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Comprehending object and process models: An empirical study

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1999年第4期25卷 541-556页

作者： Agarwal, R De, P Sinha, AP Univ Maryland Dept Decis & Informat Technol College Pk MD 20742 USA Univ Dayton Dept MIS & Decis Sci Dayton OH 45469 USA

Although prior research has compared modeling performance using different systems development methods, there has been little research examining the comprehensibility of models generated by those methods. in this paper, we report the results of an empirical study comparing user comprehension of object-oriented (OO) and process-oriented (PO) models. The fundamental difference is that while OO models tend to focus on structure, PO models tend to emphasize behavior or processes. Proponents of the OO modeling approach argue that it lends itself naturally to the way humans think. However, evidence from research in cognitive psychology and human factors suggests that human problem solving is innately procedural. Given these conflicting viewpoints, we investigate empirically if OO models are in fact easier to understand than PO models. But, as suggested by the theory of cognitive fit, model comprehension may be influenced by task-specific characteristics. We, therefore, compare OO and PO models based on whether the comprehension activity involves: 1) only structural aspects, 2) only behavioral aspects, or 3) a combination of structural and behavioral aspects. We measure comprehension through subjects' responses to questions designed along these three dimensions. Two experiments were conducted, each with a different application and a different group of subjects. Each subject was first trained in both methods, and then participated in one of the two experiments, answering several questions relating to his or her comprehension of an OO or a PO model of a business application. The comprehension questions ranged in complexity from relatively simple (addressing either structural or behavioral aspects) to more complex ones (addressing both structural and behavioral aspects). Results show that for most of the simple questions, no significant difference was observed insofar as model comprehension is concerned. For most of the complex questions, however, the PO model was found to be

关键词： cognitive fit experimental method human factors model comprehension object-oriented modeling process-oriented modeling

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Interactive object-oriented simulation of interconnected power systems using SIMULINK

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION 2001年第1期44卷 87-95页

作者： Allen, E LaWhite, N Yoon, Y Chapman, J Ilic, M New York ISO Transmiss Planning Schenectady NY 12303 USA MIT Energy Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA ABB Energy Informat Syst Santa Clara CA USA

An object-oriented power system simulation environment is constructed using the SIMULINK dynamic system modeling software. The environment is well suited to educational purposes, because the user interface is interactive and intuitive with a graphical, object oriented model representation. For small system studies, a model is constructed in block diagram form with one block for each system component, For large scale simulations, the dynamics of portions of the network can be combined into collective blocks, with parameters managed as data arrays accessed indirectly using string mnemonics. The advanced numerical capabilities built into SIMULINK provide an excellent simulation engine far the nonlinear models. Off-line analysis is available through the extensive capabilities of the MATLAB environment.

关键词： block diagram form dynamic system modeling software large scale simulation MATLAB nonlinear models object-oriented modeling off-line analysis SIMULINK

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KNOWLEDGE-BASED MANUFACTURABILITY ASSESSMENT - AN object-oriented APPROACH

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JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING 1995年第5期6卷 321-337页

作者： CHEN, YM MILLER, RA SEVENLER, K OHIO STATE UNIV ENGN RES CTR NET SHAPE MFGCOLUMBUSOH 43210 XEROX CORP WEBSTERNY 14580

To help the achievement of integrated product and process development, there is a need for tools that can assist designers in creating manufacturable parts with less design routines and tryouts. This paper presents a systematic approach to developing automated manufacturability assessment tools by identifying the functional and informational requirements and proposing an assessment model. The work presented in this paper includes: (1) identification of characteristics and tasks of design for the die-casting process;(2) determination of functional and informational requirements for automatic manufacturability assessment;(3) formalization and modularization of assessment knowledge;and (4) modeling of product definition data to support the assessment. object-oriented techniques are employed to model the assessment knowledge and manage the complicated and diverse types of product definition data by taking advantage of data abstraction, modularity, inherent concurrence, and the concept of encapsulation and extendibility.

