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Transforming openapi specification 3.0 documents into RDF-based semantic web services

JOURNAL OF BIG DATA 2022年第1期9卷 1-24页

作者： Muhamad, Wardani Suhardi Bandung, Yoanes Inst Teknol Bandung Sch Elect Engn & Informat Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Jawa Barat Indonesia Telkom Univ Sch Appl Sci Jl Telekomunikasi 1 Bandung 40257 Jawa Barat Indonesia

Web services are provided with documents that at the very least specify the endpoint, input parameters, and output or response of each operation to expose their capabilities. This should be considered through an understandable format for humans and/or machines. In the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style, the openapi specification (OAS) is used as a reference to create web service descriptions. However, it only supports syntactic interoperability, leading to the incapability of supporting the automated selection process. To overcome this, OAS documents must be enhanced by including semantics to each resource to provide "understandable" services. Therefore, this study aims to develop a system capable of transforming resources in OAS documents into RDF-based semantic web services. To begin, a relational database schema based on the OAS structure is created to store all objects in the OAS document. The published open-linked vocabulary was then used to create the ontology, which maps resources and their relationships on the RDF data model. To build RDF-based semantic web services, R2RML was used to generate the relational database model into triple RDF. The proposed system was also tested through prototyping and using a dataset of 106 OAS documents, which were downloaded from *** between 5-10 May 2021. The number of triple RDFs generated per document varied with resource rate. An OAS document generates 36 to 16,505 triple RDF in a dataset. The end product was a triple RDF knowledge base maintained by a graph management database. It is now possible to find service operations, input and output parameters, and service composition requirements utilizing the repository semantic web services using SPARQL. On the other hand, the use of relational databases to store OAS resources increased reuse efficiency by approximately 48%, owing to service developers designing interoperability between uniform parameter services, which were then used as input and

关键词： Service composition Semantic web services RDF openapi specification Semantic ontology

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Generating RESTful API Test Scripts with Database Constraints using openapi specification 24

Generating RESTful API Test Scripts with Database Constraint...

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6th World Symposium on Software Engineering

作者： Yuncharoen, Nuntipat Suwannasart, Taratip Chulalongkorn Univ Fac Engn Dept Comp Engn Bangkok Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9798400717086

Nowadays, software systems are interconnected to enhance the user experience and attract new users. As such, software developers require a standard for exchanging information to streamline their work, leading to the creation of APIs. In the software development life cycle, it is essential to have documentation that outlines the software's requirements and functionality, known as a software specification. Similarly, APIs should have standardized documentation to help software developers understand their components, such as parameters, request bodies, responses, and endpoints. This is why the openapi Initiative developed the openapi specification. Moreover, APIs often connect with databases that store information. Relational databases have rules known as database constraints, which ensure the accuracy of stored data. When developing APIs, software testers play a crucial role, especially considering the widespread use of APIs. Software testers may have a different approach to generating test cases, potentially leading to gaps in coverage, particularly regarding database constraints. This paper proposes an approach for generating RESTful API test scripts that account for database constraints using the openapi specification. This approach will be compatible with automated API testing tools, allowing software testers to achieve results more quickly and efficiently.

关键词： RESTful API Software Testing openapi specification Database Constraints Newman Test Scripts

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Semantic Analysis of API Blueprint and openapi specification 12th

Semantic Analysis of API Blueprint and OpenAPI Specification

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12th World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (WorldCIST)

作者： Pergl, Robert Jisa, Nikolas Czech Tech Univ Fac Informat Technol Prague Czech Republic

ISBN: (纸本)9783031602269;9783031602276

This paper presents a comparative semantic analysis of API Blueprint and openapi specification, two widely used API description languages. It explores their structural and semantic differences, providing insights into their unique features and capabilities. A significant focus is placed on developing a robust method to convert API blueprint documents into openapi format. This conversion blueprint is designed to maintain the semantic integrity of the original documents, and its referential implementation is provided as well. The study offers contributions to the field of REST API development, particularly for developers and organizations seeking to transition between these specifications without losing the essence of their REST API documentation.

关键词： REST API API Blueprint openapi specification Semantic Description

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Enhancing API Labelling with BERT and GPT: An Exploratory Study 2nd

Enhancing API Labelling with BERT and GPT: An Exploratory St...

