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Effective fault prediction model developed using Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM)

JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2018年 137卷 686-712页

作者： Kumar, Lov Sripada, Sai Krishna Sureka, Ashish Rath, Santanu Ku. Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Rourkela India Int Inst Informat Technol Hyderabad Andhra Prades India ABB Corp Res Ctr Bangalore Karnataka India Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Rourkela India

software developers and project teams spend considerable amount of time in identifying and fixing faults reported by testers and users. Predicting defects and identifying regions in the source code containing faults before it is discovered or invoked by users can be valuable in terms of saving maintenance resources, user satisfaction and preventing major system failures post deployment. Fault prediction can also improve the effectiveness of software quality assurance activities by guiding the test team to focus efforts on fault prone components. The work presented in this paper involves building an effective fault prediction tool by identifying and investigating the predictive power of several well-known and widely used software metrics for fault prediction. We apply ten different feature selection techniques to choose the best set of metrics from a set of twenty source code metrics. We build the fault prediction model using Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) learning method associated with linear, polynomial and radial basis function kernel functions. We perform experiments on 30 Open Source Java projects. Experimental results reveals that our prediction model is best suitable for projects with faulty classes less than the threshold value depending on fault identification efficiency (low- 52.139%, median- 46.206%, and high- 32.080%). (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： CK metrics Cost analysis Fault Feature selection techniques Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) object-oriented software

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Towards non-linear regression-based prediction of use case point (UCP) metric

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APPLIED INTELLIGENCE 2023年第9期53卷 10326-10339页

作者： Shukla, Suyash Kumar, Sandeep Indian Inst Technol Roorkee Comp Sci & Engn Dept Roorkee 247667 Uttarakhand India

software Effort Estimation (SEE) is a procedure to estimate the effort required to develop software. The researchers have been dealing with SEE issues for a long time. Several methods were developed until the formulation of Function Point (FP) and Constructive Cost Estimation (COCOMO) methods. However, these methods were useful only for procedurally developed software, not for modern object-oriented software. On the other hand, using the Use Case Point (UCP) metric acquired from the UML diagrams can be more suitable, as the use case is the fundamental unit of an object-oriented system. An ample amount of research has already been done for UCP prediction using linear regression-based models. However, various nonlinear regression models have not been explored for predicting UCP values from different UCP parameters. Although, some of the researchers have used nonlinear regression models for predicting effort, given the UCP value. Motivated by this, the current work investigates different nonlinear regression models such as a k-nearest neighbor, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, and multilayer perceptron for UCP prediction. The experimental investigation has been conducted on two publicly available UCP estimation datasets. Further, we compared the performance of nonlinear regression models with the linear regression-based models using different performance measures. The results suggest that the nonlinear regression models perform better than the linear regression-based models.

关键词： object-oriented software Use case point Linear regression Non-linear regression

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Application of Smalltalk language for accelerator control

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 1997年第1-2期389卷 38-41页

作者： Mejuev, I Abe, I Nakahara, K PF National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Oho 1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan

This paper describes the results of studies for object-oriented control system creation. Using VisualWorks environment based on Smalltalk we created a set of programs, such as Control Model Editor, Control Model Scanner and Control Views, for developing and running an object-oriented model of an accelerator. Our system allows the user to easily create a class library which can be used to develop a number of control programs. The object model defines the object under control, the control logic and graphics for displaying control objects' states. Our experience shows that object-oriented software development is faster compared with traditional languages, and provides more functionality. VisualWorks is a multiplatform environment, and all applications can be ported to different operating systems with only minor changes. VisualWorks also provides high performance, which is important for time-critical control applications.

