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An object-oriented computational model to study cardiopulmonary hemodynamic interactions in humans

COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018年 159卷 167-183页

作者： Chuong Ngo Dahlmanns, Stephan Vollmer, Thomas Misgeld, Berno Leonhardt, Steffen Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Helmholtz Inst Biomed Engn Chair Med Informat Technol Pauwelsstr 20 D-52074 Aachen Germany Philips Technol GmbH Innovat Technol Pauwelsstr 17 D-52074 Aachen Germany

Background and objective: This work introduces an object-oriented computational model to study cardiopulmonary interactions in humans. Methods: modeling was performed in object-oriented programing language Matlab Simscape, where model components are connected with each other through physical connections. Constitutive and phenomenological equations of model elements are implemented based on their non-linear pressure-volume or pressure-flow relationship. The model includes more than 30 physiological compartments, which belong either to the cardiovascular or respiratory system. The model considers non-linear behaviors of veins, pulmonary capillaries, collapsible airways, alveoli, and the chest wall. Model parameters were derisved based on literature values. Model validation was performed by comparing simulation results with clinical and animal data reported in literature. Results: The model is able to provide quantitative values of alveolar, pleural, interstitial, aortic and ventricular pressures, as well as heart and lung volumes during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Results of baseline simulation demonstrate the consistency of the assigned parameters. Simulation results during mechanical ventilation with PEEP trials can be directly compared with animal and clinical data given in literature. Conclusions: object-oriented programming languages can be used to model interconnected systems including model non-linearities. The model provides a useful tool to investigate cardiopulmonary activity during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Physiological modeling object-oriented modeling Cardiopulmonary interactions Non-linear modeling Mechanical ventilation Stroke volume

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Realization-preserving model reduction of object-oriented models using energy-based metrics

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SIMULATION-TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR modeling AND SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL 2019年第7期95卷 607-620页

作者： Sodja, Anton Skrjanc, Igor Zupancic, Borut Univ Ljubljana Fac Elect Engn Trzaska 25 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia

This paper deals with the adaptation of energy-based realization-preserving model-reduction techniques for object-oriented models implemented in Modelica. An approach originally developed for bond graphs, where energy-related heuristics were used to identify the components contributing the most to the model's salient dynamics, was extended to more heterogeneously formulated models in Modelica. A prototype toolbox was developed inside the modeling environment OpenModelica. Its applicability was demonstrated with two examples. Although the model-reduction tool cannot reduce the model completely automatically, it may still offer many useful insights and hints to the user.

关键词： object-oriented modeling model simplification realization-preserving modeling model reduction energy-based ranking metrics Modelica

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Timed communicating object Z

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2000年第2期26卷 150-177页

作者： Mahony, B Dong, JS Def Sci & Technol Org Div Informat Technol Salisbury SA Australia Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Singapore Singapore

This paper describes a timed, multithreaded object modeling notation for specifying real-time, concurrent, and reactive systems. The notation Timed Communicating object Z (TCOZ) builds on object Z's strengths in modeling complex data and algorithms, and on Timed CSP's strengths in modeling process control and real-time interactions. TCOZ is novel in that it includes timing primitives, properly separates process control and data/algorithm issues and supports the modeling of true multithreaded concurrency. TCOZ is particularly well-suited for specifying complex systems whose components have their own thread of control. The expressiveness of the notation is demonstrated by a case study in specifying a multilift system that operates in real-time.

关键词： software/system specification formal methods real-time systems concurrency object-oriented modeling Z CSP

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Frameworks for incorporating semantic relationships into object-oriented database systems

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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2003年第15期15卷 1337-1362页

作者： Halper, M Liu, LM Geller, J Perl, Y Kean Univ Dept Math & Comp Sci Union NJ 07083 USA Chung Yuan Christian Univ Dept Appl Math Chungli Taiwan New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Newark NJ 07102 USA

A semantic relationship is a data modeling construct that connects a pair of classes or categories and has inherent constraints and other functionalities that precisely reflect the characteristics of the specific relationship in an application domain. Examples of semantic relationships include part-whole, ownership, materialization and role-of. Such relationships are important in the construction of information models for advanced applications, whether one is employing traditional data-modeling techniques, knowledge-representation languages or object-oriented modeling methodologies. This paper focuses on the issue of providing built-in support for such constructs in the context of object-oriented database (OODB) systems. Most of the popular object-oriented modeling approaches include some semantic relationships in their repertoire of data-modeling primitives. However, commercial OODB systems, which are frequently used as implementation vehicles, tend not to do the same. We will present two frameworks by which a semantic relationship can be incorporated into an existing OODB system. The first only requires that the OODB system support manifest type with respect to its instances. The second assumes that the OODB system has a special kind of metaclass facility. The two frameworks are compared and contrasted. In order to ground our work in existing systems, we show the addition of a part-whole semantic relationship both to the ONTOS DB/Explorer OODB system and the VODAK Model Language. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： semantic relationship object-oriented database object-oriented modeling part-whole relationship metaclass

