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Concurrent Cortical Representations of function- and Size-Related object Affordances: An fMRI Study

COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018年第6期18卷 1221-1232页

作者： Kourtis, Dimitrios Vandemaele, Pieter Vingerhoets, Guy Univ Stirling Fac Nat Sci Psychol Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium Univ Ghent Dept Radiol Ghent Belgium

Previous work has shown that the perception of a graspable object may automatically potentiate actions that are tailored to specific action-related features of the object (e.g., its size) and may be related to its immediate grasping as well as to its long-term, functional use. We investigated the neural correlates of function- and size-related object affordances that may be concurrently potentiated by a graspable object. Participants were lying in a MR scanner holding a large switch in one hand and a small switch in the other hand. They passively attended a large or a small object with clearly separated functional and graspable end that was displayed centrally at an average angle of 45 degrees. Participants responded to the direction of an arrow that was overlaid on the object after a mean period of 1,000 ms after object onset and was pointing to the left or to the right with equal probability. Response times were shorter when the arrow pointed to the functional end of the object and when the responses were made with the switch that was congruent to the size of the perceived object. A clear distinction was found in the representation of function- and size-related affordances;the former was represented in the posterior parietal cortex and the latter in prefrontal, premotor, and primary sensorimotor cortices. We conclude that different aspects of object-directed actions may be automatically potentiated by individual object features and are represented in distinct brain areas.

关键词： object affordances object size object function Dorsal stream Posterior parietal cortex fMRI

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object Concepts and Their functional Core: Material Engagement and Canonical Uses of objects in Early Childhood Education

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HUMAN ARENAS 2021年第2期4卷 172-195页

作者： Alessandroni, Nicolas Univ Autonoma Madrid Dept Interfac Psicol Evolut & Educ Madrid Spain

Concept formation is a crucial milestone for cognitive development. In the last 40 years, empirical evidence obtained in laboratory settings suggested that babies have a rich conceptual system that expresses in responses to stimuli. However, very little is still known about how concepts develop in every day, ecological contexts. This is due to a lack of studies addressing (i) the intersubjective contexts of activity in which concepts develop and (ii) the meanings that objects that are part of those contexts acquire through material engagement. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of six observations from a longitudinal pilot study carried out at an infant school in Madrid (Spain), with children from ages 5 to 17 months. Children's interactions with each other, with their teacher, and with objects were recorded every 21 days for 6 months. Results show that when children, in their first year of life, grasp the canonical uses of objects they stop interacting with isolated things and start to interact with members of functional classes. Knowledge about the canonical function of objects grants children access to new forms of interaction with the material world, with others, and with themselves. I, therefore, propose that, in early childhood, general forms of material engagement that take place within culturally organised activities are central to conceptual development. Specifically, I hold that canonical uses of objects are conceptual in nature. Results are discussed in relation to the need for more studies addressing the active role of material culture for cognition in early childhood.

关键词： Conceptual development object concepts object function Material engagement theory Pragmatics of the object

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How children come to (not) detect and apply multiple functions for objects: Rethinking perseveration and functional fixedness

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COGNITION 2024年 251卷 105902页

作者： Pflueger, Maria Buttelmann, David Elsner, Birgit Univ Potsdam Dept Dev Psychol Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany Univ Bern Inst Psychol Fabrikstr 8 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

Although humans acquire sophisticated and flexible tool-use skills rapidly throughout childhood, young children and adults still show difficulties using the same object for different functions, manifesting in, for example, perseveration or functional fixedness. This paper presents a novel model proposing bottom-up processes taking place during the acquisition of tool-use abilities through active interaction with objects, resulting in two kinds of cognitive representations of an object: a lower-level, action-centered representation and a higher-level, purposecentered one. In situations requiring the use of an object to attain a goal, the purpose-centered representation is activated quickly, allowing for an immediate detection of suitable tools. In contrast, activation of the actioncentered representation is slow and effortful, but comes with the advantage of offering wide-ranging information about the object's features and how they can be applied. This differential availability and activation of action-centered versus purpose-centered representations also contributes to a deeper understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying perseveration or functional fixedness during multifunctional tool use. When applied to the teaching and acquisition of tool use, the model indicates that the form in which object-related information is provided determines which of the two object representations is fostered, thereby either facilitating or complicating the flexible application of an object as a tool for different functions.

