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Abstraction classes in software design

IEE PROCEEDINGS-SOFTWARE 2006年第4期153卷 163-182页

作者： Eden, A. H. Hirshfeld, Y. Kazman, R. Univ Essex Dept Comp Sci Colchester CO4 3SQ Essex England Ctr Inquiry New York NY USA Tel Aviv Univ Dept Math IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel Carnegie Mellon Univ Inst Software Engn Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Hawaii Honolulu HI 96825 USA

We distinguish three abstraction strata in software design statements: (i) Strategic design statements ('architectural design') determine global constraints, such as programming paradigms, architectural styles, component-based software enginering standards, design principles, and law-governed regularities;(ii) Tactical design statements ('detailed design') determine local constraints, such as design patterns, programming idioms, and refactorings;(iii) Implementation statements determine specific properties of the implementation, such as a class diagrams and program documentation. Seeking to ground this intuition in a well-defined vocabulary, we define two criteria of distinction in mathematical logic. We present the Intension/Locality hypothesis, postulating that the spectrum of software design statements is divided into three well-defined 'abstraction classes' as follows: (i) the class of non-local statements (NL) contains Strategic statements;(ii) the class of local and intensional statements (LF) contains Tactical statements;and (iii) the class of local and extensional statements (LE) contains Implementation statements. We demonstrate a broad range of software design statements that corroborate our hypothesis. We conclude with a proof of the architectural mismatch theorem, according to which architectural mismatch arises from attempting to combine components that assume conflicting non-local statements.

关键词： formal logic Formal logic architectural design software architecture mathematical logic data encapsulation detailed design software design abstraction classes systems analysis Software engineering techniques object-oriented programming

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Template-based construction of verified software

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-SOFTWARE 2005年第1期152卷 2-12页

作者： Hemer, D Lindsay, PA Univ Queensland Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

The use of formal verification to prove the correctness of software is increasingly being mandated by international standards for the development of safety critical systems. While formal development environments exist to assist in formal software development, formal verification is still an extremely difficult and time-consuming task, requiring expert skills not possessed by the typical software engineer. The authors propose a component-based development approach, where the aim is not so much to make savings in the cost of implementation, but instead to reduce the amount of verification that the software engineer needs to perform, as well as reducing the complexity of any remaining verification. This is achieved by providing reusable design templates that have been verified offline by an expert in mathematical logic and theorem proving. An important feature of the template language is the presence of higher-order parameters, which enable templates to be defined that are more widely applicable, thus giving better value for the one-off verification effort.

关键词： formal logic object-oriented programming formal languages Software management C language safety critical systems High level languages programming support program verification formal software development authoring systems template-based construction formal specification object-oriented programming component-based development approach theorem proving Software metrics Formal logic software reusability software development management mathematical logic formal verification Formal methods software metrics international standards Software engineering techniques template language

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GENASIS Mathematics: object-oriented manifolds, operations, and solvers for large-scale physics simulations

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COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 2018年 222卷 384-412页

作者： Cardall, Christian Y. Budiardja, Reuben D. Oak Ridge Natl Lab Phys Div Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA Univ Tennessee Dept Phys & Astron Knoxville TN 37996 USA Oak Ridge Natl Lab Natl Ctr Computat Sci Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA

The large-scale computer simulation of a system of physical fields governed by partial differential equations requires some means of approximating the mathematical limit of continuity. For example, conservation laws are often treated with a 'finite-volume' approach in which space is partitioned into a large number of small 'cells,' with fluxes through cell faces providing an intuitive discretization modeled on the mathematical definition of the divergence operator. Here we describe and make available Fortran 2003 classes furnishing extensible object-oriented implementations of simple meshes and the evolution of generic conserved currents thereon, along with individual 'unit test' programs and larger example problems demonstrating their use. These classes inaugurate the Mathematics division of our developing astrophysics simulation code GENASIS (General A strophysical Simulation System), which will be expanded over time to include additional meshing options, mathematical operations, solver types, and solver variations appropriate for many multiphysics applications. Program Summary Program Title: SineWave, SawtoothWave, RiemannProblem, RayleighTaylor, SedovTaylor, and FishboneMoncrief (fluid dynamics example problems illustrating GENASIS Mathematics) Program Files doi: http://***/10.17632/mzvxngwtw6.1 Licensing provisions: GPLv3 programming language: Fortran 2003 (tested with gfortran 6.2.0, Intel Fortran 16.0.3, Cray Compiler 8.5.3) External routines/libraries: MPI [1] and Silo [2] Nature of problem: By way of illustrating GENASIS Mathematics functionality, solve example 'fluid dynamics problems. Solution method: Finite-volume discretization;second-order slope-limited reconstruction;HLL Riemann Solver;Runge-Kutta time integration. Additional comments including Restrictions and Unusual features: The example problems named above are not ends in themselves, but serve to illustrate the functionality available though GENASIS Mathematics. In addition to these more su