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Automatic model transformations using extended UML object diagrams in modeling environments

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2002年第4期28卷 413-431页

作者： Milicev, D Univ Belgrade Sch Elect Engn Dept Comp Sci YU-11120 Belgrade Yugoslavia

One of the most important features of modeling tools is generation of output. The output may be documentation, source code, net list, or any other presentation of the system being constructed. The process of output generation may be considered as automatic creation of a target model from a model in the source modeling domain. This translation does not need to be accomplished in a single step. Instead, a tool may generate multiple intermediate models as other views to the system. These models may be used either as better descriptions of the system, or as a descent down the abstraction levels of the user-defined model, gradually leading to the desired implementation. If the modeling domains have their metamodels defined in terms of object-oriented concepts, the models consist of instances of the abstractions from the metamodels and links between them. A new technique for specifying the mapping between different modeling domains is proposed in the paper. It uses UML object diagrams that show the instances and links of the target model that should be created during automatic translations. The diagrams are extended with the proposed concepts of conditional, repetitive, parameterized, and polymorphic model creation, implemented by the standard UML extensibility mechanisms. Several examples from different engineering domains are provided, illustrating the applicability and benefits of the approach. The first experimental results show that the specifications may lead to better reuse and shorter production time when developing customized output generators.

关键词： object-oriented modeling domain-specific modeling Unified modeling Language (UML) model-based output generation automatic model transformation model-based translation object diagram metamodeling modeling tool

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object-oriented integration of construction and simulation models

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COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES 2001年第22-25期79卷 2143-2149页

作者： Lämmer, L Meissner, U Petersen, M ProSTEP GmbH D-64293 Darmstadt Germany Univ Technol Inst Numer Methods & Informat Civil Engn D-64287 Darmstadt Germany

The engineering process is highly interactive and iterative. A common product model to reflect all the necessary facets and stages of the process does still not exist. The partial model approach is a feasible alternative. A practical approach to the complete integration of the partial models by an object-oriented method using the persistent storage management system of objectStore and the visualization and manipulation capabilities of AutoCAD is presented. This approach is the foundation for the architecture of integrated, distributed and collaborative construction and simulation tools for structural analysis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： integration object-oriented modeling numerical simulation CAD FEM

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Efficient object-oriented integration and regression testing

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 2000年第1期49卷 12-25页

作者： Le Traon, Y Jéron, T Jézéquel, JM Morel, P Inst Rech Informat & Syst Aleatoires F-35042 Rennes France

This paper presents a model, a strategy, and a methodology for planning integration and regression testing from an object-oriented model, It shows how to produce a model of structural system test dependencies which evolves with the refinement process of the object-oriented design. The model (test dependency graph! serves as a basis for ordering classes and methods to be tested for regression and integration purposes (minimization of test stubs). The mapping from Unified modeling Language to the defined model is detailed as well as the test methodology. While the complexity of optimal stub minimization is exponential with the size of the model, an algorithm is given that: computes a strategy for integration testing with a quadratic complexity in the worst case, provides an efficient testing order for minimizing the number of stubs. Various integration strategies are compared with the optimized algorithm (a real-world case study illustrates this comparison), The results of the experiment seem to give nearly optimal stubs with a low cost despite the exponential complexity of getting optimal stubs. As being a part of a design-for-testability approach, the presented methodology also leads to the early repartition of testing resources during system integration for reducing integration duration.

