unified Modeling language models. However, as OCL continues to evolve, an increasing number of systems are being expressed by this language. Despite this growth, a noticeable research gap exists for the testing of systems whose specifications are expressed in OCL. In our previous work, we verified the effectiveness and efficiency of performing the test case prioritization (TCP) process for these systems. In this study, we extend our previous work by integrating the test case minimization (TCM) process to determine whether TCM can also benefit the testing process under the context of OCL. The evaluation of TCO approaches often relies on well-established metrics such as the average percentage of fault detection (APFD). However, the suitability of APFD for model-based testing (MBT) is not ideal. This paper addresses this limitation by proposing a modification to the APFD metric to enhance its viability for MBT scenarios. We conducted four case studies to evaluate the feasibility of integrating the TCM and TCP processes into our proposed approach. In these studies, we applied the multi-objective optimization algorithm NSGA-II and the genetic algorithm independently to the TCM and TCP processes. The objective was to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of combining TCM and TCP in enhancing the testing phase. Through experimental analysis, the results highlight the benefits of integrating TCM and TCP in the context of OCL-based testing, providing valuable insights for practitioners and researchers aiming to optimize their testing efforts. Specifically, the main contributions of this work include the following: (1) we introduce the i

关键词： genetic algorithm modified APFD metric object constraint language test case optimization

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Statistical Machine Learning in Natural language Understanding: object constraint language Translator for Business Process

Statistical Machine Learning in Natural Language Understandi...

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International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling

作者： Zhao, Li Li, Feng ChangChun Univ Dept Mech Changchun Peoples R China IBM China Res Ctr Anal & Optimizat Dept Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424435296

Natural language is used to represent human thoughts and human actions. Business rules described by natural language are very hard for machine to understand. In order to let machine know the business rules, parts of business process, we need to translate them into a language which machine can understand. object constraint language is one of those languages. In this paper we present a statistical machine learning method to understand the natural business rules and then translate them into object constraint language. Subsequently a translation algorithm for business process modeling is also provided. A real case, air cargo load planning process is proposed to illustrate the efficiency and effective of the method and the algorithm. The result has shown that this method and algorithm enrich business process modeling technology and enhance the efficiency of software developers, in business process modeling.

关键词： object constraint language Statistical Machine Translation Business Process

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An Approach to the Validation of XML Documents Based on the Model Driven Architecture and the object constraint language 11th

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11th International Andrei P. Ershov Informatics Conference on Perspectives of System Informatics (PSI)

作者： Nikiforov, Denis A. Korj, Dmitriy V. Sivakov, Ruslan L. Ctr Informat Technol LLC Ekaterinburg Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9783319743134;9783319743127

It is possible to develop data processing applications using a variety of different data representation formats (EDI, CSV, XML, JSON), domain-specific languages, and general-purpose programming languages (XSLT, SQL, Java, C#). On the one hand, such a variety allows one to choose the most optimal data format or language based on the specific requirements being applied, while on the other one, contemporary information systems or complexes of integrated information systems have become similar to the Tower of Babel, being so cumbersome to build and maintain. A possible solution to this issue could be found in developing platform-independent specifications to be used for generating the source code for each required platform. This article describes an approach to the XML document validators' generation based on UML models with object constraint language (OCL) rules. The authors give a brief account of similar tools and propose a generalized schema for generating the validators based on a model-driven approach. The core component of this schema is the transformation of OCL constraints to XPath assertions. The first ones could come from one of the supported platform-independent models (Eurasian Economic Union Data Model or ISO 20022), while the later could be embedded into XML Schema 1.1, XSLT or Java code. The transformation is implemented at the model level in the Query/View/Transformation language. The article does not go into details of converting OCL into XPath, because such a description takes up a lot of space and has already been given in similar articles. The authors describe only the key features of their approach: development of metamodels for XPath, XSD 1.1, and XSLT, support of a variety of platform-independent and platform-specific models, determination of elements subject to validation, external data sources, kinds of validation messages, preconditions.

关键词： XML validation Semantic validation Unified Modeling language object constraint language XPath XML Schema XSLT Model Driven Architecture Platform-independent model Metamodel Model transformation Query/View/Transformation Eclipse Modeling Framework ISO 20022

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Model-Driven Development of an Interpreter for the object constraint language 44

Model-Driven Development of an Interpreter for the Object Co...

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44th Latin American Computing Conference on Informatics (CLEI)

作者： Sintas, Gonzalo Vaz Lutz, Leticia Calegari, Daniel Viera, Marcos Univ Republica Fac Ingn Inst Comp Montevideo 11300 Uruguay

ISBN: (纸本)9781728104379

The object constraint language (OCL) plays a central role in many Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) initiatives for expressing invariant conditions in models, among other uses. It is defined as a side-effect free language combining model-oriented and functional features. There are works that explore the use of the functional paradigm for the interpretation of OCL such that most of the functional infrastructure could be predefined and automatically generated. In this work we present the MDE-based automatic generation of such functional infrastructure based on Haskell. We also present how the infrastructure is connected with the Eclipse Modeling Framework for final users, allowing the internal complexity to be transparent to them. We provide a different perspective on the interpretation of OCL, together with a sandbox that allows to evaluate in a unified way several proposals that already exist in the scientific community, as well as to collaborate with the migration of functional aspects to the MDE paradigm.

关键词： object constraint language Model-Driven Engineering Haskell Eclipse Modeling Framework

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Statistical Machine Learning in Natural language Understanding:object constraint language Translator for Business Process

Statistical Machine Learning in Natural Language Understandi...