关键词： Simulation framework object-oriented programming Fortran 2003 Partial differential equations Meshing Conservation laws

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Mining Stack Overflow for API class recommendation using DOC2VEC and LDA

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IET SOFTWARE 2021年第5期15卷 308-322页

作者： Lee, Wai Keat Su, Moon Ting Univ Malaya Fac Comp Sci & Informat Technol Dept Software Engn Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia

To address the lexical gaps between natural language (NL) queries and Application programming Interface (API) documentations, and between NL queries and programme code, this study developed a novel approach for recommending Java API classes that are relevant to the program ming tasks described in NL queries. A Doc2Vec model was trained using question titles mined from Stack Overflow. The model was used to find question titles that are semantically similar to a query. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling was applied on the Java API classes (extracted from code snippets found in the accepted answers of these similar questions) to extract a single topic comprising of the Top-10 Java API classes that are relevant to the query. The benchmarking of the proposed approach against state-of-the-art approaches, RACK and NLP2API, by using four performance metrics show that it is possible to produce comparable API recommendation results using a less complex approach that makes use of some basic machine learning models, in particular, Doc2Vec and LDA. The approach was implemented in a Java API class recommender with an Eclipse IDE's plug-in serving as the front-end.

关键词： NLP2API Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling Doc2Vec model programme code natural language queries data mining code snippets similar questions Application programming Interface documentations learning (artificial intelligence) Java API class recommendation comparable API recommendation results Natural language processing query processing single topic comprising application program interfaces Top-10 Java API classes question titles basic machine learning models NL queries document handling lexical gaps Data handling techniques Mining Stack Overflow natural language processing Information networks Information retrieval techniques object-oriented programming Java API class recommender Other topics in statistics

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INTEGRATING MULTIPLE PARADIGMS WITHIN THE BLACKBOARD FRAMEWORK

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1995年第3期21卷 244-262页

作者： VRANES, S STANOJEVIC, M Computer Systems Department Mihajlo Pupin Institut Belgrade Serbia

While early knowledge-based systems suffered the frequent criticism of having little relevance to the real world, an increasing number of current applications deal with complex, real-world problems. Due to the complexity of real-world situations, no one general software technique can produce adequate results in different problem domains, and artificial intelligence usually needs to be integrated with conventional paradigms for efficient solutions. The complexity and diversity of real-world applications have also forced the researchers in the AI field to focus more on the integration of diverse knowledge representation and reasoning techniques for solving challenging, real-world problems. Our development environment, BEST (Blackboard-based Expert Systems Toolkit), is aimed to provide the ability to produce large-scale, evolvable, heterogeneous intelligent systems. BEST incorporates the best of multiple programming paradigms in order to avoid restricting users to a single way of expressing either knowledge or data. It combines rule-based programming, object-oriented programming, logic programming, procedural programming and blackboard modelling in a single architecture for knowledge engineering, so that the user can tailor a style of programming to his application, using any or arbitrary combinations of methods to provide a complete solution. The deep integration of all these techniques yields a toolkit more effective even for a specific single application than any technique in isolation or collections of multiple techniques less fully integrated. Within the basic, knowledge-based programming paradigm, BEST offers a multiparadigm language for representing complex knowledge, including incomplete and uncertain knowledge. Its problem solving facilities include truth maintenance, inheritance over arbitrary relations, temporal and hypothetical reasoning, opportunistic control, automatic partitioning and scheduling, and both blackboard and distributed problem-solving paradi

关键词： ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BLACKBOARD MODEL EXPERT SYSTEMS LOGIC programming MODEL-BASED REASONING MULTIPARADIGM APPROACH object-oriented programming PROCEDURAL-programming RULE-BASED programming

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Applying a reusable framework for software selection

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IET SOFTWARE 2009年第5期3卷 369-380页

作者： Maxville, V. Armarego, J. Lam, C. P. Edith Cowan Univ Perth WA Australia Murdoch Univ Perth WA Australia

With increasing use of component-based development (CBD), the process for selecting software from repositories is a critical concern for quality systems development. As support for developers blending in-house and third party software, the context-driven component evaluation (CdCE) process provides a three-phase approach to software selection: filtering to a short list, functional evaluation and ranking. The process was developed through iterative experimentation on real-world data. CdCE has tool support to generate classifier models, shortlists and test cases as artefacts that provide for a repeatable, transparent process that can be reused as the system evolves. Although developed for software component selection, the CdCE process framework can be easily modified for other selection tasks by substituting templates, tools, evaluation criteria and/or repositories. In this article the authors describe the CdCE process and its development, the CdCE framework as a reusable pattern for software selection and provide a case study where the process is applied.

