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A feature model of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming languages

SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2015年 98卷 120-139页

作者： Jordan, Howell Botterweck, Goetz Noll, John Butterfield, Andrew Collier, Rem Univ Limerick Limerick Ireland Univ Dublin Trinity Coll Dublin 2 Ireland Univ Coll Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland

The number of programming languages is large and steadily increasing. However, little structured information and empirical evidence is available to help software engineers assess the suitability of a language for a particular development project or software architecture. We argue that these shortages are partly due to a lack of high-level, objective programming language feature assessment criteria: existing advice to practitioners is often based on ill-defined notions of 'paradigms' [3, p. xiii] and 'orientation', while researchers lack a shared common basis for generalisation and synthesis of empirical results. This paper presents a feature model constructed from the programmer's perspective, which can be used to precisely compare general-purpose programming languages in the actor-oriented, agent-oriented, functional, object-oriented, and procedural categories. The feature model is derived from the existing literature on general concepts of programming, and validated with concrete mappings of well-known languages in each of these categories. The model is intended to act as a tool for both practitioners and researchers, to facilitate both further high-level comparative studies of programming languages, and detailed investigations of feature usage and efficacy in specific development contexts. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： programming languages programming language constructs Agent-oriented programming Functional programming Object-oriented programming

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Comparing the Use of Tangible and Graphical programming languages for Informal Science Education 09

Comparing the Use of Tangible and Graphical Programming Lang...

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27th Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

作者： Horn, Michael S. Solovey, Erin T. Crouser, R. Jordan Jacob, Robert J. K. Tufts Univ Medford MA 02155 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605582467

Much of the work done in the field of tangible interaction has focused on creating tools for learning;however, in many cases, little evidence has been provided that tangible interfaces offer educational benefits compared to more conventional interaction techniques. In this paper,, we present a study comparing the use of a tangible and a graphical interface as part of an interactive computer programming and robotics exhibit that we designed for the Boston Museum of Science. In this study, we have collected observations of 260 museum visitors and conducted interviews with 13 family groups. Our results show that visitors found the tangible and the graphical systems equally easy to understand. However, with the tangible interface, visitors were significantly more likely to,try the exhibit and significantly more likely to actively participate in groups. In turn, we show that regardless of the condition, involving multiple active participants leads to significantly longer interaction times. Finally, we examine the role of children and adults in each condition and present evidence that children are more actively involved in the tangible condition, an effect that seems to be especially strong for girls.

关键词： Tern Tangible User Interfaces museums informal science education children education programming languages

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Design of an empirical study for comparing the usability of concurrent programming languages

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2013年第7期55卷 1304-1315页

作者： Nanz, Sebastian Torshizi, Faraz Pedroni, Michela Meyer, Bertrand Swiss Fed Inst Technol Chair Software Engn Zurich Switzerland Univ Toronto Dept Comp Sci Toronto ON M5S 1A1 Canada

Context: Developing concurrent software has long been recognized as a difficult and error-prone task. To support developers, a multitude of language proposals exist that promise to make concurrent programming easier. Empirical studies are needed to support the claim that a language is more usable than another. Objective: This paper presents the design of a study to compare concurrent programming languages with respect to comprehending and debugging existing programs and writing correct new programs. The design is applied to a comparison of two object-oriented languages for concurrency, multithreaded Java and SCOOP. Method: A critical challenge for such a study is avoiding the bias that might be introduced during the training phase and when interpreting participants' solutions. We address these issues by the use of self-study material and an evaluation scheme that exposes any subjective decisions of the corrector, or eliminates them altogether. Results: The study template consisting of the experimental design and the structure of the self-study and evaluation material is demonstrated to work successfully in an academic setting. The concrete instantiation of the study template shows results in favor of SCOOP even though the study participants had previous training in writing multithreaded Java programs. Conclusion: It is concluded that the proposed template of a small but therefore easy-to-implement empirical study with a focus on core language constructs is helpful in characterizing the usability of concurrent programming paradigms. Applying the template to further languages could shed light on which approaches are promising and hence drive language research into the right direction. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Empirical study Concurrency programming languages Usability

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Several Types of Types in programming languages 3rd

Several Types of Types in Programming Languages

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3rd International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Computing (HaPoC)

作者： Martini, Simone Univ Bologna Dipartimento Informat Sci & Ingn Bologna Italy INRIA Bologna Italy Inria Sophia Antipolis Valbonne France

