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15th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Gerber, Christian Preusse, Sebastian Hanisch, Hans-Michael Univ Halle Wittenberg Inst Comp Sci Chair Automat Technol D-06120 Halle Saale Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781424468508

programmable Logic controllers (PLCs) have been established as standard devices for automation and process control since the 1990s. Although a lot of research work has been done on the field of controller modeling and verification, it is still daily practice that control software is manually developed without applying formal validation methods. On the other hand, controller modeling is often seen detached from the plant or its model, i.e. as an open loop. The results of analysis of open-loop controller behavior give very little or almost no indications of the correct behavior of the closed-loop system. The contribution therefore proposes an approach to generate formal models out of PLC code. These controller models enable formal verification of the closed loop in combination with a specification. Due to the year of publication, all solution approaches are based on the syntax definition of the IEC 61131-3, which is not fulfilled by every industrial PLC vendor. Therefore, this contribution will show a way to use the defined xml formats of the Technical Committee 6 of the PLCopen as input for the formal model generation.

关键词： IEC 61131-3 PLCopen XML formats closed loop system control system synthesis formal model generation formal specification formal validation method formal verification industrial PLC vendor open loop controller modeling process control process control software programmable controllers programmable logic controller verification standard devices syntax definition technical committee

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Control-based algorithm for the management of IEEE 802.11e priorities within a Wireless Networked Discrete Control System

Control-based algorithm for the management of IEEE 802.11e p...

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Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (SysTol)

作者： Habib, G. Petin, J. F. Divoux, T. Nancy Univ CNRS CRAN UMR 7039 Campus SciBP 70239 F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy France

ISBN: (纸本)9781424481545

This paper deals with the evaluation of Discrete Control Systems whose implementation is distributed among programmable Logic controllers (PLC) and remote Input/Output devices communicating through a Wireless Network. Using wireless communication in these applications, called Wireless Networked Discrete Control System (WNDCS), offers many advantages such as a greater mobility and reduced wiring costs, but also several disadvantages such as transmission delay, jitter phenomena or loss of messages due to nondeterministic features of wireless communication. These features may have a negative impact on the behaviour of the control applications, and especially on the temporal performance and dependability requirements that a control system usually has to face. This paper proposes an algorithm for the management of the IEEE 802.11e priorities with regards to control needs in order to increase the performance of the WNDCS. Efficiency of the proposed algorithm is shown using OPNET simulations of a case study.

关键词： IEEE 802.11e priorities control based algorithm control engineering computing delays dependability requirements discrete systems jitter jitter phenomena management networked control systems programmable controllers programmable logic controllers remote input/output devices temporal performance transmission delay wireless LAN wireless communication wireless networked discrete control system

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Design and implementation of supervisory control for an electropneumatic station subject to faults in material flow 9

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9th FPNI Ph D Symposium on Fluid Power (FPNI2016)

作者： Szpak, Rodrigo de Queiroz, Max Hering Univ Fed Santa Catarina Florianopolis SC Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9780791850473

Human intervention in automated manufacturing systems may result in faults in material flow leading to incoherent behavior of the control system. Particularly when multiple workpieces can be operated concurrently, the design of a programmable logic controller (PLC) that can handle such nondeterministic events is a complex task that justifies the use of formal methods such as the Supervisory Control Theory (SCT). The main objective of this work is the use of SCT for the systematic design of the automation system of an electropneumatic station of a Modular Production System prone to faults in the material flow. A code generation tool has been used to translate the modular supervisors into an IEC61131 PLC program, whose automata-based structure has been exploited by several functionalities of a SCADA System. The implementation of supervisory control allows the station to flexibly process five workpieces simultaneously, with conformance to functional requirements and with safety to deal with the nondeterministic removal of workpieces along the station.

关键词： Manufacturing systems Flow (Dynamics) programmable controllers Safety Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems Design Control systems Control theory Formal methods

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Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone!

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丛书名： Synthesis Lectures on Digital Circuits and Systems

2010年

作者： Steven F. Barrett

ISBN: (纸本)9781608454372

This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. This book is intended for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To meet this wide audience, the book has been divided into sections to satisfy the need of each reader. The book contains many software and hardware examples to assist the reader in developing a wide variety of systems. For the examples, the Arduino Duemilanove and the Atmel ATmega328 is employed as the target processor. Table of Contents: Getting Started / Programming / Embedded Systems Design / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing

关键词： Microcontrollers programmable controllers Atmel AVR microcontroller

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Validation of logic controllers from events observation in a closed-loop system 19

Validation of logic controllers from events observation in a...

