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The clear speech effect for non-native listeners

JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2002年第1期112卷 272-284页

作者： Bradlow, AR Bent, T Northwestern Univ Dept Linguist Evanston IL 60208 USA

Previous work has established that naturally produced clear speech is more intelligible than conversational speech for adult hearing-impaired listeners and normal-hearing listeners under degraded listening conditions. The major goal of the present study was to investigate the extent to which naturally produced clear speech is an effective intelligibility enhancement strategy for non-native listeners. Thirty-two non-native and 32 native listeners were presented with naturally produced English sentences. Factors that varied were speaking style (conversational versus clear), signal-to-noise ratio(-4 versus -8 dB) and talker (one male versus one female), Results showed that while native listeners derived a substantial benefit from naturally produced clear speech (an improvement of about 16 rau units on a keyword-correct count), non-native listeners exhibited only a small clear speech effect (an improvement of only 5 rau units). This relatively small clear speech effect for non-native listeners is interpreted as a consequence of the fact that clear speech is essentially native-listener oriented, and therefore is only beneficial to listeners with extensive experience with the sound structure of the target language. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America.

关键词： Listeners object oriented programming languages Speech

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A PRACTICAL COMPARISON OF 2 object-oriented languages

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IEEE SOFTWARE 1989年第5期6卷 61-68页

作者： WOLF, W Electr. Eng. Dep. Princeton Univ. Princeton NJ 08540 USA

The author compares two very different object-oriented programming languages, Flavors and C++, with respect to their merits and how design decisions in each language influence various aspects of programming. The fundamental difference between the two languages is that C++ is strongly typed while Flavors is weakly typed. The comparison follows the completion of two very similar programming projects, one using Flavors and the other C++, allowing direct comparison of software implementation methods in these languages. The projects involved the design of two systems for describing and generating electronic hardware. Differences in implementing all three object-oriented language mechanisms-data abstraction, inheritance, and runtime method determination-are discussed. Typing, memory management, syntax aids and the programming environment are examined. It is concluded that the choice of a language can have a profound influence on program design.

关键词： strong typing object oriented programming languages programming Language programming environments Program Design

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THE GUIDE LANGUAGE

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 1994年第6期37卷 519-530页

作者： BALTER, R LACOURTE, S RIVEILL, M UNIV SAVOIE LGISF-73370 BOURGET LACFRANCE

The Guide language is an object-oriented language dedicated for programming distributed applications on top of the Comandos platform. This language faithfully reflects all the capabilities of the Comandos model. It combines the facilities of a strongly typed object model with a powerful computational model. Key features of the language are: separation between types and classes, conformant subtyping, distribution transparency, concurrent activities, synchronization mechanism for shared objects, and exception handling. This paper presents the design choices for the Guide language and discusses programming experience gained from the use of the language for the construction of distributed applications.

关键词： strong typing Guiding devices programming object oriented programming languages concurrent activities Language Does use language

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object-oriented programming FOR ENGINEERING SOFTWARE-DEVELOPMENT

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ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS 1990年第1期6卷 1-15页

作者： FENVES, GL 1. Department of Civil Engineering University of California at Berkeley 94720 Berkeley CA USA

The representation of engineering systems in a manner suitable for computer processing is an important aspect of software development for computer aided engineering. The process of abstraction is a well-known technique for developing data representations. objects are a mechanism for representing data using abstraction, and object-oriented languages are languages for writing programs to manipulate objects. The paper shows through examples the advantages of object-oriented programming for developing engineering software. Mathematical graphs are used as an abstraction for two problems: (1) sorting activities in a schedule and (2) ordering nodes and elements in a finite element mesh. Classes of objects are developed for generic graphs, activity procedence graphs, and graphs of elements meshes. object-oriented program development leads to modular programs and a substantial reuse of code for the two problems.

关键词： object oriented programming computer software Elements Program Development Software design COMPUTER PROCESSING object oriented programming languages Writing Representation of data Language Abstraction engineering software

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On problems in polymorphic object-oriented languages with self types and matching

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FUNDAMENTA INFORMATICAE 2006年第4期71卷 477-491页

作者： Winter, Michael Brock Univ Dept Comp Sci St Catharines ON L2S 3A1 Canada

Subtyping is a basic concept in object-oriented languages. It supports subsumption but, unfortunately, it does not support inheritance of binary methods, i.e., methods taking another argument of type Self - the same type as the object itself. For this reason, a relation, called matching, on recursive object types has been proposed. This relation does not support subsumption but it allows to inherit binary methods. Two different definitions of matching, called F-bounded and higher-order subtyping, have been proposed and discussed. It was shown that the higher-order interpretation has better theoretical properties, i.e., it leads to a reflexive and transitive matching relation. In this paper we concentrate on two problems in languages with self types and matching based on the higher-order interpretation. We show that the flexibility of self types may not allow the programmer to define certain classes and/or methods which are based on constant values. Furthermore, the higher-order interpretation, especially in the context of bounded quantification, is too restrictive. We argue that a language should be based on both versions of matching and a notion of a type This distinguished from the type Self.