ISBN: (纸本)9783319472867;9783319472850

Types are an important part of any modern programming language, but we often forget that the concept of type we understand nowadays is not the same it was perceived in the sixties. Moreover, we conflate the concept of "type" in programming languages with the concept of the same name in mathematical logic, an identification that is only the result of the convergence of two different paths, which started apart with different aims. The paper will present several remarks (some historical, some of more conceptual character) on the subject, as a basis for a further investigation. We will argue that there are three different characters at play in programming languages, all of them now called types: the technical concept used in language design to guide implementation;the general abstraction mechanism used as a modelling tool;the classifying tool inherited from mathematical logic. We will suggest three possible dates ad quem for their presence in the programming language literature, suggesting that the emergence of the concept of type in computer science is relatively independent from the logical tradition, until the Curry-Howard isomorphism will make an explicit bridge between them.

关键词： Types programming languages History of computing Abstraction mechanisms

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Natural-Language Neutrality in programming languages: Bridging the Knowledge Divide in Software Engineering 3rd

Natural-Language Neutrality in Programming Languages: Bridgi...

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3rd International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (LCT) Held as Part of 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International)

作者： Ruby, Ivan David, Salomao Osmania Univ Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India Univ Svizzera Italiana Lugano Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9783319394831;9783319394824

This paper introduces an approach to allow English Language Learners (ELLs) to collaborate in the Software Engineering field using their individual native languages. Natural-Language Neutrality (NLN) aims to bridge the Knowledge Divide in Software Engineering by providing tools and methodologies to allow speakers of different Natural languages to learn, practice and collaborate in an environment that is Natural-Language agnostic. A Knowledge Divide in Software Engineering is constituted by the differences in the knowledge assimilation capability, between native English-speakers and ELLs, due to the English-language barrier. NLN intends to provide standardized methods to enable already-existing and new programming languages to be accessible to learners in their Natural-language context. The tools created to achieve this purpose, Glotter, Glotation and the Collaborative Model, are described.

关键词： Human Computer Interaction Computer Science Education Learning & Collaboration Technologies programming languages

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programming languages for data-Intensive HPC applications: A systematic mapping study

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PARALLEL COMPUTING 2020年 91卷

作者： Amaral, Vasco Norberto, Beatriz Goulao, Miguel Aldinucci, Marco Benkner, Siegfried Bracciali, Andrea Carreira, Paulo Celms, Edgars Correia, Luis Grelck, Clemens Karatza, Helen Kessler, Christoph Kilpatrick, Peter Martiniano, Hugo Mavridis, Ilias Pllana, Sabri Respicio, Ana Simao, Jose Veiga, Luis Visa, Ari Univ Nova Lisboa Fac Ciencias & Tecnol DI NOVA LINCS Lisbon Portugal Univ Torino Turin Italy Univ Vienna Vienna Austria Univ Stirling Stirling Scotland Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecn DEI INESC ID Lisbon Portugal Univ Latvia Inst Math & Comp Sci Riga Latvia Univ Lisbon Fac Ciencias BioISI Lisbon Portugal Univ Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece Linkoping Univ Linkoping Sweden Queens Univ Belfast Belfast Antrim North Ireland Linnaeus Univ Vaxjo Sweden Univ Lisbon Fac Ciencias LASIGE Lisbon Portugal Inst Politecn Lisboa Inst Super Engn Lisboa Lisbon Portugal Tampere Univ Tampere Finland

A major challenge in modelling and simulation is the need to combine expertise in both software technologies and a given scientific domain. When High-Performance Computing (HPC) is required to solve a scientific problem, software development becomes a problematic issue. Considering the complexity of the software for HPC, it is useful to identify programming languages that can be used to alleviate this issue. Because the existing literature on the topic of HPC is very dispersed, we performed a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) in the context of the European COST Action cHiPSet. This literature study maps characteristics of various programming languages for data-intensive HPC applications, including category, typical user profiles, effectiveness, and type of articles. We organised the SMS in two phases. In the first phase, relevant articles are identified employing an automated keyword-based search in eight digital libraries. This lead to an initial sample of 420 papers, which was then narrowed down in a second phase by human inspection of article abstracts, titles and keywords to 152 relevant articles published in the period 2006-2018. The analysis of these articles enabled us to identify 26 programming languages referred to in 33 of relevant articles. We compared the outcome of the mapping study with results of our questionnaire-based survey that involved 57 HPC experts. The mapping study and the survey revealed that the desired features of programming languages for data-intensive HPC applications are portability, performance and usability. Furthermore, we observed that the majority of the programming languages used in the context of data-intensive HPC applications are text-based general-purpose programming languages. Typically these have a steep learning curve, which makes them difficult to adopt. We believe that the outcome of this study will inspire future research and development in programming languages for data-intensive HPC applications. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. A

