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26th Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education

作者： Russell, Sean Univ Coll Dublin Dublin Ireland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450383974

Code comprehension is an important skill to develop when learning to program. However, it can be hard to emphasise this to students when they are assessed with problems that overtly challenge their knowledge of syntax or their problem solving skills. This poster presents a prototype for developing automatically graded quizzes on program tracing for basic programs in both C and Python. Questions can be generated for each individual line of code, focusing in higher detail, or about a whole file. Feedback explaining the execution is automatically generated including a diagram showing the code represented as a tree and accompanied with a text explanation.

关键词： CS1 automatic assessment program tracing

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The Role of Working Memory in program tracing 21

The Role of Working Memory in Program Tracing

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CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

作者： Crichton, Will Agrawala, Maneesh Hanrahan, Pat Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450380966

program tracing, or mentally simulating a program on concrete inputs, is an important part of general program comprehension. programs involve many kinds of virtual state that must be held in memory, such as variable/value pairs and a call stack. In this work, we examine the influence of short-term working memory (WM) on a person's ability to remember program state during tracing. We first confirm that previous findings in cognitive psychology transfer to the programming domain: people can keep about 7 variable/value pairs in WM, and people will accidentally swap associations between variables due to WM load. We use a restricted focus viewing interface to further analyze the strategies people use to trace through programs, and the relationship of tracing strategy to WM. Given a straight-line program, we find half of our participants traced a program from the top-down line-by-line (linearly), and the other half start at the bottom and trace upward based on data dependencies (on-demand). Participants with an on-demand strategy made more WM errors while tracing straight-line code than with a linear strategy, but the two strategies contained an equal number of WM errors when tracing code with functions. We conclude with the implications of these findings for the design of programming tools: first, programs should be analyzed to identify and refactor human-memory-intensive sections of code. Second, programming environments should interactively visualize variable metadata to reduce WM load in accordance with a person's tracing strategy. Third, tools for program comprehension should enable externalizing program state while tracing.

关键词： program tracing program comprehension working memory restricted focus viewing

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ATOS: Adaptive program tracing With Online Control Flow Graph Support

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 127495-127510页

作者： Sun, He Zhang, Chao Li, He Wu, Zhenhua Wu, Lifa Li, Yun Army Engn Univ PLA Inst Command & Control Engn Nanjing 210007 Jiangsu Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Inst Network Sci & Cyberspace Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Beijing Natl Res Ctr Informat Sci & Technol Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Informat Engn Univ PLA Strateg Support Force Zhengzhou 450002 Henan Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Comp Sci Nanjing 210003 Jiangsu Peoples R China

program tracing solutions (i.e., tracers) can faithfully record runtime information about a program's execution and enable flexible and powerful offline analysis. Therefore, they have become fundamental techniques extensively utilized in software analysis applications. However, few tracers have paid attention to the size of traces and corresponding overheads introduced to offline analysis, as well as the Control Flow Graph (CFG) support. This paper presents ATOS, an efficient tracing solution, to address these issues. It adaptively adjusts the granularity of tracing while conservatively preserving the essential execution information. We implement a prototype of ATOS and evaluate it on several benchmarks. The results show that ATOS can greatly reduce the size of a trace and accelerate offline analysis, while preserving the execution states and supporting existing applications seamlessly. For example, using ATOS, the trace produced by the application CryptoHunt is reduced by 46 times, while the analysis time is reduced by 34 times.

关键词： program tracing control flow graph loop optimization adaptive granularity check point

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Let's Look a Layer Deeper Design and First Results of a New Test System in the Context of program tracing 19

Let's Look a Layer Deeper Design and First Results of a New ...

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19th Koli Calling Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling)

作者： Bastian, Morten Muehling, Andreas Univ Kiel Kiel Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450377157

We present an online assessment system for tracing code snippets. It is particularly suited for K12 settings and features a grid-world and a figure that moves in the world. Learners are asked to move the figure manually in accordance with what a given block of code would do. The system allows inspection of cognitive processes and misconceptions in more detail than typical pen&paper assessments can provide. The paper presents the system and a preliminary empirical investigation together with future work that we are planning for the tool.

关键词： Computational thinking program tracing assessment computer science education novice programmer

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Towards validity for a formative assessment for language-specific program tracing skills 19

Towards validity for a formative assessment for language-spe...

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19th Koli Calling Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling)

作者： Nelson, Greg L. Hu, Andrew Xie, Benjamin Ko, Amy J. Univ Washington Paul G Allen Sch Comp Sci & Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Informat Sch DUB Grp Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450377157

Formative assessments can have positive effects on learning, but few exist for computing, even for basic skills such as program tracing. Instead, teachers often rely on overly broad test questions that lack the diagnostic granularity needed to measure early learning. We followed Kane's framework for assessment validity to design a formative assessment of JavaScript program tracing, developing "an argument for effectiveness for a specific use." This included: 1) a fine-grained scoring model to guide practice, 2) item design to test parts of our fine-grained model with low confound-caused variance, 3) a covering test design that samples from a space of items and covers the scoring model, and 4) a feasibility argument for effectiveness for formative use (can target and improve learning). We contribute a distillation of Kane's framework situated for computing education, and a novel application of Kane's framework to formative assessment of program tracing, focusing on scoring, generalization, and use. Our application also contributes a novel way of modeling possible conceptions of a programming language's semantics by modeling prevalent compositions of control flow and data flow graphs and the paths through them, a process for generating test items, and principles for minimizing item confounds.

