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object-oriented integration of construction and simulation models

COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES 2001年第22-25期79卷 2143-2149页

作者： Lämmer, L Meissner, U Petersen, M ProSTEP GmbH D-64293 Darmstadt Germany Univ Technol Inst Numer Methods & Informat Civil Engn D-64287 Darmstadt Germany

The engineering process is highly interactive and iterative. A common product model to reflect all the necessary facets and stages of the process does still not exist. The partial model approach is a feasible alternative. A practical approach to the complete integration of the partial models by an object-oriented method using the persistent storage management system of objectStore and the visualization and manipulation capabilities of AutoCAD is presented. This approach is the foundation for the architecture of integrated, distributed and collaborative construction and simulation tools for structural analysis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： integration object-oriented modeling numerical simulation CAD FEM

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Automatic model transformations using extended UML object diagrams in modeling environments

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2002年第4期28卷 413-431页

作者： Milicev, D Univ Belgrade Sch Elect Engn Dept Comp Sci YU-11120 Belgrade Yugoslavia

One of the most important features of modeling tools is generation of output. The output may be documentation, source code, net list, or any other presentation of the system being constructed. The process of output generation may be considered as automatic creation of a target model from a model in the source modeling domain. This translation does not need to be accomplished in a single step. Instead, a tool may generate multiple intermediate models as other views to the system. These models may be used either as better descriptions of the system, or as a descent down the abstraction levels of the user-defined model, gradually leading to the desired implementation. If the modeling domains have their metamodels defined in terms of object-oriented concepts, the models consist of instances of the abstractions from the metamodels and links between them. A new technique for specifying the mapping between different modeling domains is proposed in the paper. It uses UML object diagrams that show the instances and links of the target model that should be created during automatic translations. The diagrams are extended with the proposed concepts of conditional, repetitive, parameterized, and polymorphic model creation, implemented by the standard UML extensibility mechanisms. Several examples from different engineering domains are provided, illustrating the applicability and benefits of the approach. The first experimental results show that the specifications may lead to better reuse and shorter production time when developing customized output generators.

关键词： object-oriented modeling domain-specific modeling Unified modeling Language (UML) model-based output generation automatic model transformation model-based translation object diagram metamodeling modeling tool

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An object-oriented model for construction method selection in buildings using fuzzy information

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ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 2018年 178卷 228-241页

作者： Ebrahiminejad, Meysam Shakeri, Eghbal Ardeshir, Abdollah Zarandi, M. H. Fazel Amirkabir Univ Technol Tehran Polytech Dept Civil & Environm Engn Tehran Iran Amirkabir Univ Technol Tehran Polytech Environm Res Ctr Tehran Iran Amirkabir Univ Technol Tehran Polytech Dept Ind Engn & Management Syst Tehran Iran

A critical decision to be made once a building project is defined is the selection of a convenient construction method (CM) for various building elements. To deal with varied decision criteria and the classified nature of building elements, this paper implements the decision-making process in an object-oriented model, in which each building element is modeled as a class with various possible alternative construction methods as subclasses. Although the subclasses inherit all the main class attributes, each subclass is specified by additional attributes. The uncertainty and vagueness of expert knowledge on the performance of each construction method regarding the attributes are mapped with fuzzy numbers in this multi-criteria-decision-making problem to deal with the inherent imprecision of subjective judgment. To demonstrate the use and capability of the model, a case study is presented. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Building Construction method object-oriented modeling Fuzzy Decision-making

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An object-oriented computational model to study cardiopulmonary hemodynamic interactions in humans

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COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018年 159卷 167-183页

作者： Chuong Ngo Dahlmanns, Stephan Vollmer, Thomas Misgeld, Berno Leonhardt, Steffen Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Helmholtz Inst Biomed Engn Chair Med Informat Technol Pauwelsstr 20 D-52074 Aachen Germany Philips Technol GmbH Innovat Technol Pauwelsstr 17 D-52074 Aachen Germany

Background and objective: This work introduces an object-oriented computational model to study cardiopulmonary interactions in humans. Methods: modeling was performed in object-oriented programing language Matlab Simscape, where model components are connected with each other through physical connections. Constitutive and phenomenological equations of model elements are implemented based on their non-linear pressure-volume or pressure-flow relationship. The model includes more than 30 physiological compartments, which belong either to the cardiovascular or respiratory system. The model considers non-linear behaviors of veins, pulmonary capillaries, collapsible airways, alveoli, and the chest wall. Model parameters were derisved based on literature values. Model validation was performed by comparing simulation results with clinical and animal data reported in literature. Results: The model is able to provide quantitative values of alveolar, pleural, interstitial, aortic and ventricular pressures, as well as heart and lung volumes during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Results of baseline simulation demonstrate the consistency of the assigned parameters. Simulation results during mechanical ventilation with PEEP trials can be directly compared with animal and clinical data given in literature. Conclusions: object-oriented programming languages can be used to model interconnected systems including model non-linearities. The model provides a useful tool to investigate cardiopulmonary activity during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Physiological modeling object-oriented modeling Cardiopulmonary interactions Non-linear modeling Mechanical ventilation Stroke volume