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19th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Guignard, Anais Faure, Jean-Marc Ecole Normale Super Automated Prod Res Lab LURPA F-94230 Cachan France

ISBN: (纸本)9781479948451

Numerous worthwhile results have been published in the last two decades on validation of logic controllers by using formal methods like model-checking or conformance testing. Whatever the merits of these contributions, the first approach considers only a model of the control code while the second one focuses on an isolated controller that executes this code. However, from a control engineering point of view, validation of a logic controller requires also to analyze the behavior of the controller when it is connected to the plant it must control to form a closed-loop system. This paper proposes a method to check, from observation of I/O events, whether the behavior of such a controller conforms to its specification. The principle of this method is to build a model of the closed-loop system from the observed I/O events then to compare this model to the specification model. A criterion to terminate the observation step is defined by using previous results on identification of discrete event systems. This method is illustrated on a small example.

关键词： closed loop systems control engineering computing discrete event systems formal verification programmable controllers closed-loop system events observation logic controllers Analytical models Automata Biological system modeling Buildings Closed loop systems Discrete-event systems Radiation detectors

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Development and Execution of PLC Programs on Real-Time Capable Mobile Devices 19

Development and Execution of PLC Programs on Real-Time Capab...

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19th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Obster, Mathias Kalkov, Igor Kowalewski, Stefan Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Embedded Software Lab D-52074 Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781479948451

This paper introduces the application of off-the-shelf Android tablet computers as real-time capable control devices. We present an IDE to create and execute PLC programs written in Structured Text on a tablet running RTAndroid. This derivative of Android with support for real-time applications ensures the predictable execution of PLC programs. A USB-driven field device adapter enables interaction with peripheral hardware. The evaluation demonstrates the competitiveness of our solution in comparison to conventional PLC devices.

关键词： Android (operating system) mobile computing peripheral interfaces programmable controllers real-time systems Android tablet computers IDE PLC programs RTAndroid USB-driven field device adapter peripheral hardware real-time applications real-time capable control devices real-time capable mobile devices structured text Androids Hardware Humanoid robots Libraries Linux Mobile handsets Real-time systems

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HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION FOR A HEAVE COMPENSATOR OF AN OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSEL 35

HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION FOR A HEAVE COMPENSATOR OF A...

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35th ASME International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering

作者： Zhao, Luman Roh, Myung-Il Ham, Seung-Ho Seoul Natl Univ Dept Naval Architecture & Ocean Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Marine Syst Engn Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9780791849927

Tune and verification of control system algorithms for offshore installation operations involving complex and advanced machinery and difficult due to its safety factor. It may be also very costly or even impossible to establish certain test conditions in the physical process environment of the control system. To solve this problem, the Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) can be regarded as an effective method for testing the control system prior to its final development. The sophisticated FEELS is composed of a control system and a HIL simulator which is a simulation model of the offshore plant developed by software. In this study, we focus on the application of HILS for a heave compensator which is used to keep the position or the lowing speed of a lifting object. This study contains three components. Firstly, a physics-based analysis component is used to develop a simulation model of an offshore plant, that is, a HIL simulator. Secondly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) component, that is a control system, is used to regulate the offshore plant model, including a proportional-integral-derivative (PED) feedback controller which aims to control the position or lowering speed of the lifting object. Thirdly, an interface component is developed to communicate the data between the HIL simulator and the control system in real-time. To evaluate the applicability of HILS for a heave compensator, it was applied to an example of an offshore support vessel (OSV) crane. In order to verify the control system for the crane operation in case of heave stabilization of the lifting object, two simulation processes had been established with both a software PLC (software-in-the loop) and a hardware PLC (hardware-in-the-loop). HILS makes it possible to test the heave compensator without building costly prototypes and without endangering natural environment.

