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Using Epistemic Network Analysis to Explore Primary School Students’ Computational Thinking in pair programming Learning

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Journal of Educational Computing Research 2024年第2期62卷 559-593页

作者： Su, Yu-Sheng Wang, Shuwen Liu, Xiaohong National Chung Cheng University Taiwan Nanjing Normal University China

pair programming (PP) can help improve students’ computational thinking (CT), but the trajectory of CT skills and the differences between high-scoring and low-scoring students in PP are unknown and need further exploration. In this study, a total of 32 fifth graders worked on Scratch tasks in 16 pairs. The group discourse of three learning topics (comprising 9 projects) was collected. After the audio files were transcribed, 1,303 conversations were obtained. They were analyzed via Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) Webkit, which can reveal the trajectory of students’ CT development via analyzing codes of discourse related to CT in PP. Three Scratch learning topics were assessed based on the Dr. Scratch platform to acquire the level of students’ CT and to determine the low- and high-scoring groups. Results indicated that CT concepts and CT practices were always closely related in PP and CT practices, and CT perspectives could be gradually and closely related after a long period of CT training. A significant difference between the two groups’ CT structures was found. The high-scoring group had more fragments of CT practice and connecting of CT perspectives, while the low-scoring group showed more fragments of CT concepts and expressing of CT perspectives. This research provides insights into cultivating primary school students’ CT using Scratch in the context of PP. The findings can provide suggestions for instructors to design instructional interventions to facilitate students’ CT skills via PP learning. Instructors can improve CT skills by guiding students to constantly ask questions, and specifying the role swap between driver and navigator in PP. Besides, instructors could give more consideration to the development of CT perspectives, and especially the ability to question. © The Author(s) 2023.

关键词： computational thinking epistemic network analysis pair programming primary school scratch

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Evaluating Industry-Inspired pair programming Communication Guidelines with Undergraduate Students 14

Evaluating Industry-Inspired Pair Programming Communication ...

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45th ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)

作者： Zarb, Mark Hughes, Janet Richards, John Univ Dundee Sch Comp Dundee Scotland IBM TJ Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326056

A set of industry-inspired pair programming guidelines have been derived from qualitative examinations of expert pairs in order to aid novice programmers with their intra-pair communication. This research describes the evaluation of these guidelines with a set of student pairs, and demonstrates how novice pairs who were exposed to the guidelines were more comfortable communicating within their pairs.

关键词： pair programming communication skills software engineering collaboration students

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Towards Understanding Communication Structure in pair programming

Towards Understanding Communication Structure in Pair Progra...

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11th International Conference on Agile Software Development (XP2010)

作者： Stapel, Kai Knauss, Eric Schneider, Kurt Becker, Matthias Leibniz Univ Hannover Software Engn Grp D-30167 Hannover Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783642130533

pair programming has often been reported to be beneficial in software projects. To better understand where these benefits come from we evaluate the aspect of intra-pair communication. Under the assumption that the benefits stem from the information being exchanged, it is important to analyze the types of information being communicated. Based on the Goal Question Metric method we derive a set of relevant metrics and apply them in an eXtreme programming class room project. Data covering a total of 22.9 hours of intra-pair communication was collected. We found that only 7% of the conversations were off-topic (e.g. private), 11% about requirements, 14% about design, and 68% about implementation details (e.g. syntax). Accordingly, a great share of the information being exchanged in pair programming is on a low level of abstraction. These results represent a first data point on what kind of information is communicated to what extent during pair programming.

关键词： pair programming Communication Empirical Study

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Investigating the Effect of pair programming and Software Size on Software Quality and Programmer Productivity

Investigating the Effect of Pair Programming and Software Si...