关键词： Computer equipment and software evaluation methods three-phase approach component-based development software reusability Software engineering techniques software quality iterative experimentation object-oriented programming reusable pattern framework object-oriented programming software selection context-driven component evaluation quality systems development

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Metamodeling semantics of multiple inheritance

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2011年第7期76卷 555-586页

作者： Ducournau, Roland Privat, Jean LIRMM CNRS F-34000 Montpellier France Univ Montpellier 2 F-34000 Montpellier France Univ Quebec Montreal Dep Informat Montreal PQ H2X 3Y7 Canada

Inheritance provides object-oriented programming with much of its great reusability power. When inheritance is single, its specifications are simple and everybody roughly agrees on them. In contrast, multiple inheritance yields ambiguities that have prompted long-standing debates, and no two languages agree on its specifications. In this paper, we present a semantics of multiple inheritance based on metamodeling. A metamodel is proposed which distinguishes the "identity" of properties from their "values" or "implementations". It yields a clear separation between syntactic and semantic conflicts. The former can be solved in any language at the expense of a common syntactic construct, namely full name qualification. However, semantic conflicts require a programmer's decision, and the programming language must help the programmer to some extent. This paper surveys the approach based on linearizations, which has been studied in depth, and proposes some extensions. As it turns out that only static typing takes full advantage of the metamodel, the interaction between multiple inheritance and static typing is also considered, especially in the context of virtual types. The solutions proposed by the various languages with multiple inheritance are compared with the metamodel results. Throughout the paper, difficulties encountered under the open-world assumption are stressed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented programming Multiple inheritance Metamodeling Redefinition Linearization Open-world assumption Static typing Virtual types

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An extensible genetic algorithm framework for problem solving in a common environment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2000年第1期15卷 269-275页

作者： Chuang, AS Wu, FL Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Hong Kong Ctr Elect Energy Syst Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

We describe an object-oriented framework for solving mathematical programs using genetic algorithms (GA's). The advantages of this framework are its extensibility, modular design, and accessibility to existing programming code. The framework also incorporates a graphical user's interface that may be used to build new GA's as well as run GA simulations. Two power system problems are solved by implementing genetic algorithms using the said framework. The first is a continuous optimization problem and the second an integer programming problem. We illustrate the flexibility of the framework as well as its other features on our test problems.

关键词： genetic algorithms graphical user interfaces object-oriented programming optimization methods

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Framework for quiescence management in support of reconfigurable multi-threaded component-based systems

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IET SOFTWARE 2008年第4期2卷 348-361页

作者： Pissias, P. Coulson, G. Univ Lancaster Dept Comp InfoLab 21 Lancaster LA1 4WA England

In component-based software systems, the basic building block is the component, and applications are built as component compositions. 'Dynamic reconfiguration' in such systems is defined as the ability to replace individual components at runtime, or to change the compositional topology by adding/removing components and/or changing the patterns of their interconnection. A 'quiescence service' supports dynamic reconfiguration by pushing a system into a stable state in which such changes can be safely made. It is thus a key enabler of dynamic reconfiguration. The authors present the design of a quiescence service, which has been implemented for the OpenCOM component-based programming platform. It is argued that this design shows significant advances over the state of the art in quiescence support for component-based systems. In particular, it minimises programmer overhead and system disruption, and efficiently supports a large class of systems without imposing architectural constraints.

关键词： software architecture programmer overhead architectural constraints quiescence service multi-threading system disruption Software engineering techniques dynamic reconfiguration Distributed systems software quiescence management reconfigurable multithreaded component-based software systems object-oriented programming OpenCOM component-based programming

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object-oriented methodology for intersection simulation model under heterogeneous traffic conditions

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ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE 2009年第10期40卷 1000-1010页

作者： Gowri, Asaithambi Venkatesan, Kanagaraj Sivanandan, Ramaswamy Indian Inst Technol Dept Civil Engn Transportat Engn Div Madras 600036 Tamil Nadu India

In developing countries like India, the traffic on roads is highly heterogeneous in nature, with vehicles of widely varying static and dynamic characteristics. In this type of traffic, vehicles do not follow lane discipline and they move freely over the entire width of roadway based on availability of space, To study this type of complex traffic flow and associated vehicular interactions, simulation is considered as an effective tool. An object-oriented methodology (OOM) for heterogeneous traffic simulation is proposed in this paper with focus on mid-block and intersection flow modeling. The paper presents the basics and advanced features of object-oriented programming (OOP) in detail in the context of traffic flow. The sample C++ code is discussed in detail to demonstrate the implementation of OOP features, such as encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. The contribution of this research work is the development of software objects for various components such as vehicle, traffic, link and node. This software can be adopted for heterogeneous traffic simulation programs, in general. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Heterogeneous traffic Mid-blocks Intersections Traffic simulation object-oriented programming

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