关键词： ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING object-oriented modeling

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A form driven object-oriented reverse engineering methodology

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2000年第3期25卷 235-259页

作者： Lee, H Yoo, C Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Grad Sch Management Corp Informat Syst Lab Seoul 130012 South Korea Agcy Def Dev Technol Res Ctr 2 Seoul 138600 South Korea

Legacy applications are valuable assets that should be integrated into business systems in succeeding generations. In order to take advantage of these applications, progressive companies seek to improve current operations by reverse engineering. This paper proposes the form driven object-oriented reverse engineering (FORE) methodology by using forms to recover semantics of legacy applications. Forms are exceptionally easy to understand because of the user-oriented nature of the contents of business. This form driven object-oriented reverse engineering methodology consists of five different phases: form usage analysis, form object slicing, object structure modeling, scenario design, and model integration. Knowledge of the form structure and the user's interaction between legacy application is compiled to extract the design semantics. This application demonstrates the practical usability of the FORE methodology by transforming the resulting object models into well-known UML-based models. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： reverse engineering object-oriented modeling screen forms legacy applications UML

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Efficient object-oriented integration and regression testing

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 2000年第1期49卷 12-25页

作者： Le Traon, Y Jéron, T Jézéquel, JM Morel, P Inst Rech Informat & Syst Aleatoires F-35042 Rennes France

This paper presents a model, a strategy, and a methodology for planning integration and regression testing from an object-oriented model, It shows how to produce a model of structural system test dependencies which evolves with the refinement process of the object-oriented design. The model (test dependency graph! serves as a basis for ordering classes and methods to be tested for regression and integration purposes (minimization of test stubs). The mapping from Unified modeling Language to the defined model is detailed as well as the test methodology. While the complexity of optimal stub minimization is exponential with the size of the model, an algorithm is given that: computes a strategy for integration testing with a quadratic complexity in the worst case, provides an efficient testing order for minimizing the number of stubs. Various integration strategies are compared with the optimized algorithm (a real-world case study illustrates this comparison), The results of the experiment seem to give nearly optimal stubs with a low cost despite the exponential complexity of getting optimal stubs. As being a part of a design-for-testability approach, the presented methodology also leads to the early repartition of testing resources during system integration for reducing integration duration.

关键词： graph algorithm integration testing object-oriented modeling regression testing software testing

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object analysis patterns for embedded systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2004年第12期30卷 970-992页

作者： Konrad, S Cheng, BHC Campbell, LA Michigan State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Software Engn & Network Syst Lab E Lansing MI 48824 USA

Some of the most challenging tasks in building a software system are capturing, refining, and analyzing requirements. How well these tasks are performed significantly impacts the quality of the developed software system. The difficulty of these tasks is greatly exacerbated for the software of embedded systems as these systems are commonly used for critical applications, have to operate reliably for long periods of time, and usually have a high degree of complexity. Current embedded systems software development practice, however, often deals with the (requirements) analysis phase in a superficial manner, instead emphasizing design and implementation. This research investigates how an approach similar to the well-known design patterns, termed object analysis patterns, can be applied in the analysis phase of embedded systems development, prior to design and coding. Specifically, our research explores how object-oriented modeling notations, such as the Unified modeling Language (UML), can be used to represent structural and behavioral information as part of commonly occurring object analysis patterns. This work also investigates how UML-based conceptual models of embedded systems, based on the diagram templates in the object analysis patterns, can be automatically analyzed using the Spin model checker for adherence to properties specified in linear-time temporal logic (LTL) using a previously developed UML formalization framework. We have applied these patterns to several embedded systems applications obtained from the automotive industry. This paper describes one of our case studies and illustrates how our approach facilitates the construction of UML-based conceptual models of embedded systems and the analysis of these models for adherence to functional requirements.

关键词： object-oriented modeling embedded systems requirements patterns conceptual modeling object analysis formal specification model checking

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object oriented model for container terminal distributed simulation

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2006年第3期175卷 1731-1751页

作者： Bielli, Maurizio Boulmakoul, Azedine Rida, Mohamed Mohammedia Fac Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci LIST Lab Mohammadia 20650 Morocco Antonio Ruberti Natl Res Council Inst Syst Anal & Informat I-00185 Rome Italy

In shipping port sector, containers are the most dynamic and complex to manage. To provide adequate strategy for the increasing traffic, ports must either expand facilities or improve efficiency of operations. In investigating ways in which ports can improve efficiency, this paper outlines a container terminal simulation model and gives components architecture that are implemented with Java. Simulator calibration and validation are also presented in the paper. The main goal of the present work is to provide a help tool in a port decision support system. The object oriented software design using UML diagrams is deployed in this project. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented modeling discrete-event simulation container terminal simulator calibration and validation

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An object-oriented framework applied to the study of electromechanical oscillations at Tucurui hydroelectric power plant