关键词： object oriented programming languages Computer personnel higher-order Language Reflexive

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An OO database migrates to the Web

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IEEE SOFTWARE 1998年第3期15卷 22-+页

作者： Cobb, MA Foley, H Wilson, R Chung, MY Shaw, KB USN Res Lab Charting & Geodesy Branch Stennis Space Ctr MS 39529 USA Univ So Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA

Traditional databases can be restructured to take advantage of OO methods. Java's advent has enhanced OO's benefits by providing a way to run applications across varying platforms. To take advantage of these trends, the authors first converted a relational database to the OO paradigm, then migrated it to the Web. Here they describe the procedures and technologies they used to accomplish the migration.

关键词： Internet client-server systems object-oriented languages object-oriented methods relational databases Corba specification Java based mapping client OO database migration OO paradigm Smalltalk mapping prototype Web geographic objects project goal query ca Relational databases client-server systems Internets object oriented programming languages object orientation Web search engines

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In silico environments augment clinical trials

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IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE 1996年第2期15卷 47-59页

作者： Sieburg, HB Laboratory For Biological Information & Theortical Medicine University of California San Diego USA

One of the most promising new approaches to interpreting complex systems data is to generate self-organizing simulations. We have previously applied Markov random field methods to create virtual worlds for the prototyping of wetlab experimentation. We have termed the virtual worlds \"in silico environments\" to express a synergism between computer simulation and wetlab experimentation. We show that in silico environments allow the planning of clinical trial procedures. A strong aspect of the method is the use of a dedicated object oriented language called Slang (simulation language).

关键词： PROTOTYPE field methods object oriented programming languages Computer simulation languages data systems Complex systems experimentation Markov random fields Virtual Synergism

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Finally tagless, partially evaluated: Tagless staged interpreters for simpler typed languages

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JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL programming 2009年第5期19卷 509-543页

作者： Carette, Jacques Kiselyov, Oleg Shan, Chung-Chieh McMaster Univ Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada Rutgers State Univ Piscataway NJ 08855 USA

We have built the first family of tagless interpretations for a higher-order typed object language in a typed metalanguage (Haskell or ML) that require no dependent types, generalized algebraic data types, or postprocessing to eliminate tags. The statically type-preserving interpretations include an evaluator, a compiler (or staged evaluator), a partial evaluator, and call-by-name and call-by-value continuation-passing style (CPS) transformers. Our principal technique is to encode de Bruijn or higher-order abstract syntax using combinator functions rather than data constructors. In other words, we represent object terms not in an initial algebra but using the coalgebraic structure of the lambda-calculus. Our representation also simulates inductive maps from types to types, which are required for typed partial evaluation and CPS transformations. Our encoding of an object term abstracts uniformly over the family of ways to interpret it, yet statically assures that the interpreters never get stuck. This family of interpreters thus demonstrates again that it is useful to abstract over higher-kinded types.

关键词： post-treatment data types Computer programming languages interpreters object oriented programming languages coding Language family

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UPDATING ON CONDITIONAL INFORMATION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS 1994年第12期24卷 1708-1713页

作者： ADAMS, EW University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

This paper, concentrating on deductions among conditional expressions, extends some previous ideas of the author as an alternative to the use of conditional event algebra. The approach taken here is through metalanguage-based ''high probability relations''. Higher order conditionals are also treated in the same metalevel format, in contrast to the object language format of conditional event algebra. Other comparisons with conditional event algebra are also discussed, and a potentially promising technique is presented for connecting metalanguage probability relations with object language relations.

关键词： Algebra Meta languages DEDUCTION Conditional Writers object oriented programming languages

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Word translation disambiguation using bilingual bootstrapping

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COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 2004年第1期30卷 1-22页

作者： Li, H Li, C Microsoft Res Asia Sigma Ctr 5F Beijing Peoples R China

This article proposes a new method for word translation disambiguation, one that uses a machine-learning technique called bilingual bootstrapping. In learning to disambiguate words to be translated, bilingual bootstrapping makes use of a small amount of classified data and a large amount of unclassified data in both the source and the target languages. It repeatedly constructs classifiers in the two languages in parallel and boosts the performance of the classifiers by classifying unclassified data in the two languages and by exchanging information regarding classified data between the two languages. Experimental results indicate that word translation disambiguation based on bilingual bootstrapping consistently and significantly outperforms existing methods that are based on monolingual bootstrapping.

关键词： Word bootstrapping object oriented programming languages Language Classifiers

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