Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) will greatly shorten their lifespan due to platinum (Pt) catalyst degradation during operation. This paper proposes an optimization-based energy management method consideri...
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) will greatly shorten their lifespan due to platinum (Pt) catalyst degradation during operation. This paper proposes an optimization-based energy management method considering Pt degradation, which is an improvement over the traditional strategy that only focuses on fuel optimization to consider both the minimal fuel and the minimum fuel cell life decay. Firstly, a one-dimensional (1D) Pt degradation model is established to comprehend how various voltage situations affect Pt deterioration. Then, various strategies to suppress Pt degradation are designed using Pontryagin's minimum principle (pmp) optimization algorithm in light of the influence analysis results, and the effects of the pmp algorithm under different strategies are tested on the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform. The results demonstrate that the performance of the pmp algorithm in real-time strategy is extremely near to the global optimal solution generated by the offline dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. After adding the tendency to limit high potential and voltage variation in the pmp algorithm, hydrogen consumption increases by only 2%. In comparison, the stack's degradation is decreased by nearly 50%, considerably extending the stack's service life and reducing the system's comprehensive use cost.
3D optical sensors are becoming more and more popular in vision guidance of industrial robots and other industrial automation applications. Although research on high-speed 3D shape measurement (or imaging) has experie...
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3D optical sensors are becoming more and more popular in vision guidance of industrial robots and other industrial automation applications. Although research on high-speed 3D shape measurement (or imaging) has experienced tremendous growth over the past decades, simultaneously achieving high-speed and high-accuracy performance remains a major challenge in industrial practice. This paper presents a new FPGA architecture for the pmp algorithm and designs an high-speed embedded binocular structured light 3D measurement sensor. The sensor mainly contains a DLP projector, two cameras and a Xilinx Zynq-7000 UltraScale which make real-time computation possible. Experiments showed the time consuming of processing a set of 9x2 images with a resolution of 2048 x 1536 using the sensor proposed in this paper is 31.47 ms that has a better performance than 255ms on GPU. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first high-speed FPGA-based embedded binocular structured light 3D measurement sensor. This proposed 3D sensor can obtain ultra high quality 3D information in real time, it can be widely applied to robot random pin-picking and other industrial applications.
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