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Cognitive characteristics for learning visual basic

JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2004年第3期44卷 58-66页

作者： White, G Ploeger, F SW Texas State Univ San Marcos TX 78666 USA

This research investigated the cognitive characteristics for learning a visual programming language, Visual Basic. It replicated an earlier study by White (72) that used C++, an object-oriented programming language. The two cognitive characteristics investigated in this research with Visual Basic were 1) cognitive development, as measured by the Proposition Logic Test (PLT) and 2) cognitive hemispheric style, as measured by the Hemispheric Mode Indicator (HMI). Prior research has shown that object-oriented and procedural programming involves a high level of cognitive development and that procedural programmers are left brain hemispheric style thinkers. The findings from this study using a visual programming language, contradicts prior research with other programming paradigms. This study found visual programming being left cognitive hemispheric style, just like procedural programming. However, cognitive development was unimportant. While procedural and object-oriented languages require a high cognitive development level, visual programming languages require a lower level. This supports the theory that different programming language paradigms require different cognitive characteristics (73).

关键词： visual programming object oriented programming languages object orientation Visual Basic Mental development development level Procedural programming cognitive ability

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Word translation disambiguation using bilingual bootstrapping

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COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 2004年第1期30卷 1-22页

作者： Li, H Li, C Microsoft Res Asia Sigma Ctr 5F Beijing Peoples R China

This article proposes a new method for word translation disambiguation, one that uses a machine-learning technique called bilingual bootstrapping. In learning to disambiguate words to be translated, bilingual bootstrapping makes use of a small amount of classified data and a large amount of unclassified data in both the source and the target languages. It repeatedly constructs classifiers in the two languages in parallel and boosts the performance of the classifiers by classifying unclassified data in the two languages and by exchanging information regarding classified data between the two languages. Experimental results indicate that word translation disambiguation based on bilingual bootstrapping consistently and significantly outperforms existing methods that are based on monolingual bootstrapping.

关键词： Word bootstrapping object oriented programming languages Language Classifiers

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Language technology and software internationalisation 04

Language technology and software internationalisation

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Workshop on Australasian Information Security, Data Mining and Web Intelligence, and Software Internationalisation

作者： Robert Dale Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia

This talk explores how language technology might be used to support software internationalisation. We begin by defining what language technology -- the use of computational techniques to process and manipulate human language -- is in the large, and describing briefly the various processing steps involved in most language technology applications. We then go on to examine three areas of language technology that might provide some utility in software internationalisation:? Machine translation, which takes a source text in one language and produces a text in another specified target language: there are existing machine translation solutions for many language pairs in the world, but the quality of the results is extremely variable.? Controlled language processing, which defines a restricted and well-defined subset of a natural language like English: documents written in a controlled language can be more easily manipulated by natural language processing tools, making it easier,for example, to produce high quality translations.? Knowledge authoring tools, where the idea is to start with a representation of content that is independent of any particular natural language, and then to use natural language generation techniques to automatically render this content in the chosen natural *** each case, we will attempt to provide a realistic appraisal of the potential for the technologies involved.

关键词： Language globalisation Natural Language Processing object oriented programming languages Language Processing machine translation

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Aliasing models for mobile objects

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INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION 2002年第1期175卷 3-33页

作者： Nestmann, U Hüttel, H Kleist, J Merro, M Univ Aalborg Ctr Danish Natl Res Fdn Aalborg Denmark INRIA Sophia Antipolis France

In Obliq, a lexically scoped, distributed, object-oriented programming language, object migration was suggested as the creation of a copy of the state of an object at the target site, followed by turning the object itself into an alias, also called surrogate, for the remote copy. We consider the creation of object surrogates as an abstraction of the above-mentioned style of migration. We introduce Ojeblik, a typed distribution-free subset of Obliq, and provide four different configuration-style semantics, which only differ in the respective aliasing model. We show that two of the semantics, one of which matches Obliq's implementation, render migration unsafe, while our new proposal allows for safe migration at least for a large class of program contexts. In addition, we propose a type system that allows a programmer to statically guarantee that programs belong to that class. Our work suggests a straightforward repair of Obliq's aliasing model. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

关键词： Semantics Computer personnel object oriented programming languages Immigration Aliasing creation Abstraction semiotics

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Support for subtyping and code re-use in Timor 02

Support for subtyping and code re-use in Timor

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International Conference on Tools Pacific

作者： J. Leslie Keedy Gisela Menger Christian Heinlein University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780909925888

Unlike most object oriented programming languages Timor, which has been designed to support component development, replaces the class construct with separate constructs for defining types and their implementations (which are not types). It also distinguishes between behaviourally conforming subtyping and the inclusion of behaviourally deviant interfaces in the definition of derived types. The separation of types and implementations simplifies a separation of subtyping and subclassing, facilitating the re-use of implementations of one type to implement other, unrelated types. A further technique allows a type to be mapped onto an unrelated type with different method names, such that the latter's implementations can also be re-used to implement the former. The paper concludes by outlining a substantial example based on the Timor Collection Library.