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2008 IEEE International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling Workshop(KAM 2008)

作者： Li Zhao Department of Mechanism ChangChun University ChangChun,P.R.ChinaFeng Li Analytics and Optimization Department IBM China Research Laboratory Beijing,P.R.China

Natural language is used to represent human thoughts and human *** rules described by natural language are very hard for machine to *** order to let machine know the business rules,parts of business process,we need to translate them into a language which machine can *** constraint language is one of those *** this paper we present a statistical machine learning method to understand the natural business rules and then translate them into object constraint *** a translation algorithm for business process modeling is also provided.A real case,air cargo load planning process is proposed to illustrate the efficiency and effective of the method and the *** result has shown that this method and algorithm enrich business process modeling technology and enhance the efficiency of software developers in business process modeling.

关键词： object constraint language Statistical Machine Translation Business Process

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Toward a Pattern-Based Comprehensive Framework Using Process Mining for RBAC Conformance Checks

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING 2025年第2期35卷 157-194页

作者： Nguyen, Duc-Hieu Sei, Yuichi Tahara, Yasuyuki Ohsuga, Akihiko Univ Electrocommun Dept Informat Tokyo 1828585 Japan

Event logs often record the execution of business process instances. Detecting traces in the event logs that do not comply with access control policies, such as role-based access control (RBAC) policies, is essential to ensuring system security. Moreover, process mining has been extensively utilized for security analysis in recent years. However, pattern-based approaches for designing and analyzing RBAC policies in the context of business processes through process mining are notably absent. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for checking the conformance of RBAC implemented in the event logs of business processes with the RBAC policies specified in domain knowledge. To facilitate the representation of the RBAC policies derived from the domain knowledge, we employ an RBAC domain-specific language (DSL) combined with our RBAC-driven object constraint language (OCL) invariant patterns built from the various types of RBAC constraints. The implemented RBAC in an event log is represented as snapshots within our framework. Then, we validate the snapshots with the RBAC policies to be able to detect RBAC conformance issues. The proposed framework is experimented with and evaluated on two business process logs, one simulated log and one real-world event log named "BPI Challenge 2017".

关键词： Business processes role-based access control policies process mining role-based access control domain-specific language object constraint language pattern-based approach

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Towards Enforcing Structural OCL constraints using constraint Programming 25

Towards Enforcing Structural OCL Constraints using Constrain...

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Proceedings of the 40th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing

作者： Matthew Coyle Théo Le Calvar Samir Loudni Massimo Tisi IMT Atlantique Nantes France

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706295

Model constraints (e.g. in the object constraint language - OCL) are commonly defined in Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) and used to validate models. Several problems require a way to automatically enforce such constraints, e.g. to complete models or repair them. Because of its combinatorial nature, the problem of enforcing constraints can be computationally hard even for small models. Part of the constraint programming community focuses on developing efficient algorithms for specific but common constraint problems. Such algorithms are made available in constraint solvers in the form of global constraints. Leveraging such global constraints is necessary to efficiently enforce constraints on *** is the most common constraint language in MDE. However, mapping OCL constraints to global constraints is not trivial, especially for constraints that predicate on the graph structure of the model. In this paper we propose a methodology in two steps. We use annotations of OCL expressions to select model properties to solve for. Then we translate the annotated OCL expressions to a composable constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) that uses global constraints on integer variables to model OCL structural constraints. We illustrate the method on a use case based on reconfigurable manufacturing systems, and provide an assessment of its performance.

关键词： object constraint language

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Designing secure databases

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2005年第7期47卷 463-477页

作者： Fernández-Medina, E Piattini, M Univ Castilla La Mancha Escuela Super Informat Alarcos Res Grp E-13071 Ciudad Real Spain

Security is an important issue that must be considered as a fundamental requirement in information systems development, and particularly in database design. Therefore security, as a further quality property of software, must be tackled at all stages of the development. The most extended secure database model is the multilevel model, which permits the classification of information according to its confidentiality, and considers mandatory access control. Nevertheless, the problem is that no database design methodologies that consider security (and therefore secure database models) across the entire life cycle, particularly at the earliest stages currently exist. Therefore it is not possible to design secure databases appropriately. Our aim is to solve this problem by proposing a methodology for the design of secure databases. In addition to this methodology, we have defined some models that allow us to include security information in the database model, and a constraint language to define security constraints. As a result, we can specify a fine-grained classification of the information, defining with a high degree of accuracy which properties each user has to own in order to be able to access each piece of information. The methodology consists of four stages: requirements gathering;database analysis;multilevel relational logical design;and specific logical design. The first three stages define activities to analyze and design a secure database, thus producing a general secure database model. The last stage is made up of activities that adapt the general secure data model to one of the most popular secure database management systems: Oracle9i Label Security. This methodology has been used in a genuine case by the Data Processing Center of Provincial Government. In order to support the methodology, we have implemented an extension of Rational Rose, including and managing security information and constraints in the first stages of the methodology. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： secure databases database design unified modeling language object constraint language

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Exploiting design patterns to automate validation of class invariants

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SOFTWARE TESTING VERIFICATION & RELIABILITY 2006年第2期16卷 71-95页

作者： Malloy, Brian A. Power, James F. Clemson Univ Dept Comp Sci Clemson SC 29634 USA Natl Univ Ireland Dept Comp Sci Maynooth Kildare Ireland

In this paper, techniques are presented that exploit two design patterns, the Visitor pattern and the Decorator pattern, to validate invariants about the data attributes in a C++ class automatically. To investigate the pragmatics involved in using the two patterns, a study of an existing, well-tested application, keystone, a parser and front-end for the C++ language, is presented. Results from the study indicate that these two patterns provide flexibility in terms of the frequency and level of granularity of validation of the class invariants, which are expressed in the object constraint language (OCL). The quantitative results measure the impact of these approaches and the additional faults uncovered through validation of the case study. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： class invariants validation design patterns object constraint language

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