As a response to the need for flexible manufacturing cells in high-technology industries, automated equipment has been developed in recent years, Also, factory-level integrated production control is belong developed i...
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As a response to the need for flexible manufacturing cells in high-technology industries, automated equipment has been developed in recent years, Also, factory-level integrated production control is belong developed in some industries using the potential of modern computer systems, A manufacturing cell is a group of automatic machines which must be controlled so as to behave as a single unit when viewed from the wider perspective. Cell-level control must be implemented to allow consistent automated operation of the cell and its efficient integration into the wider industrial process. Such a control system should provide high process and product flexibility, as well as high system maintainability. The general principles of automated cell control and robot control at the function and task Levels are therefore investigated in this paper, and the appropriate modelling and programming concepts analysed, A framework is developed which is appropriate for small, unmanned manufacturing cells comprising machine tools, robots and other automated equipment, both from the perspective of developing new software and extending, or re-engineering, existing software. The particular problems of using robots in such environments are also discussed, Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
During the implementation phase of the development cycle, the detection of specific syntax, code convention and design errors can potentially reduce the long term maintenance effort. Ideally these error checks should ...
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During the implementation phase of the development cycle, the detection of specific syntax, code convention and design errors can potentially reduce the long term maintenance effort. Ideally these error checks should be performed throughout this entire phase, since delaying their detection can result in increased maintenance costs. However, for this to be achieved, the required syntactic and structural information must be extracted from the code, at all levels of completeness. For many tools, this information extraction cannot be achieved until the code is near completion. This problem is also encountered by Intelligent Tutoring Systems, which monitor and guide the user throughout the entire programming process via interactive sessions. This paper introduces, CITOR, Code Information Extractor, an expert system designed to extract syntax and structural information from partially complete or incorrect Java code. The information can then be used by development tools to provide various checks in real-time. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A hierarchy of questions and answers about the features of distributed computing systems (DCSs) leads to an overall system description that facilitates system comparisons. The taxonomy uses terminology from an object-...
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A hierarchy of questions and answers about the features of distributed computing systems (DCSs) leads to an overall system description that facilitates system comparisons. The taxonomy uses terminology from an object-based model of DCSs and emphasizes the runtime services the DCS provides to applications. It is based on the division of DCS issues into three distinct categories: threads object properties and separation. The threads subtree explores the creation, the number, and the control of threads in the DCS. The object properties subtree explores DCS features that are defined for objects in isolation. The separation subtree explores issues that arise because there are many objects in the DCS. To describe a specific DCS, a taxonomy user traces paths through the hierarchy
The authors present a compositional method for the veri. cation of component-based systems described in a subset of the behaviour-interaction-priority language encompassing multi-party interaction without data transfe...
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The authors present a compositional method for the veri. cation of component-based systems described in a subset of the behaviour-interaction-priority language encompassing multi-party interaction without data transfer. The method is based on the use of two kinds of invariants. Component invariants are over-approximations of components' reachability sets. Interaction invariants are global constraints on the states of components involved in interactions. The method has been implemented in the D-Finder tool and has been applied for checking deadlock-freedom. The experimental results on non-trivial examples show that this method allows either to prove deadlock-freedom or to identify very few deadlock configurations that can be analysed by using state-space exploration.
Though the Java programming language was designed with extreme care, there are still a few ambiguities and irregularities left in the language. The ambiguities are those issues that are not defined clearly in the Java...
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Though the Java programming language was designed with extreme care, there are still a few ambiguities and irregularities left in the language. The ambiguities are those issues that are not defined clearly in the Java language specification. The different results produced by different compilers on several example programs justify our observations. The irregularities are issues that often confuse programmers. It is hard for a confused programmer to write robust programs. Furthermore, a few issues of the Java language are left intentionally open to the compiler writers. Their effects on Java programs are discussed. The problems of ambiguity, irregularity, and dependence on implementations frequently trap an incautious Java programmer. Some suggestions and solutions for the problems are provided in this paper. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The objective of this paper is to describe the object-oriented implementation and computational efficiency of a multibody dynamics algorithm for planar mechanical systems. The underlying formulation uses a unique comb...
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The objective of this paper is to describe the object-oriented implementation and computational efficiency of a multibody dynamics algorithm for planar mechanical systems. The underlying formulation uses a unique combination of orthogonal projection techniques and graph-theoretic methods to automatically generate the equations of motion in terms of 'branch' co-ordinates that are selected by a user. The direct analogy between the physical components in a multibody system and the 'objects' in object-oriented programming (OOP) methods is exploited in a C++ implementation of the dynamic formulation. Issues associated with this OOP implementation are discussed, and the results of computer simulations are presented and examined for different sets of user-selected co-ordinates. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and detailing of reinforced concrete frames is a complex process that requires intensive real-time information exchange between various design tasks. The monolithic behavior of concrete, differences in the ...
