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Some issues in the measurement and control of programming productivity

Information and Management 1981年第4期4卷 169-176页

作者： Jeffery, D.R. Lawrence, M.J. Department of Information Systems University of New South Wales P.O. Box 1. Kensington 2033 NSW Australia Department of Information Systems University of New South Wales Kensington 2033 NSW P.O. Box 1 Australia

In view of the escalating proportion of data processing expenditure going into software development, the measurement and control of software costs has become an important issue for commercial data processing managers. This paper surveys the state of the art in programming productivity research, investigates the application of research results to e.d.p. management, and suggests ways in which future research efforts can be improved. The apparent inconsistencies in the published literature of the field are high-lighted and some possible explanations for them are advanced. © 1981.

关键词： information systems management programming productivity software development software metrics

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AUTOMATING OUTPUT SIZE AND REUSE METRICS IN A REPOSITORY-BASED COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE) ENVIRONMENT

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1994年第3期20卷 169-187页

作者： BANKER, RD KAUFFMAN, RJ WRIGHT, C ZWEIG, D NYU STERN SCH BUSINESSNEW YORKNY 10012 SEER TECHNOL NEW YORKNY 10001 USN POSTGRAD SCHDEPT ADM SCIMONTEREYCA 93943

Measurement of software development productivity is needed in order to control software costs, but it is discouragingly labor-intensive and expensive. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technologies-especially repository-based, integrated CASE-have the potential to support the automation of this measurement. In this paper, we discuss the conceptual basis for the development of automated analyzers for function point and software reuse measurement for object-based CASE. Both analyzers take advantage of the existence of a representation of the application system that is stored within an object repository, and that contains the necessary information about the application system. We also discuss metrics for software reuse measurement, including reuse leverage, reuse value, and reuse classification that are motivated by managerial requirements and the efforts, within industry and the IEEE, to standardize measurement. The functionality and the analytical capabilities of state-of-the art automated software metrics analyzers are illustrated in the context of an investment banking industry application that is similar to systems deployed at the New York City-based investment bank where these tools were developed and tested.

关键词： COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE) FUNCTION POINT ANALYSIS OBJECT-BASED DEVELOPMENT programming productivity REPOSITORIES REUSE SOFTWARE COSTS SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ECONOMICS SOFTWARE METRICS

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CloudSim express: A novel framework for rapid low code simulation of cloud computing environments

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2024年第3期54卷 483-500页

作者： Hewage, Tharindu B. Ilager, Shashikant Rodriguez, Maria A. Buyya, Rajkumar Univ Melbourne Sch Comp & Informat Syst Cloud Comp & Distributed Syst CLOUDS Lab Melbourne Vic Australia Vienna Univ Technol TU Wien Vienna Austria

Cloud computing environment simulators enable cost-effective experimentation of novel infrastructure designs and management approaches by avoiding significant costs incurred from repetitive deployments in real Cloud platforms. However, widely used Cloud environment simulators compromise on usability due to complexities in design and configuration, along with the added overhead of programming language expertise. Existing approaches attempting to reduce this overhead, such as script-based simulators and graphical user interface (GUI) based simulators, often compromise on the extensibility of the simulator. Simulator extensibility allows for customization at a fine-grained level, thus reducing it significantly affects flexibility in creating simulations. To address these challenges, we propose an architectural framework to enable human-readable script-based simulations in existing Cloud environment simulators while minimizing the impact on simulator extensibility. We implement the proposed framework for the widely used Cloud environment simulator, the CloudSim toolkit, and compare it against state-of-the-art baselines using a practical use case. The resulting framework, called CloudSim Express, achieves extensible simulations while surpassing baselines with over a 71.43$$ 71.43 $$% reduction in code complexity and an 89.42% reduction in lines of code.

关键词： cloud Computing CloudSim modelling and simulation programming productivity

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EXA2PRO: A Framework for High Development productivity on Heterogeneous Computing Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2022年第4期33卷 792-804页

作者： Papadopoulos, Lazaros Soudris, Dimitrios Kessler, Christoph Ernstsson, August Ahlqvist, Johan Vasilas, Nikos Papadopoulos, Athanasios, I Seferlis, Panos Prouveur, Charles Haefele, Matthieu Thibault, Samuel Salamanis, Athanasios Ioakimidis, Theodoros Kehagias, Dionysios Natl Tech Univ Athens Dept Elect & Comp Engn Athens Greece Linkoping Univ Dept Comp & Informat Sci Linkoping Sweden Ctr Res & Technol Hellas Chem Proc & Energy Resources Inst Thessaloniki Greece CEA CNRS Maison Simulat F-75794 Paris France Univ Pau & Pays Adour Lab Math & Its Applicat F-64000 Pau France Bordeaux Univ Bordeaux France Ctr Res & Technol Hellas Informat Technol Inst Thessaloniki Greece