关键词： Tool use object function object representation Multifunctionality Perseveration functional fixedness

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Three-dimensional imaging of an object behind an anisotropic wall

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IET SCIENCE MEASUREMENT & TECHNOLOGY 2019年第1期13卷 53-59页

作者： Jafarpourjalali, Mohammad Tavakoli, Ahad Dehkhoda, Parisa Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Tehran Iran

Based on the well-known diffraction tomography (DT) method, a three-dimensional (3D) inverse scattering algorithm is proposed to identify a hidden object behind an anisotropic wall. The spatial spectral expansion of the dyadic Green's function of the multi-layered structure with anisotropic material is employed in the DT formulation of the scattered field. Born approximation is utilised for weak scatterers that model the scattered field as a linear function of the object function. The proposed method is very efficient and suitable for real-time applications due to its easy and fast implementation.

关键词： Green's function methods image reconstruction tomography electromagnetic wave scattering stereo image processing approximation theory anisotropic wall diffraction tomography method three-dimensional inverse scattering algorithm hidden object spatial spectral expansion multilayered structure anisotropic material DT formulation born approximation linear function object function three-dimensional imaging dyadic Green function

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DPD with IPF and GD method

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IET SIGNAL PROCESSING 2019年第8期13卷 718-725页

作者： Song, Kekang Yang, Yuxiang Feng, Wentao Peng, Huafeng Natl Key Lab Sci & Technol Blind Signal Proc Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China

The localisation of a stationary emitter with several separated sensors is studied. At low signal-to-noise ratio, the direct position determination (DPD) approach is more precise than the two-step method which estimates the time difference of arrival (TDOA) first and locates the emitter by the TDOAs. However, the exhaustive search is usually employed to find the global maximum since the object function of DPD is non-convex. After analysing the characteristics of the object function, a DPD with improved particle filter and gradient descent method (GDIPF-DPD) is proposed. The initial and fine estimations are provided by the IPF and GD methods, successively, as the object function has single peak around the expected position and is differentiable. The IPF decreases the times of resampling through mapping the particle weights before normalisation into 0-1. The GD method improves the accuracy by seeking within the single peak. Furthermore, the position Cramer-Rao lower bound of DPD with attenuation coefficient is derived and proved to be consistent with the two-step method of TDOA. Simulation results indicate that the position accuracy of the proposed algorithm is equivalent with grad search method and its computation cost is less by two orders of magnitude.

关键词： direction-of-arrival estimation time-of-arrival estimation particle swarm optimisation particle filtering (numerical methods) gradient methods IPF GD method stationary emitter low signal-to-noise ratio direct position determination approach two-step method time difference TDOA object function improved particle filter gradient descent method GDIPF-DPD initial estimations fine estimations single peak expected position position Cramer-Rao lower bound position accuracy grad search method

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Initial noun meanings do not differentiate into object categories: An experimental approach to Werner and Kaplan's hypothesis

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020年 190卷 104710-104710页

作者： Hagihara, Hiromichi Sakagami, M. Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Human & Environm Studies Sakyo Ku Kyoto 6068501 Japan Japan Soc Promot Sci Chiyoda Ku Tokyo 1020083 Japan

During the initial stage of language development, nouns corresponding to "object categories" are known to be acquired earlier than other parts of speech, including verbs. However, it is unclear whether the semantic content of words is the same for toddlers who have just begun to learn them and adult speakers. This preliminary study experimentally investigated the theoretical hypothesis of Werner and Kaplan, which posited that the initial meanings of noun-like words do not differentiate into specific categories of objects themselves but rather refer to holistic event categories. Toddlers aged 19-35 months (N = 36) were prompted to select one of two juxtaposed video stimuli (e.g., "putting shoes on" vs. "rubbing two baskets" in the match condition, "putting baskets on" vs. "rubbing shoes" in the mismatch condition) using questions about noun-like words (e.g., "Which is shoes?"). Statistical modeling demonstrated that the meanings of noun-like words for toddlers under 21 months of age or with a vocabulary size of less than 140 words were deeply influenced by conventional actions related to the objects (e.g., "putting shoes on"), whereas they subsequently differentiated into specific object categories (e.g., "shoes" alone), becoming "true nouns." These findings support Werner and Kaplan's hypothesis and provide the first experimental evidence for the theoretical and observational assumptions that early words are not easily classified into parts of speech only by their vocables (e.g., nouns, verbs). We discuss the flexibility of vocable-meaning connections during early language development by proposing the "semantic pluripotency hypothesis." (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Language development Word learning Noun meaning Event category object function Pluripotency

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Identification of Parameters of Short-Time Creep of Plexiglas By Means of Studying Decaying Flexural Vibrations of Test Samples

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS AND TECHNICAL PHYSICS 2018年第3期59卷 519-530页

