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object based coding of the Depth Maps for 3D Video coding

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 2009年第3期55卷 1699-1706页

作者： De Silva, D. V. S. X. Fernando, W. A. C. Yasakethu, S. L. P. Univ Surrey I Lab Ctr Commun Syst Res Guildford GU2 7XH Surrey England

The emergence of three dimensional (3D) video applications, based on Depth Image based Rendering (DIBR) has brought lip more requirements of bandwidth, due to the need of depth information. This additional bandwidth requirement need to be tackled to enable the widespread of 3D video applications based on DIBR. Exploiting visual correlations between the color image and the depth image, in depth image coding, will reduce the requirement of high bandwidth required to transmit the additional depth information. In this paper, an object based depth image coding technique is presented which is suitable for low bit rate 3D-TV applications that are based on Depth Image based Rendering. The proposed method achieves at most 50% bit rate reduction at low bit rates.

关键词： 3D Video coding Depth image based rendering object based coding

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Iterative motion-based segmentation for object-based video coding

Iterative motion-based segmentation for object-based video c...

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International Conference on Image Processing

作者： Csillag, P Boroczky, L KFKI Research Inst for Measurement and Computing Techniques Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)0818681837

In this paper a new iterative motion-based segmentation algorithm is presented for object-based video coding. At first, dense motion fields between image pairs are obtained by a multiresolution motion estimation algorithm. based on these motion fields a set of global motion vectors are determined by an iterative vector quantisation procedure. Using the global motion vectors, the images are segmented into homogeneous regions. Covered and uncovered areas of the background and objects are properly recognized by examining two consecutive motion fields. Experimental results for artificial as well for real-life video have shown that the proposed algorithm results in good quality segmentation label fields while it requires only moderate computations.

关键词： Video coding motion vector object orientation object based coding Iterative label field Fields

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object coding based video authentication for privacy protection in immersive communication

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JOURNAL OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE AND HUMANIZED COMPUTING 2017年第6期8卷 871-884页

作者： Zhang, Peng Thomas, Tony Zhuo, Tao Huang, Wei Huang, Hanqiao Northwestern Polytech Univ Sch Comp Sci Xian Shaanxi Peoples R China Indian Inst Informat Technol & Management Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India Natl Univ Singapore Sensor Enhanced Social Media SeSaMe Ctr Singapore Singapore Nanchang Univ Sch Informat Engn Nanchang Jiangxi Peoples R China Air Force Engn Univ Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut Engn Xian Shaanxi Peoples R China

Video immersive communication has become a new trend in human-interaction technologies by the information exchanging, which requires the object based coding to provide very low bit rate compression for transmission as well as to protect the privacy of the users. In addition, advanced content-based functionalities in ambient intelligence such as encoder/decoder selection and manipulation of specific objects in a video stream also need the support from object based coding. Unfortunately, due to a malicious entity of modification/replacement/removement of the individual foreground objects and background in the video, effective video authenticity protection is still challenging in some realistic cases. In this paper, we propose an object based coding authentication strategy based on a Chinese remainder theorem for video authenticity protection during transmission. With the watermark generation for single frame and content scalable video coding, we performed the proposed authenticity verification on both original video and sub-video. based on the efficiency evaluation on video transmission, the proposed approach ensures an applicable authenticity between the foreground objects and their associated background for video immersive applications.

关键词： object based coding Authentication Privacy protection Watermark Immersive communication

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NFPA's perspectives on performance-based codes and standards

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FIRE TECHNOLOGY 1996年第4期32卷 323-332页

作者： Puchovsky, M National Fire Protection Association

Our ability to predict fire behavior and its effects on our lives has greatly improved over the past quarter century. Numerous scientific advancements have introduced new approaches and tools for the fire safety-related design of both the built environment and the development of new products.' However, many of these new methods are not currently used on a routine basis. A growing number of individuals in the fire safety community think that our current fire safety design and approval process, coupled with the rigid make-up of our existing codes and standards, inhibit the greater application of these new methods.(2) While many factors such as resistance to change and the potential misapplication of calculation tools, can account for this inhibiting effect, this paper focuses on the role of codes and standards and discusses how they might better serve the transfer and application of new technology.

关键词： Built environment Fire behavior object based coding EQUIPMENT segmentation-based coding New products Quarter new methods Codes content-based coding

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MPEG-4 natural video coding - An overview

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2000年第4-5期15卷 365-385页

作者： Ebrahimi, T Horne, C Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Swiss Fed Inst Technol Signal Proc Lab CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Mediamat Inc Fremont CA 94538 USA

This paper describes the MPEG-4 standard, as defined in ISO/IEC 14496-2. The MPEG-4 visual standard is developed to provide users a new level of interaction with visual contents. It provides technologies to view, access and manipulate objects rather than pixels, with great error robustness at a large range of bit-rates. Application areas range from digital television, streaming video, to mobile multimedia and games. The MPEG-4 natural video standard consists of a collection of tools that support these application areas. The standard provides tools for shape coding, motion estimation and compensation, texture coding, error resilience, sprite coding and scalability. Conformance points in the form of object types, profiles and levels, provide the basis for interoperability. Shape coding can be performed in binary mode, where the shape of each object is described by a binary mask, or in gray scale mode, where the shape is described in a form similar to an alpha channel, allowing transparency, and reducing aliasing. Motion compensation is block based, with appropriate modifications for object boundaries. The block size can be 16 x 16, or 8 x 8, with half pixel resolution. MPEG-4 also provides a mode for overlapped motion compensation. Texture coding is based in 8 x 8 DCT, with appropriate modifications for object boundary blocks. Coefficient prediction is possible to improve coding efficiency. Static textures can be encoded using a wavelet transform. Error resilience is provided by resynchronization markers, data partitioning, header extension codes, and reversible variable length codes. Scalability is provided for both spatial and temporal resolution enhancement. MPEG-4 provides scalability on an object basis, with the restriction that the object shape has to be rectangular. MPEG-4 conformance points are defined at the Simple Profile, the Core Profile, and the Main Profile. Simple Profile and Core Profiles address typical scene sizes of QCIF and CIF size, with bit-rates