关键词： control systems object-oriented software Smalltalk

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Estimation of effort and complexity: An object-oriented case study

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 1998年第2期41卷 133-143页

作者： Misic, VB Tesic, DN Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Informat & Syst Management Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China Delta Banka AD Belgrade Yugoslavia

The metrication of object-oriented software systems is still an underdeveloped part within the domain of the object paradigm. An empirical investigation aimed at finding appropriate measures and establishing simple, yet usable and cost-effective models for estimation and control of object-oriented system projects, was undertaken on a set of object-oriented projects, implemented in a stable environment. First, the measures available were screened for possible correlations;then, the models suitable for estimation were derived and discussed. Effort was found to correlate well with the total number of classes and the total number of methods, both of which are known at the end of the design phase. A number of other models for estimation of the source code complexity were also defined. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： software measurement software estimation object-oriented software

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Case studies to evaluate a domain specific application framework based on complexity and functionality metrics

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INFORMATION AND software TECHNOLOGY 2003年第1期45卷 43-49页

作者： Fujiwara, H Kusumoto, S Inoue, K Suzuki, A Ootsubo, T Yuura, K Osaka Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci Osaka 5608531 Japan Hitachi Ltd Business Solut Syst Div Kawasaki Kanagawa 2128567 Japan

An object-oriented framework is the reusable design or a system or subsystem implemented through a collection of concrete and abstract classes and their collaboration. It provides a generic solution to a set of similar problems in an application domain. However, it is difficult to introduce it to the organization that has been using a traditional reuse method. For effective technology transfer, the usefulness of the framework should be evaluated and shown to the organization. This paper evaluates the usefulness of a domain specific business application framework from a viewpoint of saving cost and quality of the software in a company. Here, we conducted two case studies. In the case studies, four kinds of applications are developed. Each of them is developed in two ways: using framework-based reuse and conventional module-based reuse. Then, we evaluate the difference among them using the several functionality and complexity metrics. As the results, the framework-based reuse would be more efficient than the module-based reuse in the company. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： case study framework reuse metrics object-oriented software

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Fragment class analysis for testing of polymorphism in Java software

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2004年第6期30卷 372-387页

作者： Rountev, A Milanova, A Ryder, BG Ohio State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Columbus OH 43210 USA Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Comp Sci Troy NY 12180 USA Rutgers State Univ Dept Comp Sci Piscataway NJ 08854 USA

Testing of polymorphism in object-oriented software may require coverage of all possible bindings of receiver classes and target methods at call sites. Tools that measure this coverage need to use class analysis to compute the coverage requirements. However, traditional whole-program class analysis cannot be used when testing incomplete programs. To solve this problem, we present a general approach for adapting whole-program class analyses to operate on program fragments. Furthermore, since analysis precision is critical for coverage tools, we provide precision measurements for several analyses by determining which of the computed coverage requirements are actually feasible for a set of subject components. Our work enables the use of whole-program class analyses for testing of polymorphism in partial programs, and identifies analyses that potentially are good candidates for use in coverage tools.

关键词： program analysis class analysis test coverage object-oriented software

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Function-point analysis using design specifications based on the Unified Modelling Language

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JOURNAL OF software MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION-RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2001年第4期13卷 223-243页

作者： Uemura, T Kusumoto, S Inoue, K Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Sci Dept Informat & Math Sci Toyonaka Osaka 5608531 Japan

Function-point analysis was introduced to help measure the functionality of software systems. For more than a decade, function points have been widely used to measure the size of information systems, often as a part of estimating the effort required for software development and maintenance processes. Limiting the use of function point measurement have been concerns about variable judgements on the part of the personnel doing the measurement, yielding differences in function-point measures for the same software product even in the same organization. Also, if an organization tries to introduce function-point analysis, the process normally starts with measurements from the organization's own past software products-a time consuming task with start-up costs. In this paper, we propose detailed function-point analysis measurement rules using design specifications based on the Unified Modelling Language and describe a function-point measurement tool, whose inputs are design specifications developed on Rational Rose (R). Then in this paper, we report tool validation work on software involved in software evolution at an organization where we have applied the tool to actual design specifications and examined the differences between the function point values obtained by the tool and those of an experienced function point measurement specialist at the organization. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： project sizing object-oriented software program comprehension empirical study software metrics automated FP analysis

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A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Role of Test Sequence Length in software Testing for Structural Coverage