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28th International Conference on Enterprise Design Operations and Computing

作者： Morais, Gabriel Lemelin, Edwin Adda, Mehdi Bork, Dominik Univ Quebec Rimouski Levis PQ G6V 1L8 Canada Univ Laval Quebec City PQ G1V 0A6 Canada TU Wien Business Informat Grp Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9783031790584;9783031790591

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) enable interaction, integration, and interoperability among applications and services, contributing to their adoption and proliferation. However, discovering APIs has relied on manual, time-consuming, costly processes that jeopardize their reuse potential and accentuate the need for effective API retrieval mechanisms. Leveraging the openapi specification as a basis, this paper presents an exploratory study that combines BERT and GPT machine learning models to propose a novel API classifier. Our investigation explored the zero-shot learning capabilities of GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 using relevant terms extracted from API descriptions using BERT. The evaluation of our approach on two datasets comprising 940 API descriptions sourced from public repositories yielded an F1-score of 100% in the small dataset (17 APIs) and 39.1% in the large dataset (923 APIs). These results surpass state-of-the-art on the small dataset with an impressive 29-point improvement. The large dataset showed GPT can suggest labels not in the provided list. Manual analysis revealed that GPT's suggested labels fit the API intent better in 18 out of 20 cases, highlighting its potential for unknown classes and mismatch detection. This emphasizes the need to improve dataset quality and availability for API research. Our findings show the potential of automated API retrieval and open avenues for future research.

关键词： API classification openapi specification GPT BERT

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The IDL tool suite: Specifying and analyzing inter-parameter dependencies in web APIs

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SOFTWAREX 2025年 29卷

作者： Barakat, Saman Martin-Lopez, Alberto Mueller, Carlos Segura, Sergio Ruiz-Cortes, Antonio Univ Seville I3US Inst SCORE Lab Seville Spain Univ Svizzera italiana Software Inst Lugano Switzerland

Web APIs may include inter-parameter dependencies that limit how input parameters can be combined to call services correctly. These dependencies are extremely common, appearing in 4 out of every 5 APIs. This paper presents the IDL tool suite, a set of software tools for managing inter-parameter dependencies in web APIs. The suite includes a specification language (IDL), an openapi specification extension (IDL4OAS), an analysis engine (IDLReasoner), a web API, a playground, an AI chatbot, and a website. We also highlight several contributions by different groups of authors where the IDL tool suite has proven useful in the domains of automated testing, code generation, and API gateways. To date, the IDL tool suite has contributed to the detection of more than 200 bugs in industrial APIs, including GitHub, Spotify, and YouTube, among others. Also, IDL has been used to boost automated code generation, generating up to 10 times more code than state-of-the-art generators for web APIs.

关键词： Web API REST openapi specification IDL

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The IDL Tool Suite: Inter-parameter Dependency Management in Web APIs

The IDL Tool Suite: Inter-parameter Dependency Management in...

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21st International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing (ICSOC)

作者： Barakat, Saman Martin-Lopez, Alberto Mueller, Carlos Segura, Sergio Univ Seville Inst I3US SCORE Lab Seville Spain Univ Svizzera Italiana SEART Software Inst Lugano Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9789819709885;9789819709892

Web APIs contain inter-parameter dependencies that restrict the way in which input parameters can be combined to form valid calls to the service. Inter-parameter dependencies are extremely common and pervasive: they appear in 4 out of every 5 APIs across all application domains and types of operations. In this demonstration paper, we present the IDL tool suite, a comprehensive collection of tools designed to facilitate dependency management in web APIs. The IDL tool suite includes a specification language for inter-parameter dependencies (IDL), and OAS extension (IDL4OAS), a web editor for IDL specifications, an analysis engine (IDLReasoner), a web API for the analysis of IDL, and a website with detailed information about the tool suite and a playground. In addition to these tools, we present a catalog of applications where the IDL tool suite has already proven useful, including automated testing, code generation, and dependency-aware API gateways. We trust that the IDL tool suite will enable promising new research and applications in the area of web API management. The demo video of the IDL tool suite is available at https://***/watch?v=Hy5HYGK8Yn4.

关键词： Web API REST openapi specification IDL

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Efficient penetration of API sequences to test stateful RESTful services

Efficient penetration of API sequences to test stateful REST...