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16th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference

作者： Sison, Raymund De La Salle Univ Coll Comp Studies Manila Philippines

ISBN: (纸本)9780769539096

Although pair programming has been studied since the late 1990s, it is only recently that the results of earlier studies are being fine-tuned. For example, the results of a 2007 stud), conducted in Europe suggests that although pair programming might not always increase software quality, it can do so when the software being built is relatively complex and junior developers are on the team. This paper describes two experiments involving the development of small systems (10,000 to less than 100,000 lines of code) and very small programs (less than 10,000 lines of code) by student programmers in an Asian university. The results involving the small systems, which were actually complete systems designed to support the Personal Software Process (PSP), showed that defect densities of systems written by the pair programming teams were significantly lower than those written by the teams that used the traditional approach of individual coding and testing of units, followed by integration testing. On the other hand, results involving the very small (and therefore much less complex) programs did not show any significant differences between the defect densities of the programs written by the pair programmers and of those written by the solo programmers, though they did show significantly greater productivity of the solo programmers when writing simpler code. The combined results of the two experiments suggest that pair programming might increase software quality without decreasing productivity when projects are sufficiently large (or complex) for the programmers working on them.

关键词： pair programming personal software process

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Student Behavior in Computer Simulation Practices by pair programming and Flip Teaching

Student Behavior in Computer Simulation Practices by Pair Pr...

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24th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE) - Think Global Act Local

作者： Suzuki, Satoshi V. Hirokawa, Sachio Mukoyama, Shinji Uehara, Ryo Ogata, Hiroyuki Osaka Univ Econ & Law Fac Liberal Arts Yao Japan Kyushu Univ Res Inst Informat Technol Fukuoka Japan Seikei Univ Grad Sch Sci & Technol Musashino Tokyo Japan Seikei Univ Fac Sci & Technol Musashino Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9789868473577

Recent education roles encourage willingness to learn individually, solve unfamiliar problems using knowledge acquired through information and communication technologies (ICTs), and collaborate with others. Various learning methods to cultivate this ability have been invented and researchers discussed learning effect on such methods with qualitative and quantitative analyses. One of the authors introduced pair programming as a method of peer learning and flip teaching, which consists of preliminary learning of basic programming and advanced learning practices based on peer activity in classroom lessons, into computer simulation practices for undergraduate students. With introducing class schedule design for flip teaching and development of peer learning preparation support system for determining the appropriate pair formation and seat allocation in the classroom utilizing a probabilistic combinatorial optimization algorithm, this study focuses on learning behavior of well-performing students, analyzing learning records and access logs on a learning management system and answers to a questionnaire administered after the practices. In this analysis, we attempted to discriminate behavior of well-performing students observed from the learning records, access logs, and questionnaire to discover best practices for improving the performance of medium to bottom-line students. Well-performing students tended to prepare for classroom lessons in good time, but their performance depended on the lesson content difficulty. A correlation was observed between the frequency of interaction among students and skill acquisition. We discuss how to improve learning environments using ICTs and collaborative learning methods based on the analysis.

关键词： CSCL peer learning pair programming flip teaching learning analytics

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Exploring the Impact of Gender Bias on pair programming 2021

Exploring the Impact of Gender Bias on Pair Programming

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17th Annual ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER)

作者： Akalin, Aslihan Weinman, Nathaniel Stasaski, Katherine Fox, Armando Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

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Gender Differences in Upper Elementary Students' Regulation of Learning while pair programming 20

Gender Differences in Upper Elementary Students' Regulation ...

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ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER)

作者： Vandenberg, Jessica Tsan, Jennifer Hinckle, Madeline Lynch, Collin Boyer, Kristy Elizabeth Wiebe, Eric North Carolina State Univ Raleigh NC 27695 USA Univ Florida Gainesville FL USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450370929

Collaborative learning has demonstrated benefits for girls in computer science [7] and this may be a way to help address the gender gap in CS. Research indicates that while collaborating, boys often express more individualistic ideas whereas girls tend to be more supportive [1]. It is important for students to regulate their learning in collaborative learning environments because they need to negotiate group goals and diverse approaches to the task [3], and the use of open-ended tasks with multiple solution paths are common [4]. There is minimal research in CS education on regulation of learning (e.g., [5,6,]). Co-regulated learning is the process in which an other helps regulate the learning of a student [2] self such as by asking questions that prompt the student to monitor and evaluate (e.g., "What do you already know about 'if' blocks that would help here?''). In this way, thinking and reasoning through the problem is shared by the group members [2] *** work lies in the context of upper elementary students pair programming. We investigated how four 5th grade dyads differentially regulated their learning and explored the co-occurrence of students' coded discourse by gender. Initial findings indicate that boys monitored their learning and engaged in individualistic, disagreement, and collaborative-coded statements. Girls engaged in all three components of the regulation cycle, while offering collaborative, disagreement, confusion, and tutoring-coded statements. Confusion was often expressed as not understanding the partner or the task such as "Wait! What are you talking about?'' Individualistic utterances reflect no clear attempt to involve the partner, such as "You can trust me to handle it.'' Both occur far more than desired for collaborative work. Our findings can be used to inform the personalization of human and AI support in ways that will help both groups of students co-regulate and reduce the gender gap in computer science.