关键词： Computer software Simulation models Control equipment Engineering prototypes Machinery Vessels Testing Simulation Safety Control systems Offshore installations Feedback Hardware Algorithms Ocean engineering Physics Cranes programmable controllers

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Modelling Control Systems Using Iec 61499： Applying Function Blocks to Distributed Systems (IEE Control Series, 59)

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2001年

作者： R. W. Lewis

ISBN: (数字)9781849190367

ISBN: (纸本)9780852967966

From the Publisher: New technologies and standards are emerging which will have a dramatic effect on the design and implementation of future industrial control systems. PLCs and PC-based soft controllers are beginning to use software components, such as object-oriented technology, to bring together the hitherto different worlds of factory automation and business systems. New tools and techniques are needed to design and model these systems, such as UML and modern fieldbus technology. The new IEC 61499 standard has been developed specifically to model distributed control systems, defining concepts and models so that software in the form of function blocks can be interconnected to define the behavior of a distributed control system. Tools based on IEC 61499 are likely to emerge soon to model, validate and simulate the behaviour of complex networks of function blocks and it is expected that this standard will become key to complex distributed systems. Author Biography: Robert Lewis is the UK expert on two IEC working groups defining new standards for industrial control software, covering distributed control systems (IEC 61499) and PLCs (IEC 61131). He is a fellow of the IEE and had been involved with the development of software for industrial control applications for over 15 years. Recently, he has been working in the field of design and verification of safety critical systems. He is also the author of the book Programming Industrial Control Systems Using IEC 61131 (IEE, 1998).

关键词： programmable controllers

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Design for Proof: An Approach to the Design of Domain-Specific Languages

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Formal Aspects of Computing 1998年第5-6期10.0卷 452-468页

作者： Anderson, Stuart Tourlas, Konstantinos Lab. for the Found. of Comp. Science Division of Informatics University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom LFCS Division of Informatics University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JZ United Kingdom

We propose that the domain of a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) can be characterised by: 1. the class of environments in which systems developed in the language are expected to operate;and 2. the class of properties which such systems are expected to possess. The design of DSLs should therefore include the development of a proof system that eases the task of proving the properties in the class identified for the anticipated operating environments. We develop these ideas in the context of industrial computing systems by presenting a semantics and proof system for a language based on IEC 1131-3, the international standard programming language for programmable controllers. Of particular significance in this example is the use of a diagrammatic representation and the development of a proof system for a class of invariance properties that requires only local knowledge of the structure of diagrams.

关键词： Domain-specific languages Industrial critical systems programmable controllers Programming language design

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Covert Channel Communication Through Physical Interdependencies in Cyber-Physical Infrastructures

Covert Channel Communication Through Physical Interdependenc...

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2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)

作者： Garcia, Luis Senyondo, Henry McLaughlin, Stephen Zonouz, Saman Rutgers State Univ New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA Univ Miami Coral Gables FL 33124 USA Narus Inc Sunnyvale CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479949342

Increasing efforts are being made in securing the communication infrastructure used in electric power systems. On the surface, this should greatly reduce the chances of successfully executing the type of coordinated and distributed cyber attacks necessary to cause large-scale failures. However, existing communications security schemes in power control systems only consider explicit communications. In this paper, we show that there is a rich set of covert communication channels available to attackers for use in coordinating large scale attacks against power grids. Specifically, we present PHYCO, a novel covert channel that leverages physical substrates, e.g., line loads, within a power system, to transmit information between compromised device controllers. Using PHYCO, two compromised controllers that are miles apart can coordinate their efforts by manipulating relays to modify the power network's topology. This can be done without requiring the use of any explicit communication channels, e.g., power line communications, and can evade intrusion detection sensors aimed at overt traffic. We have evaluated PHYCO using real-world programmable logic controllers on a realistic simulated power grid. Our results show that PHYCO can bypass existing intrusion detection sensors as well as physical inspections by carefully crafting covert communications to have minimal exterior consequences within normal operating thresholds.

关键词： computer network security power engineering computing power grids programmable controllers PhyCo coordinated cyber attacks covert channel communication cyberphysical infrastructures device controller distributed cyber attacks electric power systems physical interdependencies power grid power network topology programmable logic controller Equations Mathematical model Power grids Power measurement Receivers Sensors Power grids programmable logic controllers power systems Network security Power engineering computing Power measurement covert communication Sensors Receivers covert channel Mathematical Model

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