作者： Paimushin, V. N. Firsov, V. A. Shishkin, V. M. Kazan Natl Res Tech Univ Kazan 420111 Russia Kazan Fed Univ Kazan 420008 Russia Vyatka State Univ Kirov 610000 Russia

A technique for identification of hereditary properties under conditions of short-time creep of Plexiglas is developed. The technique is based on experimental determination of shifting of the center of decaying flexural vibrations of vertically aligned test samples after their preliminary maintaining in a static bent state. Mathematically, the technique is based on using the finite element method and integral equations of the theory of hereditary viscoelasticity with the Koltunov-Rzhanitsyn hereditary kernel. An object function is constructed for identification of rheological parameters of this kernel. The minimum of this function is found by the direct search method, which does not require the function gradient to be known. The hereditary kernel of Plexiglas averaged on the basis of data for several test samples is obtained as a function of time.

关键词： viscoelastic material hereditary kernel finite element direct search method object function

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The influence of grasping habits and object orientation on motor planning in children and adults

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY 2017年第8期59卷 949-957页

作者： Jovanovic, Bianca Schwarzer, Gudrun Justus Liebig Univ Dev Psychol FB 06Otto Behaghel Str 10-F1 D-35394 Giessen Germany

We investigated the influence of habitual grasp strategies and object orientation on motor planning in 3-year-olds and 4- to 5-year-old children and adults. Participants were required to rotate different vertically oriented objects around 180 degrees. Usually, adults perform this task by grasping objects with an awkward grip (thumb and index finger pointing downward) at the beginning of the movement, in order to finish it with a comfortable hand position. This pattern corresponds to the well-known end-state comfort effect (ESC) in grasp planning. The presented objects were associated with different habitual grasp orientations that either corresponded with the grasp direction required to reach end-state comfort (downward) or implied a contrary grasp orientation (upward). Additionally, they were presented either in their usual, canonical orientation (e.g., shovel with the blade oriented downward versus cup with its opening oriented upward) or upside down. As dependent variable we analyzed the number of grips conforming to the end-state comfort principle (ESC score) realized in each object type and orientation condition. The number of grips conforming to ESC strongly increased with age. In addition, the extent to which end-state comfort was considered was influenced by the actual orientation of the objects' functional parts. Thus, in all age-groups the ESC score was highest when the functional parts of the objects were oriented downward (shovel presented canonically with blade pointing downward, cup presented upside down) and corresponded to the hand orientation needed to realize ESC.

关键词： affordances development end-state comfort grasping motor planning object function second-order planning

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Grasping possibilities for action: Influence of object function and action capabilities

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HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE 2011年第6期30卷 1102-1114页

作者： Ranganathan, Rajiv Lee, Mei-Hua Brown, Amber J. Newell, Karl M. Penn State Univ Dept Kinesiol Philadelphia PA USA

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of object function and the observer's action capabilities on grasp facilitation. We used a stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) protocol in which participants were asked to reach and grasp a drinking glass using one of two grasps - the thumb-up or the thumb-down grasp. The reaction time (RT) was used as the index of grasp facilitation. In Experiment 1, we found evidence for the facilitation of "functionally relevant" grasps - where the type of grasp facilitated depended on the location of opening but not the shape of the object. However, this effect was found only when attention was directed toward the location of the opening. In Experiments 2 and 3, we found that this facilitation was also affected by whether participants had the ability to functionally interact with the object. These results show that S-R compatibilities are influenced both by the object's function and the actor's action capabilities, and are interpreted in Gibson's (1979) framework of affordances. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Grasping Affordances Stimulus-response compatibility object function Action capabilities

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Study on object function of Milling Insert Impact Disrepair Based on Stress Field Analysis

Study on Object Function of Milling Insert Impact Disrepair ...

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2nd International Conference on functional Manufacturing Technologies

作者： Cheng Yaonan Wang Liquan Wu Mingyang Li Zhenjia Harbin Engn Univ Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Harbin Univ Sci & Technol Harbin 150080 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780878492367

This article takes the waved-edge milling insert (the rake face is curve plane) developed by Harbin University of Science and Technology as an example, as the goal of minimal impact disrepair, the optimization object function of the milling insert grooves is studied. Based on the force density function of the 3D complex groove milling insert, we have the finite element analysis on the stress fields of different Gutting parameters, and have fuzzy synthetical judgement on the stress fields with fuzzy mathematic theory. We build the object function relation between the fuzzy synthetical judgement results and cutting parameters of the impact disrepair, so to have groove design optimization. All these studies provide the theoretic basis for the groove exploitation and the cutter disrepair which is :he key problem in the automatization production and groove optimization.

关键词： Milling insert Stress field Impact disrepair object function

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