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2011年第12期81卷 2081-2087页

作者： Sena, Jose A. S. Fonseca, Maria C. P. Di Paolo, Italo F. Barra, Walter, Jr. Barreiros, Jose A. L. Costa, Carlos T., Jr. Nogueira, Fabricio G. Univ Fed Para UFPA Fac Engn Eletr Inst Tecnol BR-56075110 Belem Para Brazil Centrais Eletr Norte Brasil Eletronorte BR-66115000 Belem Para Brazil

This paper presents an object-oriented framework to perform dynamical studies in electrical power systems. The proposed methodology is also useful to the development, upgrade and maintenance of software for power system studies. The framework was designed to be used by developers of power system software. Based on software engineering concepts, user's requirements are, firstly, mapped to atomic classes which, in turn, are subsequently used to build state-space representation for each dynamic device in the power system under study, such as electrical generators, turbines and automatic controllers. The developed framework automates the whole process of building a global system model, providing a standard space-state model suitable for implementing by direct code in C++ language. By using the proposed methodology, a power system simulation tool was specially developed to study electromechanical phenomena observed at Tucurui hydroelectric power plant, a large power plant of the Brazilian Interconnected Power System. The results were validated by comparing the simulated to the actual plant response obtained from field tests carried out at the Tucurui power plant. The results have shown a very good level of performance of the developed simulator system. The simulator was able to reproduce the dominant dynamical phenomena observed at the Tucurui power plant. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented modeling Framework Dynamic simulation Electrical power plant

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A MODEL FOR SIMULATING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON THE FUNCTIONING AND STRUCTURE OF THE BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM - AN APPROACH BASED ON object-oriented DESIGN

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TREE PHYSIOLOGY 1994年第7-9期14卷 1081-1095页

作者： VAISANEN, H STANDMAN, H KELLOMAKI, S Faculty of Forestry University of JoensuuP.O. Box 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu Finland

We have developed a forest ecosystem model to assess the effects of climate change on the functioning and structure Of boreal coniferoUS forests assuming that temperature and precipitation are the major variables of the niche occupied by a tree species. We specified weather patterns to a level representing the time constant of different physiological and ecological processes relevant to the survival, growth and death of trees. We thereby coupled the long-term dynamics of the forest ecosystem with climate through physiological mechanisms such as photosynthesis and respiration in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem. The hydrological and nutrient cycles couple the dynamics of the forest ecosystem with climate change through soil processes, which represent the thermal and hydraulic properties of the soil, and the decomposition of litter and humus with mineralization of nutrients. Simulations for southern Finland (62-degrees-N) indicated that an increase in temperature of 5-degrees-C over one hundred years could reduce soil water in Scots pine-dominated forest ecosystems. At the same time, the temperature increase could enhance photosynthesis up to 6-8% under current CO2 concentrations (330 ppm) and up to 8-10% under elevated CO2 concentrations (660 ppm). Because the elevated temperature and CO2 concentration caused an increase in respiration (12-14% more than under the current climate), total stem production increased only up to 4% with a 5-degrees-C increase in temperature and up to 6% when temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration were increased simultaneously. Because transpiration only increased up to 5% in response to elevated temperature and C02 Concentration, the water use efficiency of Scots-pine dominated forest ecosystems increased up to 3%, particularly during the late rotation.

关键词： BOREAL FORESTS CLIMATE CHANGE CO2 CONCENTRATION modeling object-oriented modeling RESPIRATION SCOTS PINE TEMPERATURE TRANSPIRATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY

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OOPM: An object-oriented multimodeling and simulation application framework

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SIMULATION 1998年第6期70卷 379-395页

作者： Cubert, RM Fishwick, PA Univ Florida Dept Comp & Informat Sci & Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA

OOPM, or object-oriented Physical Multi-modeling, is an application framework for modeling and simulation under development at the University of Florida. It extends object-oriented program design with visualization and a definition of system modeling that reinforces the relationship model to program. Model authors interact with OOPM via graphical user interface, which captures model design, translates models to simulation programs, controls model execution and provides output visualization. Distributed Model Repository facilitates collaborative and distributed model definitions and model reuse. Translator converts model definition to a simulation program in C++, then compiles and links this simulation program, adding run-time support and creating an executable which runs under control of Scenario to provide output visualization using Virtual Reality modeling Language. A variety of model types may be freely combined through heterogeneous multimodeling, which is the basis fro geometry and dynamic behavior models.

关键词： multimodel object-oriented modeling OOS model abstraction object-oriented physical modeling visualization application framework OOPM

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