关键词： type Timor object oriented programming languages Subtypes

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Refinements of complexity results on type consistency for object-oriented databases

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEM SCIENCES 2001年第4期62卷 537-564页

作者： Ishihara, Y Shimizu, S Seki, H Ito, M Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Sci Dept Informat & Math Sci Toyonaka Osaka 5608531 Japan Nara Inst Sci & Technol Grad Sch Informat Sci Nara 6300101 Japan

The method invocation mechanism is one of the essential Features in object-oriented programming languages. This mechanism contributes to data encapsulation and code reuse, but there is a risk of a run-time type error. In the case of object-oriented databases (OODBs), a run-time error causes rollback. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure that a given OODB schema is consistent;i.e., no run-time type error occurs during the execution of queries under any database instance of the OODB schema. This paper discusses the computational complexity of the type-consistency problem. As a model of OODB schemas, we adopt update schemas introduced by R. Hull cr rrl.. which have all of the basic features of OODBs such as class hierarchy. inheritance. and complex objects. Fur several subclasses of update schemas, the complexity of the type-consistency problem is presented. Importantly, it turns out that nonflatness of the class hierarchy, recursion in the queries:, and update operations in the queries each make the problem difficult. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

关键词： Legal Executions Refining schema object oriented programming languages Software reuse object-oriented databases data encapsulation

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Change impact analysis for object-oriented programs 01

Change impact analysis for object-oriented programs

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ACM SIGPLAN - SIGSOFT Workshop on Program Analysis for Software Tools and Engineering (PASTE 01)

作者： Ryder, BG Tip, F IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581134131

Small changes can have major and nonlocal effects in object-oriented languages, due to the use of subtyping and dynamic dispatch. This complicates life for maintenance programmers, who need to fix bugs or add enhancements to systems originally written by others. Change impact analysis provides feedback on the semantic impact of a set of program changes. This analysis can be used to determine the regression test drivers that are affected by a set of changes. Moreover, if a test fails, a subset of changes responsible for the failure can be identified, as well as a subset of changes that can be incorporated safely without affecting any test driver.

关键词： impact assessment Driving test Subset object oriented programming languages object oriented programming object orientation solidification Feedback regression testing

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object-oriented composition untangled 01

Object-oriented composition untangled

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ACM SIGPLAN Conference on object-oriented programming, Systems, languages, and Applications

作者： Klaus Ostermann Mira Mezini Siemens AG Corporate Technology SE 2 D-81730 Munich Germany Darmstadt University of Technology D-64283 Darmstadt Germany

ISBN: (纸本)1581133359

object-oriented languages come with pre-defined composition mechansims, such as inheritance, object composition, or delegation, each characterized by a certain set of composition properties, which do not themselves individually exist as abstractions at the language level. However, often non-standard composition semantics is needed, with a mixture of composition mechanisms. Such non-standard semantics are simulated by complicated architectures that are sensitive to requirement changes and cannot easily be adapted without invalidating existing clients. In this paper, we propose compound references, a new abstraction for object references, that allows us to provide explicit linguistic means for expressing and combining individual composition properties on-demand. The model is statically typed and allows the programmer to express a seamless spectrum of composition semantics in the interval between object composition and inheritance. The resulting programs are better understandable, due to explicity expressed design decisions, and less sensitive to requirement changes.

关键词： language level object oriented programming languages Semantics semiotics delegation Computer personnel Abstraction non-standard object orientation

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Encapsulating objects with confined types 01

Encapsulating objects with confined types

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ACM SIGPLAN Conference on object-oriented programming, Systems, languages, and Applications

作者： Christian Grothoff Jens Palsberg Jan Vitek Slt supgt 3lt/supgt Lab Department of Computer Sciences Purdue University

ISBN: (纸本)1581133359

object-oriented languages provide little support for encapsulating objects. Reference semantics allows objects to escape their defining scope. The pervasive aliasing that ensues remains a major source of software defects. This paper introduces Kacheck/J a tool for inferring object encapulation properties in large Java programs. Our goal is to develop practical tools to assist software engineers, thus we focus on simple and scalable techniques. Kacheck/J is able to infer confinement for Java classes. A class and its sublasses are confined if all of their instances are encapsulated in their defining package. This simple property can be used to identify accidental leaks of sensitive objects. The analysis is scalable and efficient; Kacheck/J is able t infer confinement on a corpus of 46,000 classes (115 MB) in 6 minutes

关键词： encapsulating object oriented programming languages Scalability Software engineering Confined Semantics Java Java programming language

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On objects and events 01

On objects and events

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ACM SIGPLAN Conference on object-oriented programming, Systems, languages, and Applications

作者： Patrick Th. Eugster Rachid Guerraoui Christian Heide Damm Distributed Programming Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland Department of Computer Science University of Aarhus 8200 Aarhus N Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)1581133359

This paper presents linguistic primitives for publish/subscribe programming using events and objects. We integrate our primitives into a strongly typed object-oriented language through four mechnisms: (1) serialization, (2) multiple subtyping, (3)closures, and (4) deferred code evaluation. We illustrate our primitives through Java, showing how we have overcome its respective lacks. A precompiler transforms statements based on our publish/subscribe primitives into calls to specifically generated typed adapters, which resemble the typed stubs and skeletons by the rmic precompiler for remote method invocations in Java

关键词： Java Java programming language Primitive Skeletons remote procedure calls calls strong typing object oriented programming languages serialize Application Adapter bone structure

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