关键词： High performance computing (HPC) Big data Data-intensive applications programming languages Domain-Specific language (DSL) General-Purpose language (GPL) Systematic mapping study (SMS)

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Toward Intuitive programming languages

Toward Intuitive Programming Languages

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IEEE 19th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)

作者： Stefik, Andreas Siebert, Susanna Slattery, Kim Stefik, Melissa So Illinois Univ Dept Comp Sci Edwardsville IL 62026 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543987

Modern text-based computer programming languages use syntax, semantics, and APIs to represent actions a computer will perform. Historically, the design of these languages has largely escaped the critical gaze of peer review, relying more on expert opinions than robust scientific methodologies. In this paper, we pose a question-is it possible to create a programming language where the syntax, semantics, and API design is based upon rigorous data collection and the scientific method? We have undertaken a long-term project to develop a computer programming language, called Hop, where each language decision is based upon empirical metrics gathered from human studies. While such a design may not universally benefit all programmers, our hope is that such a procedure may make our community's language design decisions more objective and transparent.

关键词： programming languages syntax empirical studies intuitiveness

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Design of an Empirical Study for Comparing the Usability of Concurrent programming languages

Design of an Empirical Study for Comparing the Usability of ...

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5th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)

作者： Nanz, Sebastian Torshizi, Faraz Pedroni, Michela Meyer, Bertrand Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland Univ Toronto Toronto ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780769546049

The recent turn towards multicore processing architectures has made concurrency an important part of mainstream software development. As a result, an increasing number of developers have to learn to write concurrent programs, a task that is known to be hard even for the expert. Language designers are therefore working on languages that promise to make concurrent programming "easier". However, the claim that a new language is more usable than another cannot be supported by purely theoretical considerations, but calls for empirical studies. In this paper, we present the design of a study to compare concurrent programming languages with respect to comprehending and debugging existing programs and writing correct new programs. A critical challenge for such a study is avoiding the bias that might be introduced during the training phase and when interpreting participants' solutions. We address these issues by the use of self-study material and an evaluation scheme that exposes any subjective decisions of the corrector, or eliminates them altogether. We apply our design to a comparison of two object-oriented languages for concurrency, multithreaded Java and SCOOP ( Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented programming), in an academic setting. We obtain results in favor of SCOOP even though the study participants had previous training in writing multithreaded Java programs.

关键词： empirical study concurrency programming languages usability

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Computing Trends Lead to New programming languages

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COMPUTER 2012年第7期45卷 17-20页

作者： Ortiz, Sixto, Jr.

A group of new programming languages is designed to meet the needs of today's latest computing approaches.

关键词： Software Engineering programming languages Software Development programming languages Multicore CPU High Performance Computing Cloud Computing Distributed Systems Mobile Technology Parallel Processing programming languages Cray Chapel Motion Twin Haxe Microsoft F Google Dart Ceylon IBM X 10 Web programming Supercomputing High Performance Computing Functional programming

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PLAS 2017-ACM SIGSAC Workshop on programming languages and Analysis for Security 17

PLAS 2017-ACM SIGSAC Workshop on Programming Languages and A...

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24th ACM-SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS)

作者： Bielova, Nataliia Gaboardi, Marco INRIA Rocquencourt France Univ Buffalo State Univ New York Buffalo NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349468

The 12th ACM SIGSAC Workshop on programming languages and Analysis for Security (PLAS 2017) is co-located with the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). Over its now more than ten-year history, PLAS has provided a unique forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange ideas about programming language and program analysis techniques with the goal of improving the security of software systems. PLAS aims to provide a forum for exploring and evaluating ideas on using programming language and program analysis techniques to improve the security of software systems. Strongly encouraged are proposals of new, speculative ideas, evaluations of new or known techniques in practical settings, and discussions of emerging threats and important problems.

关键词： programming languages security

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