关键词： regulated learning K-5 pair programming collaborative learning

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Active learning in introductory programming courses through Student-led "live coding" and test-driven pair programming

Active learning in introductory programming courses through ...

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International Multi-Conference on Society, Cybernetics and Informatics

作者： Gaspar, Alessio Langevin, Sarah Univ S Florida Lakeland FL 33803 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781934272114

This paper revisits two emerging active learning practices in introductory programming courses and proposes ways they can be further improved. We first focus on a category of assignments which can further support the switch from instructor-led to student-led live coding practices, thus helping develop the former into a real active learning pedagogy. Then, we propose to leverage test-driven development techniques through assignments meant to engage students in competitive learning without the drawbacks usually associated with this type of programming competition framework. The new activities have been tested in courses taught at the University of South Florida and observations of their impact are discussed with respect to constructive alignment theory, constructivist educational approaches, discovery learning and pair programming / test-driven techniques.

关键词： Computing Education Research CS-1 Introductory programming Courses live coding active learning pair programming test-driven development

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Remote pair programming 12

Remote Pair Programming

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12th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU)

作者： Hughes, Janet Walshe, Ann Law, Bobby Murphy, Brendan Open Univ Sch Comp & Commun Walton Hall Milton Keynes Bucks England

ISBN: (纸本)9789897584176

Computing students often learn to program individually or in variously-sized groups whilst studying in computing laboratories and face-to-face classes. Previous research indicates that learning via pair programming can lead to students improving the quality of their programming, enhancing their programming skills and increasing their self-confidence when programming. pair programming also is well established as a mechanism that supports peer learning and self-assessment for novice and more experienced students of programming. Observed benefits include increased self-efficacy, sharing of expertise, improved communication and team-working - all enhancing employability. A considerable amount of existing work has examined pair programming benefits as they relate to campus-based students pairing face-to-face in a laboratory class - but how can distance learning students experience such benefits? This paper describes the preliminary results from a pilot study to investigate the benefits to distance learning students of engaging in Remote pair programming in their learning. Our investigation goes beyond academic learning to explore community, social and employability benefits, all of which are relevant to national measures of student satisfaction.

关键词： pair programming Employability Distance Learning

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The Effect of pair programming on Code Maintainability 1

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28th International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Social Computing (CollabTech)

作者： Nawahdah, Mamoun Jaradat, Majdi Birzeit Univ Birzeit Palestine Minist Publ Works & Housing Jerusalem Palestine

ISBN: (数字)9783031202186

ISBN: (纸本)9783031202179;9783031202186

Software maintainability is an important key aspect in software development life cycle. It has a huge impact on the time, effort, and cost. This research investigated the effect of applying pair programming on software maintainability vs individual programming approach. We reviewed many related studies which talked about the two approaches, but few of them focused on maintainability. Therefore, we conducted an experiment in educational environment. The participants were novice students in their second year, who finished object oriented programming course. The participating students were divided into two groups, some worked as individual and the others worked as pairs. In order to get good results, we made the experiment among the students in a competitive way. Enabling those who produced the best code to win a cash prize. Finally, code obtained from both approaches was analyzed by software quality assurance expert, who has finished a master degree in software engineering. The results taken from pair groups showed a statistically significant difference in building software with 50% less errors, 30% less code, and 25% better code. Furthermore, there is a marginal reducing in programming time particularly in small size software compared to individual programming.

关键词： pair programming Solo programming Individual programming Maintainability High quality code

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