programming upcoming exascale computing systems is expected to be a major challenge. New programming models are required to improve programmability, by hiding the complexity of these systems from application developers. The EXA2PRO programming framework aims at improving developers' productivity for applications that target heterogeneous computing systems. It is based on advanced programming models and abstractions that encapsulate low-level platform-specific optimizations and it is supported by a runtime that handles application deployment on heterogeneous nodes. It supports a wide variety of platforms and accelerators (CPU, GPU, FPGA-based Data-Flow Engines), allowing developers to efficiently exploit heterogeneous computing systems, thus enabling more HPC applications to reach exascale computing. The EXA2PRO framework was evaluated using four HPC applications from different domains. By applying the EXA2PRO framework, the applications were automatically deployed and evaluated on a variety of computing architectures, enabling developers to obtain performance results on accelerators, test scalability on MPI clusters and productively investigate the degree by which each application can efficiently use different types of hardware resources.

关键词： programming Skeleton Computational modeling Runtime Exascale computing Task analysis productivity programming models skeleton programming task-based runtime systems programming productivity heterogeneous systems exascale computing

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COST COMPARISON FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF APPLICATION SYSTEMS IN 3RD AND 4TH GENERATION LANGUAGES

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INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 1990年第3期18卷 131-141页

作者： LEHNER, F UNIV LINZ INST WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMAT & ORG FORSCHA-4040 LINZAUSTRIA

Application systems represent considerable assets in many firms today. New developments in and the replacement of existing systems would often involve greater risks than adaptive maintenance or the extension of functions. Thus, the importance of maintenance is growing. The use of a life-cycle model allows for budgeting and personnel planning with regard to the prognosis for probable maintenance costs. A comparison was made of application systems developed in third-generation languages (3GL) and fourth-generation languages (4GL). The results reveal that systems developed in 3GL are significantly larger in terms of development time. The utilization of 4GL alone does not lead to a change in the maintenance. A precise analysis of the development and maintenance of application systems in a business as well as the formulation of the system of goals for the use of 4GL need to undertaken before utilization decisions are made. The life cycle is a suitable instrument for monitoring and controlling these tasks.

关键词： Software life cycle Phase concept programming productivity Maintenance 3rd generation language 4th generation language

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ON PROGRAM-DEVELOPMENT EFFORT AND productivity

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INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 1986年第5期10卷 255-266页

作者： VESSEY, I UNIV PITTSBURGH GRAD SCH BUSINESSPITTSBURGHPA 15260

To estimate the cost of developing a system and to increase programmer efficiency, the factors affecting program development effort and programmer productivity need to be identified. However, the results of previous studies are questionable due to methodological flaws or failure to base them on established theory. Therefore, a filed study was conducted to assess the feasibility of conducting controlled studies of the programming process. COBOL programs from 3 commercial organizations were used to investigate the effects of programming style and programmer skill on the effort required to develop programs and on programming productivity. Using program size as a control variable, results support the idea that using disciplined approaches and well-defined variables leads to more readily interpretable and more conclusive results. However, the study did not control for such factors as quality of the design specifications and the systems support available to programmers during development.

关键词： Program development programming productivity program size structured programming programmer skill program complexity

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OmpSs-2 and OpenACC Interoperation 9

OmpSs-2 and OpenACC Interoperation

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9th Workshop on Accelerator programming Using Directives (WACCPD)

作者： Korakitis, Orestis de Gonzalo, Simon Garcia Guidotti, Nicolas Barreto, Joao Monteiro, Jose Pena, Antonio J. Huawei Zurich Res Ctr Comp Syst Lab Zurich Switzerland Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM USA Univ Lisbon INESC ID Lisbon Portugal Barcelona Supercomp Ctr BSC Barcelona Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781665490191

We propose an interoperation mechanism to enable novel composability across pragma-based programming models. We study and propose a clear separation of duties and implement our approach by augmenting the OmpSs-2 programming model, compiler and runtime system to support OmpSs-2 + OpenACC programming. To validate our proposal we port ZPIC, a kinetic plasma simulator, to leverage our hybrid OmpSs-2 + OpenACC implementation. We compare our approach against OpenACC versions of ZPIC on a multi-GPU HPC system. We show that our approach manages to provide automatic asynchronous and multi-GPU execution, removing significant burden from the application's developer, while also being able to outperform manually programmed versions, thanks to a better utilization of the hardware.