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Timed communicating object Z

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2000年第2期26卷 150-177页

作者： Mahony, B Dong, JS Def Sci & Technol Org Div Informat Technol Salisbury SA Australia Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Singapore Singapore

This paper describes a timed, multithreaded object modeling notation for specifying real-time, concurrent, and reactive systems. The notation Timed Communicating object Z (TCOZ) builds on object Z's strengths in modeling complex data and algorithms, and on Timed CSP's strengths in modeling process control and real-time interactions. TCOZ is novel in that it includes timing primitives, properly separates process control and data/algorithm issues and supports the modeling of true multithreaded concurrency. TCOZ is particularly well-suited for specifying complex systems whose components have their own thread of control. The expressiveness of the notation is demonstrated by a case study in specifying a multilift system that operates in real-time.

关键词： software/system specification formal methods real-time systems concurrency object-oriented modeling Z CSP

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Benefits of object-oriented models and ModeliChart: modern tools and methods for the interdisciplinary research on smart biomedical technology

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-BIOMEDIZINISCHE TECHNIK 2017年第2期62卷 111-121页

作者： Gesenhues, Jonas Hein, Marc Ketelhut, Maike Habigt, Moriz Rueschen, Daniel Mechelinck, Mare Albin, Thivaharan Leonhardt, Steffen Schmitz-Rode, Thomas Rossaint, Rolf Autschbach, Ruediger Abel, Dirk Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Inst Automat Control Steinbachstr 54 D-52056 Aachen Germany RWTH Aachen Univ Hosp Dept Anesthesiol Aachen Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Helmholtz Inst Biomed Engn Philips Chair Med Informat Technol Aachen Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Helmholtz Inst Biomed Engn Inst Appl Med Engn Aachen Germany Univ Hosp RWTH Aachen Dept Thorac & Cardiovasc Surg Aachen Germany

Computational models of biophysical systems generally constitute an essential component in the realization of smart biomedical technological applications. Typically, the development process of such models is characterized by a great extent of collaboration between different interdisciplinary parties. Furthermore, due to the fact that many underlying mechanisms and the necessary degree of abstraction of biophysical system models are unknown beforehand, the steps of the development process of the application are iteratively repeated when the model is refined. This paper presents some methods and tools to facilitate the development process. First, the principle of object-oriented (OO) modeling is presented and the advantages over classical signal-oriented modeling are emphasized. Second, our self-developed simulation tool ModeliChart is presented. ModeliChart was designed specifically for clinical users and allows independently performing in silico studies in real time including intuitive interaction with the model. Furthermore, ModeliChart is capable of interacting with hardware such as sensors and actuators. Finally, it is presented how optimal control methods in combination with OO models can be used to realize clinically motivated control applications. All methods presented are illustrated on an exemplary clinically oriented use case of the artificial perfusion of the systemic circulation.

关键词： biophysical systems hardware interaction interdisciplinary collaboration Modelica ModeliChart object-oriented modeling optimal control Optimica simulation

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Efficient object-oriented integration and regression testing

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 2000年第1期49卷 12-25页

作者： Le Traon, Y Jéron, T Jézéquel, JM Morel, P Inst Rech Informat & Syst Aleatoires F-35042 Rennes France

This paper presents a model, a strategy, and a methodology for planning integration and regression testing from an object-oriented model, It shows how to produce a model of structural system test dependencies which evolves with the refinement process of the object-oriented design. The model (test dependency graph! serves as a basis for ordering classes and methods to be tested for regression and integration purposes (minimization of test stubs). The mapping from Unified modeling Language to the defined model is detailed as well as the test methodology. While the complexity of optimal stub minimization is exponential with the size of the model, an algorithm is given that: computes a strategy for integration testing with a quadratic complexity in the worst case, provides an efficient testing order for minimizing the number of stubs. Various integration strategies are compared with the optimized algorithm (a real-world case study illustrates this comparison), The results of the experiment seem to give nearly optimal stubs with a low cost despite the exponential complexity of getting optimal stubs. As being a part of a design-for-testability approach, the presented methodology also leads to the early repartition of testing resources during system integration for reducing integration duration.