关键词： Assessment program tracing validation validity item generation

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An Explicit Strategy to Scaffold Novice program tracing 18

An Explicit Strategy to Scaffold Novice Program Tracing

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49th ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)

作者： Xie, Benjamin Nelson, Greg L. Ko, Andrew J. Univ Washington Informat Sch DUB Grp Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Allen Sch DUB Grp Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450351034

We propose and evaluate a lightweight strategy for tracing code that can be efficiently taught to novice programmers, building off of recent findings on "sketching" when tracing. This strategy helps novices apply the syntactic and semantic knowledge they are learning by encouraging line-by-line tracing and providing an external representation of memory for them to update. To evaluate the effect of teaching this strategy, we conducted a block-randomized experiment with 24 novices enrolled in a university-level CS1 course. We spent only 5-10 minutes introducing the strategy to the experimental condition. We then asked both conditions to think-aloud as they predicted the output of short programs. Students using this strategy scored on average 15% higher than students in the control group for the tracing problems used the study (p<0.05). Qualitative analysis of think-aloud and interview data showed that tracing systematically (line-by-line and "sketching" intermediate values) led to better performance and that the strategy scaffolded and encouraged systematic tracing. Students who learned the strategy also scored on average 7% higher on the course midterm. These findings suggest that in <1 hour and without computer-based tools, we can improve CS1 students' tracing abilities by explicitly teaching a strategy.

关键词： program tracing instructional intervention sketching think-aloud

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Comprehension First: Evaluating a Novel Pedagogy and Tutoring System for program tracing in CS1 17

Comprehension First: Evaluating a Novel Pedagogy and Tutorin...

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13th ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER)

作者： Nelson, Greg L. Xie, Benjamin Ko, Andrew J. Univ Washington Allen Sch DUB Grp Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Informat Sch DUB Grp Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349680

What knowledge does learning programming require? Prior work has focused on theorizing program writing and problem solving skills. We examine program comprehension and propose a formal theory of program tracing knowledge based on control flow paths through an interpreter program's source code. Because novices cannot understand the interpreter's programming language notation, we transform it into causal relationships from code tokens to instructions to machine state changes. To teach this knowledge, we propose a comprehension-first pedagogy based on causal inference, by showing, explaining, and assessing each path by stepping through concrete examples within many example programs. To assess this pedagogy, we built PLTutor, a tutorial system with a fixed curriculum of example programs. We evaluate learning gains among self-selected CS1 students using a block randomized lab study comparing PLTutor with Codecademy, a writing tutorial. In our small study, we find some evidence of improved learning gains on the SCS1, with average learning gains of PLTutor 60% higher than Codecademy (gain of 3.89 vs. 2.42 out of 27 questions). These gains strongly predicted midterms (R-2 = .64) only for PLTutor participants, whose grades showed less variation and no failures.

关键词： knowledge representation program tracing notional machine

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Monitoring Software Execution Flow Through Power Consumption and Dynamic Time Warping

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IEEE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LETTERS 2023年第2期15卷 101-104页

作者： Vidal, Boris Moreno, Carlos Fischmeister, Sebastian Carvajal, Gonzalo Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria Dept Elect Valparaiso 2390123 Chile Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

This letter presents a technique for nonintrusive code execution tracking using side-channel signals of power consumption. Using a nearest-neighbor classifier that integrates the dynamic time warping distance with information from the control flow graph, it is possible to identify executed basic blocks from a trace of power consumption that exhibits temporal distortions due to assembly-level artifacts and varying operational conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves over 95% precision when inferring the runtime execution flow of a cruise control application using unmarked traces of power consumption collected from different processors.

关键词： Power demand Hidden Markov models Classification algorithms Time series analysis program processors Monitoring Codes Dynamic time warping (DTW) power consumption program tracing side-channel analysis subsequence matching

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Object-Centric Time-Travel Debugging Exploring Traces of Objects 23

Object-Centric Time-Travel Debugging Exploring Traces of Obj...

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7th International Conference on the Art, Science, and Engineering of programming (programming)

作者： Thiede, Christoph Taeumel, Marcel Hirschfeld, Robert Univ Potsdam Hasso Plattner Inst Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798400707551

Traditional behavior-centric debuggers are organized around an extensive call stack, making it hard for programmers to navigate and explore large programs. We present object traces, a novel, object-centric approach to time-travel debugging that enables programmers to directly interact with recorded states of objects and explore their evolution in a simplified call tree. Our approach allows programmers to send messages to the object trace to ask questions of different granularity, from single variable values to custom representations of object graphs. We demonstrate practicability by applying it to the TraceDebugger, a time-travel debugger for Squeak/Smalltalk. We examine the practical opportunities and limitations of object traces and suggest directions for future work.

关键词： object-oriented debugging time-travel debugging back-in-time debugging omniscient debugging query-based debugging declarative debugging program tracing program comprehension program exploration exploratory programming moldable development Smalltalk

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Executable Contracts for Elixir 21

Executable Contracts for Elixir

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21st ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Erlang (Erlang)

作者： Perez, Sergio de Barrio, Luis Eduardo Bueso Ballesteros, Ignacio Herranz, Angel Marino, Julio Earle, Clara Benac Fredlund, Lars-Ake Univ Politecn Valencia VRAIN Valencia Spain Univ Politecn Madrid Babel Grp Boadilla Del Monte Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394352

This paper introduces a new library for implementing executable contracts in Elixir. In addition to classical contract constructs such as preconditions and postconditions, the library permits e.g. to specify exceptional behaviour (i.e. which exceptions are thrown and under which conditions), and to associate timers with function calls to detect nonterminating or too slow computations.

关键词： program Contracts program tracing Elixir

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