关键词： Code Transformation Data Flow Paradigm GPU Parallelism programming productivity Runtime Scheduling Task based

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Towards an MPI-like framework for the Azure cloud platform 14

Towards an MPI-like framework for the Azure cloud platform

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14th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid)

作者： Agarwal, Dinesh Karamati, Sara Puri, Satish Prasad, Sushil K. Georgia State Univ Dept Comp Sci Atlanta GA 30303 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479927845

Message Passing Interface (MPI) has been the predominant standardized system for writing parallel and distributed applications. However, while MPI has been the software system of choice for traditional parallel and distributed computing platforms such as large compute clusters and Grid, MPI is not the system of choice for cloud platforms. The primary reasons for this is the lack of low latency high bandwidth network capabilities of the cloud platforms and the inherent architectural differences from traditional compute clusters. Prior studies suggest that the message latency of cloud platforms could be as much as 35x slower than that of an infiniband-connected cluster [1] for popular MPI implementations. MPI-like environment on cloud platforms is desirable for a large class of applications that run for long time spans with varying computing needs, such as the modeling and analysis to predict swath of a hurricane. Such applications could benefit from cloud's resiliency and on-demand access for a robust and green solution. Interestingly, most of the cloud vendors provide APIs to access cloud resources in an efficient manner different than how an MPI implementation would avail of those resources. We have done extensive research to identify the pain-points for designing and implementing an MPI-like framework for cloud platforms. Our research has provided us with vital guidelines that we are sharing in this paper. We present the details of the key components required for such a framework along with our experience while implementing a preliminary MPI-like framework over Azure dubbed cloudMPI and evaluate its pros and cons. A large GIS application has been ported over cloudMPI to study its effectiveness and limitations.

关键词： MPI over cloud Polygonal overlay processing in GIS programming productivity Porting MPI code to Azure cloud

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Collective Asynchronous Remote Invocation (CARI): A High-Level and Efficient Communication API for Irregular Applications

Collective Asynchronous Remote Invocation (CARI): A High-Lev...

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International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS) on the Ascent of Computational Excellence

作者： Ahmad, Wakeel Carpenter, Bryan Shafi, Aamir Natl Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Univ Portsmouth Sch Comp Portsmouth PO1 2UP Hants England MIT Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard continues to dominate the landscape of parallel computing as the de facto API for writing large-scale scientific applications. But the critics argue that it is a low-level API and harder to practice than shared memory approaches. This paper addresses the issue of programming productivity by proposing a high-level, easy-to-use, and efficient programming API that hides and segregates complex low-level message passing code from the application specific code. Our proposed API is inspired by communication patterns found in Gadget-2, which is an MPI-based parallel production code for cosmological N-body and hydrodynamic simulations. In this paper-we analyze Gadget-2 with a view to understanding what high-level Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) communication abstractions might be developed to replace the intricate use of MPI in such an irregular application-and do so without compromising the efficiency. Our analysis revealed that the use of low-level MPI primitives-bundled with the computation code-makes Gadget-2 difficult to understand and probably hard to maintain. In addition, we found out that the original Gadget-2 code contains a small handful of-complex and recurring-patterns of message passing. We also noted that these complex patterns can be reorganized into a higher-level communication library with some modifications to the Gadget-2 code. We present the implementation and evaluation of one such message passing pattern (or schedule) that we term Collective Asynchronous Remote Invocation (CARI). As the name suggests, CARI is a collective variant of Remote Method Invocation (RMI), which is an attractive, high-level, and established paradigm in distributed systems programming. The CARI API might be implemented in several ways-we develop and evaluate two versions of this API on a compute cluster. The performance evaluation reveals that CARI versions of the Gadget-2 code perform as well as the original Gadget-2 code but the

关键词： SPMD Communication programming productivity CARI Asynchronous CARI Synchronous CARI

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POSTER: Towards OmpSs-2 and OpenACC Interoperation 27

POSTER: Towards OmpSs-2 and OpenACC Interoperation

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27th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel programming (PPoPP)

作者： Korakitis, Orestis De Gonzalo, Simon Garcia Guidotti, Nicolas Barreto, Joao Pedro Monteiro, Jose C. Pena, Antonio J. Barcelona Supercomputing Ctr Barcelona Spain Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecnico INESC ID Lisbon Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781450392044

The increasing demand in HPC to utilize accelerators has motivated the development of pragma-based directives to target these devices. OmpSs-2 and OpenACC are both directive-based solutions that allow application programmers to utilize accelerators. The two leverage distinct types of parallelism: task parallelism and data parallelism, respectively. Non-trivial scientific applications can benefit from both types of available parallelism. However, the combination of pragma-based models is difficult to coordinate, as both assume full control and are unaware of each other at runtime. We propose an interoperation mechanism to enable novel composability across pragma-based programming models. We study and propose a clear separation of duties and implement our approach by augmenting the OmpSs-2 programming model, compiler and runtime to support OmpSs-2 + OpenACC programming.

关键词： programming productivity Data-flow Paradigm Runtime Scheduling Code Transformation Parallelism GPU

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