关键词： MPEG-4 visual video coding object based coding streaming interactivity

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A hybrid scheme for low bit-rate coding of stereo images

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2002年第2期11卷 123-134页

作者： Jiang, JM Edirisinghe, EA Univ Bradford Dept Elect Imaging & Media Commun Bradford BD7 1DP W Yorkshire England Univ Loughborough Dept Comp Sci Loughborough LE11 3TU Leics England

In this paper, we propose a hybrid scheme to implement an object driven, block based algorithm to achieve low bit-rate compression of stereo image pairs. The algorithm effectively combines the simplicity and adaptability of the existing block based stereo image compression techniques [1]-[5] with an edge/contour based object extraction technique to determine appropriate compression strategy for various areas of the right image. Unlike the existing object-based coding such as MPEG-4 developed in video compression community, the proposed scheme does not require any additional shape coding. Instead, the arbitrary shape is reconstructed by the matching object inside the left frame, which has been encoded by standard JPEG algorithm and hence made available at the decoding end for those shapes in right frames. Yet the shape reconstruction for right objects incurs no distortion due to the unique correlation between left and right frames inside stereo image pairs and the nature of the proposed hybrid scheme. Extensive experiments carried out support that significant improvements of up to 20% in compression ratios are achieved by the proposed algorithm in comparison with the existing block-based technique, while the reconstructed image quality is maintained at a competitive level in terms of both PSNR values and visual inspections.

关键词： object based coding stereo image compression video compression

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MPEG-4 video verification model: A video encoding/decoding algorithm based on content representation

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 1997年第4期9卷 367-384页

作者： Ebrahimi, T Signal Processing Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology — EPFL CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

MPEG-4 video aims at providing standardized core technologies allowing efficient storage, transmission and manipulation of video data in multimedia environments. This is a challenging task given the broad spectrum of requirements and applications in multimedia. In order to achieve this broad goal, rather than a solution for a narrow set of applications, functionalities common to clusters of applications are under consideration. Therefore, video group activities in MPEG-4 aim at providing solutions in the form of tools and algorithms enabling functionalities such as efficient compression, object scalability, spatial and temporal scalability, and error resilience. The standardized MPEG-4 video will provide a toolbox containing tools and algorithms bringing solutions to the above-mentioned functionalities and more. The current focus of the MPEG-4 video group is the development of the Video Verification Models. A Verification Model (VM) is a common platform with a precise definition of encoding and decoding algorithms which can be presented as tools addressing specific functionalities. It evolves through time by means of core experiments. New algorithms/tools are added to the VM and old algorithms/tools are replaced in the VM by successful core experiments. Until October 1996, the MPEG-4 video group has focused its efforts on a single VM which has gradually evolved from version 1.0 to version 4.0, and in the process has addressed increasing number of desired functionalities, namely, content based object and temporal scalabilities, spatial scalability, error resilience, and compression efficiency. This paper gives an overview of version 4.0 of the Video VM in MPEG-4. In doing so, issues, algorithms, and majors tools used in the development of this future video standard are discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

关键词： video coding content based coding object based coding region based coding

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Embedded wavelet coding of arbitrarily shaped objects

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Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing

作者： Mertins, A Singh, S Univ Wollongong Sch Elect Comp & Telecommun Engn Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)0819437034

This paper presents an embedded zerotree wavelet coding technique for the compression of arbitrarily shaped 2-D objects. The wavelet decomposition is carried out with an optimized, biorthogonal, shape adaptive discrete wavelet transform (SA DWT) which performs non-expansive multiresolution decompositions of arbitrary image regions. The proposed SA DWT is defined for even-length, symmetric wavelet filters such as the 6-10 filters. The processing at region boundaries is carried out via reflection, followed by an optimization stage which requires only a few operations per boundary pixel. The computationally inexpensive optimization results in an additional performance gain of up to 0.5 dB compared to the plain reflection based scheme.

关键词： shape adaptive wavelet transform region based coding object based coding embedded zerotree coding non-expansive transform

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CURRENT STATUS OF THE MPEG-4 STANDARDIZATION EFFORT

CURRENT STATUS OF THE MPEG-4 STANDARDIZATION EFFORT

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Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing 94

作者： ANASTASSIOU, D COLUMBIA UNIV DEPT ELECT ENGNNEW YORKNY 10027

ISBN: (纸本)081941638X

The Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) of the International Standardization Organization has initiated a standardization effort, known as MPEG-4, addressing generic audiovisual coding at very low bit-rates (up to 64 kbits/s) with applications in videotelephony, mobile audiovisual communications, video database retrieval, computer games, video over Internet, remote sensing, etc. This paper gives a survey of the status of MPEG-4, including its planned schedule, and initial ideas about requirements and applications. A significant part of this paper is summarizing an incomplete draft version of a `requirements document' which presents specifications of desirable features on the video, audio, and system level of the forthcoming standard. Very low bit-rate coding algorithms are not described, because no endorsement of any particular algorithm, or class of algorithms, has yet been made by MPEG-4, and several seminars held concurrently with MPEG-4 meetings have not so far provided evidence that such high performance coding schemes are achievable.

关键词： LOW BIT RATE VIDEO coding MPEG MODEL based coding object based coding

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