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The design and detailing of reinforced concrete frames is a complex process that requires intensive real-time information exchange between various design tasks. The monolithic behavior of concrete, differences in the geometric representation of structural members during the analysis and design stages, and design code requirements throughout the process add new dimensions to the problem. Additionally, especially in large projects, reinforced concrete structures are designed and detailed by several engineers simultaneously. These complexities can be resolved and the overall quality of the design can be improved by identifying information requirements for managing the design information between the design and detailing tasks and thus between structural engineers. In this paper, requirements for managing information for multiuser design and detailing of reinforced concrete frames are identified and a prototype information model has been implemented based on existing literature. The means of performing design computations on a standard basis and the requirements of a multiuser design have also been integrated into the abstraction of objects in the library. Definition of high-level classes that integrate multiple structural components, parametric relationship between components, and separating shear and flexural design tasks were determined as the main requirements for such a model. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000174. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
In programming languages with dynamic use of memory, such as Java, knowing that a reference variable x points to an acyclic data structure is valuable for the analysis of termination and resource usage (e.g., executio...
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In programming languages with dynamic use of memory, such as Java, knowing that a reference variable x points to an acyclic data structure is valuable for the analysis of termination and resource usage (e.g., execution time or memory consumption). For instance, this information guarantees that the depth of the data structure to which x points is greater than the depth of the data structure pointed to by x.f for any field f of x. This, in turn, allows bounding the number of iterations of a loop which traverses the structure by its depth, which is essential in order to prove the termination or infer the resource usage of the loop. The present paper provides an Abstract-Interpretation-based formalization of a static analysis for inferring acyclicity, which works on the reduced product of two abstract domains: reachability, which models the property that the location pointed to by a variable w can be reached by dereferencing another variable v (in this case, v is said to reach w);and cyclicity, modeling the property that v can point to a cyclic data structure. The analysis is proven to be sound and optimal with respect to the chosen abstraction. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
During conceptual design of systems, the emphasis is on generating the system architecture: the configuration of sub-systems and the interactions between them. Ports, as locations of intended interaction, play an impo...
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During conceptual design of systems, the emphasis is on generating the system architecture: the configuration of sub-systems and the interactions between them. Ports, as locations of intended interaction, play an important role at this stage of design. They are convenient abstractions for representing the intended exchange of signals, energy or material;they can be applied at different levels of detail, across different energy domains, and to all aspects of design: form, function, and behavior. But to play this versatile role, ports need to be represented in an unambiguous yet flexible fashion, accommodating the differences in vocabulary and approach across different disciplines and perspectives. In this article, we introduce the semantic structure for such an unambiguous representation: a port ontology. The ontology formalizes the conceptualization of ports such that engineers and computer aided design applications can reason about component connections and interactions in system configuration. It defines ports in terms of form, function and behavior attributes and further includes axioms that can be used to support a variety of engineering design tasks, such as port refinement, port compatibility checking, and the instantiation of interaction models. A LEGO example is used to illustrate the ontology and its applications in conceptual design.
Different semantic models are studied for a language called POOL: parallel object-oriented language. It is a simplified version of POOL-T, a language that is actually used to write programs for a parallel machine. The...
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Different semantic models are studied for a language called POOL: parallel object-oriented language. It is a simplified version of POOL-T, a language that is actually used to write programs for a parallel machine. The most important aspect of this language is that it describes a system as a collection of communicating objects that all have internal activities which are executed in parallel. For POOL, operational and denotational semantics have been developed previously. The former aims at the intuitive operational meaning of the language, whereas the main characteristic of the latter is compositionality. In this paper, the author relates both models, which are quite different, and proves the semantic correctness of the denotational semantics with respect to the operational semantics. These semantic investigations take place in the mathematical framework of complete metric spaces. For the operational semantics a simple space of functions from states to compact sets of streams (which are sequences of states) is used; for the denotational semantics, a domain of processes is used, which is the solution of a reflexive domain equation over a category of complete metric spaces. The main mathematical tool we use is Banach’s theorem, which states that contractions on complete metric spaces have unique fixed points. Both the operational and the denotational semantics are reformulated and are presented, as well as many operators on the semantic domains, as the fixed point of a suitably defined contraction. In this way, a formal equivalence between both models is established. For this purpose, an intermediate domain, which is first compared to the operational model by means of an abstraction operator, is introduced. This function takes processes, which are treelike structures, as arguments and yields sets of streams as results. Next, it is shown that both intermediate and the denotational model are fixed points of the same contraction, from which their equ
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