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2012年第3期38卷 497-519页

作者： Arcuri, Andrea Simula Res Lab N-1325 Lysaker Norway

In the presence of an internal state, often a sequence of function calls is required to test software. In fact, to cover a particular branch of the code, a sequence of previous function calls might be required to put the internal state in the appropriate configuration. Internal states are not only present in object-oriented software, but also in procedural software (e. g., static variables in C programs). In the literature, there are many techniques to test this type of software. However, to the best of our knowledge, the properties related to the choice of the length of these sequences have received only a little attention in the literature. In this paper, we analyze the role that the length plays in software testing, in particular branch coverage. We show that, on "difficult" software testing benchmarks, longer test sequences make their testing trivial. Hence, we argue that the choice of the length of the test sequences is very important in software testing. Theoretical analyses and empirical studies on widely used benchmarks and on an industrial software are carried out to support our claims.

关键词： Evolutionary testing object-oriented software state problem search-based software engineering software testing length test sequence

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Investigating the impact of fault data completeness over time on predicting class fault-proneness

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INFORMATION AND software TECHNOLOGY 2018年第Mar.期95卷 86-105页

作者： Al Dallal, Jehad Morasca, Sandro Kuwait Univ Dept Informat Sci POB 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait Univ Insubria Dept Theoret & Appl Sci Via Mazzini 5 I-21100 Varese Italy

Context: The adequacy of fault-proneness prediction models in representing the relationship between the internal quality of classes and their fault-proneness relies on several factors. One of these factors is the completeness of the fault data. A fault-proneness prediction model that is built using fault data collected during testing or after a relatively short period of time after release may be inadequate and may not be reliable enough in predicting faulty classes. objective: We empirically study the relationship between the time interval since a system is released and the performance of the fault-proneness prediction models constructed based on the fault data reported within the time interval. Method: We construct prediction models using fault data collected at several time intervals since a system has been released and study the performance of the models in representing the relationship between the internal quality of classes and their fault-proneness. In addition, we empirically explore the relationship between the performance of a prediction model and the percentage of increase in the number of classes detected faulty (PIF) over time. Results: Our results show evidence in favor of the expectation that predictions models that use more complete fault data, to a certain extent, more adequately represent the expected relationship between the internal quality of classes and their fault-proneness and have better performance. A threshold based on the PIF value can be used as an indicator for deciding when to stop collecting fault data. When reaching this threshold, collecting additional fault data will not significantly improve the prediction ability of the constructed model. Conclusion: When constructing fault-proneness prediction models, researchers and software engineers are advised to rely on systems that have relatively long maintenance histories. Researchers and software engineers can use the PIF value as an indicator for deciding when to stop collecting fault

关键词： Internal quality attributes Quality measures Class fault-proneness object-oriented software Fault data

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Rule-based natural-language interface for virtual environments

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ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING software 2002年第3期33卷 155-168页

作者： Wasfy, TM Noor, AK Old Dominion Univ Ctr Adv Engn Environm NASA Langley Res Ctr Hampton VA 23681 USA Adv Sci & Automat Corp Hampton VA USA

A hierarchical rule-based natural-language interface (NLI) for object-oriented virtual environment (VE) toolkits is described. The NLI allows modifying the properties of existing objects, as well as creating new objects in the VE using near-natural language speech. The rules are organized in a tree hierarchy with each rule branching to a 'group of rules'. Each tree-branch forms a possible user's command. Each rule generates global variables, which can be accessed by rules down the branch in order to formulate an appropriate action for the command. The action consists of a set of script commands that are sent to the VE. Also., the NLI maintains a state that allows it to respond to a command in the context of the previous command that the user issued. The hierarchical NLI exploits the object-oriented data structure of the VE toolkit by using three main levels of rules, namely, object, property, and action rules. The NLI can run on a remote computer and is linked to the computer running the VE via a network socket connection. The application of the NLI to the visualization of computational fluid dynamics results in a virtual wind tunnel is presented. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

关键词： natural language recognition expert systems artificial intelligence voice recognition virtual environments virtual reality object-oriented software visual simulation

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