关键词： graph algorithm integration testing object-oriented modeling regression testing software testing

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A MODEL FOR SIMULATING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON THE FUNCTIONING AND STRUCTURE OF THE BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM - AN APPROACH BASED ON object-oriented DESIGN

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TREE PHYSIOLOGY 1994年第7-9期14卷 1081-1095页

作者： VAISANEN, H STANDMAN, H KELLOMAKI, S Faculty of Forestry University of JoensuuP.O. Box 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu Finland

We have developed a forest ecosystem model to assess the effects of climate change on the functioning and structure Of boreal coniferoUS forests assuming that temperature and precipitation are the major variables of the niche occupied by a tree species. We specified weather patterns to a level representing the time constant of different physiological and ecological processes relevant to the survival, growth and death of trees. We thereby coupled the long-term dynamics of the forest ecosystem with climate through physiological mechanisms such as photosynthesis and respiration in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem. The hydrological and nutrient cycles couple the dynamics of the forest ecosystem with climate change through soil processes, which represent the thermal and hydraulic properties of the soil, and the decomposition of litter and humus with mineralization of nutrients. Simulations for southern Finland (62-degrees-N) indicated that an increase in temperature of 5-degrees-C over one hundred years could reduce soil water in Scots pine-dominated forest ecosystems. At the same time, the temperature increase could enhance photosynthesis up to 6-8% under current CO2 concentrations (330 ppm) and up to 8-10% under elevated CO2 concentrations (660 ppm). Because the elevated temperature and CO2 concentration caused an increase in respiration (12-14% more than under the current climate), total stem production increased only up to 4% with a 5-degrees-C increase in temperature and up to 6% when temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration were increased simultaneously. Because transpiration only increased up to 5% in response to elevated temperature and C02 Concentration, the water use efficiency of Scots-pine dominated forest ecosystems increased up to 3%, particularly during the late rotation.

关键词： BOREAL FORESTS CLIMATE CHANGE CO2 CONCENTRATION modeling object-oriented modeling RESPIRATION SCOTS PINE TEMPERATURE TRANSPIRATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY

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AN object-oriented CHARACTERIZATION OF SPATIAL ECOSYSTEM INFORMATION

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MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING 1994年第8期20卷 17-29页

作者： RIGHTER, R FORD, R Department of Computer Science University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 U.S.A.

An information system that supports the work of ecosystem modelers should be easy for the modelers to use, should organize both datasets and computational processes in a convenient hierarchical fashion, should be initially populated with information of interest, and should be easily extensible through contributions from its users. We are currently using object-oriented techniques to implement a network-based ecosystem information system (EIS) to meet these objectives. The initial EIS implementation includes a database consisting of key ecosystem datasets and processes ''cast'' in the object-oriented framework, i.e., as a collection of classes, instances, and methods. In the long term, we rely on EIS users to extend this database by contributing their work to extend the database. Therefore, while a robust and user-friendly implementation of the EIS software is important, the design of the initial database is even more crucial to long term project success. That is, the initial database must present information of sufficient interest to attract the new user, it must illustrate the intuitive concepts and value of the object-oriented paradigm to the new user, and it must serve as a model to interest users in ''re-casting'' their own work into this paradigm for contribution to the database. The initial EIS database will include datasets and modeling tools from three important ecosystem applications: climate and regional/global scale carbon-exchange modeling, U.S. Fish and Wildlife's biodiversity analysis (a.k.a. ''GAP''), and general data visualization techniques for ecosystem modeling. After a brief overview of EIS functionality, the presentation here focuses on the design of this initial collection of ecosystem related classes, instances, and methods.

关键词： object-oriented modeling ECOSYSTEM INFORMATION SYSTEM DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEM SPATIAL modeling ECOSYSTEM modeling

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OOPM: An object-oriented multimodeling and simulation application framework

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SIMULATION 1998年第6期70卷 379-395页

作者： Cubert, RM Fishwick, PA Univ Florida Dept Comp & Informat Sci & Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA

OOPM, or object-oriented Physical Multi-modeling, is an application framework for modeling and simulation under development at the University of Florida. It extends object-oriented program design with visualization and a definition of system modeling that reinforces the relationship model to program. Model authors interact with OOPM via graphical user interface, which captures model design, translates models to simulation programs, controls model execution and provides output visualization. Distributed Model Repository facilitates collaborative and distributed model definitions and model reuse. Translator converts model definition to a simulation program in C++, then compiles and links this simulation program, adding run-time support and creating an executable which runs under control of Scenario to provide output visualization using Virtual Reality modeling Language. A variety of model types may be freely combined through heterogeneous multimodeling, which is the basis fro geometry and dynamic behavior models.

关键词： multimodel object-oriented modeling OOS model abstraction object-oriented physical modeling visualization application framework OOPM

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