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IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) / IEEE World Congress on Services (IEEE SERVICES)

作者： Yamamoto, Koji Fujitsu Ltd Artificial Intelligence Lab Fujitsu Res Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781665416818

We have improved an approach for listing API sequences using API specification documents to make combinatorial testing for remote services to which requests are sent using APIs such as REST, gRPC, and WSDL. The proposed approach performs a depth-first, backward, all-at-once search rather than a breadth-first, forward, one-by-one search which was the strategy of previous studies. Our proposed approach parses an API specification document and creates a directed tree that represents a partial order of calls of APIs to collect values demanded by each target API. The approach calculates the leading-following relations of APIs by manipulating a matrix that represents the relations of APIs and named values that mediate the relations. We applied our proposed approach to a practical service, GitLab. We obtained the result that the approach lists the longer executable API sequences that can visit more methods in service implementation than the approaches of existing work without listing a large number of sequences.

关键词： adjacency matrix search algorithm REST combinatorial testing openapi specification

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How Composable is the Web? An Empirical Study on openapi Data model Compatibility

How Composable is the Web? An Empirical Study on OpenAPI Dat...

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IEEE International Conference on Web Services (IEEE ICWS) / IEEE World Congress on Services (IEEE SERVICES)

作者： Serbout, Souhaila Pautasso, Cesare Zdun, Uwe Software Inst USI Lugano Switzerland Univ Vienna Fac Comp Sci Vienna Austria

ISBN: (数字)9781665481434

ISBN: (纸本)9781665481434

Composing Web APIs is a widely adopted practice by developers to speed up the development process of complex Web applications, mashups, and data processing pipelines. However, since most publicly available APIs are built independently of each other, developers often need to invest their efforts in solving incompatibility issues by writing ad-hoc glue code, adapters and message translation mappings. How likely are Web APIs to be directly composable? The paper presents an empirical study to determine the potential composability of a large collection of 20,587 public Web APIs by verifying their schemas' compatibility. We define three levels of data model elements compatibility - considering matches between property names and/or data types - which can be determined statically based on API descriptions conforming to the openapi specification. The study research questions address: to which extent are Web APIs compatible;the average number of compatible endpoints within each API;the likelihood of finding two APIs with at least one pair of compatible endpoints. To perform the analysis we developed a compatibility checker tool which can statically determine API schema compatibility on the three levels and find matching pairs of API responses which can be directly forwarded as requests to the same or other APIs. We run the tool on a dataset of 751,390 request and response message schemas extracted from publicly available openapi descriptions. The results indicate a relatively high number of compatible APIs when matching their data models only on the level of their elements' data type. However, this number gets lower narrowing the scope to only the ones handling data objects having identical properties name. The average likelihood of finding two compatible APIs with both matching property names and data types reaches 21%. Also, the number of compatible endpoints within the same API is very low.

关键词： Web APIs openapi specification API Composabilty Endpoints Composability Empirical Study

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ExpressO: From *** Implementation Code to openapi Interface Descriptions 16th

ExpressO: From *** Implementation Code to OpenAPI Interface ...

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16th European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA)

作者： Serbout, Souhaila Romanelli, Alessandro Pautasso, Cesare Software Inst USI Lugano Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9783031368882;9783031368899

The current paper presents a novel Command Line Interface (CLI) tool called ExpressO. This tool is specifically developed for developers who seek to analyze Web APIs implemented using the *** framework. ExpressO can automatically extract a specification written in openapi, which is a widely used interface description language. The extracted specification consists of all the implemented endpoints, response status codes, and path and query parameters. Additionally, apart from facilitating automatic documentation generation for the API, ExpressO can also automatically verify the conformity of the Web API interface to its implementation, based on the *** framework. The tool has been released on the npm component registry as 'expresso-api', and can be globally installed using the command: npm install -g expresso-api.

关键词： openapi specification REST API Express.js Documentation generation

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A Machine Reading Comprehension Framework for REST API Information Extraction 2021

A Machine Reading Comprehension Framework for REST API Infor...

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2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems (ICAIIS )

作者： Liu, Weixue Wang, Lei Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450390200

REST API is highly popular and widely used by various Web service providers. However, most Web service providers only provide their API documents on Web pages, and different sites have different document formats. This prevents Web services users to benefit from the advantages of having a unified machine-readable specification, such as generating sdk code, testing API, etc. In this paper, we propose a new approach to convert Web REST API documentation to structured machine-readable openapi specification. We cast the task as a question answering problem, i.e, the extraction of REST API is transformed to the task of identifying answer spans from the context. Experiment showed that the QA model based on BERT performed well on multiple sites.

关键词： REST API openapi specification QA BERT

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