关键词： graph algorithm integration testing object-oriented modeling regression testing software testing

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An object-oriented model for construction method selection in buildings using fuzzy information

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ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 2018年 178卷 228-241页

作者： Ebrahiminejad, Meysam Shakeri, Eghbal Ardeshir, Abdollah Zarandi, M. H. Fazel Amirkabir Univ Technol Tehran Polytech Dept Civil & Environm Engn Tehran Iran Amirkabir Univ Technol Tehran Polytech Environm Res Ctr Tehran Iran Amirkabir Univ Technol Tehran Polytech Dept Ind Engn & Management Syst Tehran Iran

A critical decision to be made once a building project is defined is the selection of a convenient construction method (CM) for various building elements. To deal with varied decision criteria and the classified nature of building elements, this paper implements the decision-making process in an object-oriented model, in which each building element is modeled as a class with various possible alternative construction methods as subclasses. Although the subclasses inherit all the main class attributes, each subclass is specified by additional attributes. The uncertainty and vagueness of expert knowledge on the performance of each construction method regarding the attributes are mapped with fuzzy numbers in this multi-criteria-decision-making problem to deal with the inherent imprecision of subjective judgment. To demonstrate the use and capability of the model, a case study is presented. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Building Construction method object-oriented modeling Fuzzy Decision-making

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A MODEL FOR SIMULATING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON THE FUNCTIONING AND STRUCTURE OF THE BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM - AN APPROACH BASED ON object-oriented DESIGN

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TREE PHYSIOLOGY 1994年第7-9期14卷 1081-1095页

作者： VAISANEN, H STANDMAN, H KELLOMAKI, S Faculty of Forestry University of Joensuu P.O. Box 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu Finland

We have developed a forest ecosystem model to assess the effects of climate change on the functioning and structure Of boreal coniferoUS forests assuming that temperature and precipitation are the major variables of the niche occupied by a tree species. We specified weather patterns to a level representing the time constant of different physiological and ecological processes relevant to the survival, growth and death of trees. We thereby coupled the long-term dynamics of the forest ecosystem with climate through physiological mechanisms such as photosynthesis and respiration in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem. The hydrological and nutrient cycles couple the dynamics of the forest ecosystem with climate change through soil processes, which represent the thermal and hydraulic properties of the soil, and the decomposition of litter and humus with mineralization of nutrients. Simulations for southern Finland (62-degrees-N) indicated that an increase in temperature of 5-degrees-C over one hundred years could reduce soil water in Scots pine-dominated forest ecosystems. At the same time, the temperature increase could enhance photosynthesis up to 6-8% under current CO2 concentrations (330 ppm) and up to 8-10% under elevated CO2 concentrations (660 ppm). Because the elevated temperature and CO2 concentration caused an increase in respiration (12-14% more than under the current climate), total stem production increased only up to 4% with a 5-degrees-C increase in temperature and up to 6% when temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration were increased simultaneously. Because transpiration only increased up to 5% in response to elevated temperature and C02 Concentration, the water use efficiency of Scots-pine dominated forest ecosystems increased up to 3%, particularly during the late rotation.

关键词： BOREAL FORESTS CLIMATE CHANGE CO2 CONCENTRATION modeling object-oriented modeling RESPIRATION SCOTS PINE TEMPERATURE TRANSPIRATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY

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AN object-oriented CHARACTERIZATION OF SPATIAL ECOSYSTEM INFORMATION

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MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING 1994年第8期20卷 17-29页

作者： RIGHTER, R FORD, R Department of Computer Science University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 U.S.A.

An information system that supports the work of ecosystem modelers should be easy for the modelers to use, should organize both datasets and computational processes in a convenient hierarchical fashion, should be initially populated with information of interest, and should be easily extensible through contributions from its users. We are currently using object-oriented techniques to implement a network-based ecosystem information system (EIS) to meet these objectives. The initial EIS implementation includes a database consisting of key ecosystem datasets and processes ''cast'' in the object-oriented framework, i.e., as a collection of classes, instances, and methods. In the long term, we rely on EIS users to extend this database by contributing their work to extend the database. Therefore, while a robust and user-friendly implementation of the EIS software is important, the design of the initial database is even more crucial to long term project success. That is, the initial database must present information of sufficient interest to attract the new user, it must illustrate the intuitive concepts and value of the object-oriented paradigm to the new user, and it must serve as a model to interest users in ''re-casting'' their own work into this paradigm for contribution to the database. The initial EIS database will include datasets and modeling tools from three important ecosystem applications: climate and regional/global scale carbon-exchange modeling, U.S. Fish and Wildlife's biodiversity analysis (a.k.a. ''GAP''), and general data visualization techniques for ecosystem modeling. After a brief overview of EIS functionality, the presentation here focuses on the design of this initial collection of ecosystem related classes, instances, and methods.

关键词： object-oriented modeling ECOSYSTEM INFORMATION SYSTEM DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEM SPATIAL modeling ECOSYSTEM modeling

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