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parallel computer architectures - STATE-OF-THE-ART AND TRENDS

THEORETICA CHIMICA ACTA 1991年第3-4期79卷 155-167页

作者： LAFORENZA, D CNUCE-Istituto del CNR Reparto Calcolo Parallelo

An increasing number of parallel architectures is becoming available for numerically intensive applications. Many chemical problems need intensive calculations due to the complexity of the underlying physical models. Very often these applications show an intrinsic parallelism and therefore can be easily adapted to parallel machines. In the future, in addition to the classical numerically intensive applications, the use of these machines will be extended to a more general purpose use (e.g. data base machines, advanced graphics, AI and expert systems applications, etc.). The principal aim of this paper is to show the state of the art of the commercially available parallel architectures and related trends. A comparison of the main features of shared and distributed memory systems will be presented. The characteristics of coarse and fine grained architectures will be discussed. The analysis will include not only the large-scale machines (usually called "supercomputers"), but also smaller machines (e.g. minisuper and multi-computers) having a very favourable price/performance ratio.

关键词： parallel computer architectures INSTRUCTION STREAMS DATA STREAMS computer MEMORY PROCESSOR GRANULARITY

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A SURVEY OF parallel computer architectures

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computer 1990年第2期23卷 5-16页

作者： DUNCAN, R Control Data Corp. Atlanta GA

An attempt is made to place recent architectural innovations in the broader context of parallel architecture development by surveying the fundamentals of both newer and more established parallel computer architectures and by placing these architectural alternatives in a coherent framework. The primary emphasis is on architectural constructs rather than specific parallel machines. Three categories of architecture are defined and discussed: synchronous architectures, comprising vector, SIMD (single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream) and systolic machines; MIMD (multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream) with either distributed or shared memory; and MIMD-based paradigms, comprising MIMD/SIMD hybrid, dataflow, reduction, and wavefront types

关键词： MIMD-based paradigms MIMD/SIMD hybrid SIMD architectural alternatives architectural constructs architectural innovations cellular arrays coherent framework dataflow multiple-data-stream multiple-instruction-stream parallel architecture development parallel architectures parallel computer architectures parallel machines pipeline processing reduction shared memory single-instruction-stream synchronous architectures systolic machines vector wavefront types

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Investigation of various mesh architectures with broadcast buses for high-performance computing

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VLSI DESIGN 1999年第1期9卷 29-54页

作者： Ziavras, SG New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA

Extensive comparative analysis is carried out of various mesh-connected architectures that contain sparse broadcast buses for low-cost, high-performance parallel computing. The two basic architectures differ in the implementation of bus intersections. The first architecture simply allows row/column bus crossovers, whereas the second architecture implements such intersections with switches that introduce further flexibility. Both architectures have lower cost than the mesh with multiple broadcast, which has buses spanning each row and each column, but the former architectures maintain to high extent the powerful properties of the latter mesh. The architecture that employs switches for the creation of separable buses is even shown to often perform better than the higher-cost mesh with multiple broadcast. architectures with separable buses that employ store-and-forward routing often perform better than architectures with contiguous buses that employ the high-cost wormhole routing technique. These architectures are evaluated in reference to cost, and efficiency in implementing several important operations and application algorithms. The results prove that these architectures are very promising alternatives to the mesh with multiple broadcast while their implementation is cost-effective and feasible.

关键词： enhanced mesh mesh with multiple broadcast parallel algorithms parallel computer architectures store-and-forward routing wormhole routing

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Compacting and partitioning-based simulation solution for frequency-dependent network equivalents in real-time digital simulator

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2015年第16期9卷 2526-2533页

作者： Hu, Yizhong Wu, Wenchuan Zhang, Boming Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Rational models of frequency-dependent network equivalents (FDNEs) have been used in real-time digital simulator (RTDS) for power-system simulation. However, this can lead to a computational burden issue;the application of FDNEs may result in a loss of real-time simulation features because the computational cost of the FDNE component exceeds the limits of RTDS. The authors describe a solution that combines compacting and partitioning of the FDNEs, whereby the former reduces the redundancy in the mathematical model and the latter allows us to exploit parallel computer architectures. Then they describe the results of numerical simulations that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Moreover, the proposed simulation solution is not limited to the applications of FDNEs in RTDS, it solves a set of subsistent computational issues when apply rational models in real-time electromagnetic transients programs tools.

关键词： power system simulation EMTP real-time systems digital simulation parallel architectures numerical analysis partitioning-based simulation solution compacting simulation solution frequency-dependent network equivalents FDNE real-time digital simulator RTDS power-system simulation computational cost mathematical model redundancy reduction parallel computer architectures numerical simulations real-time electromagnetic transients programs tools

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Null steering in irregularly spaced sparse antenna arrays using aperture distributed subarrays and hybrid optimiser

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IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION 2014年第2期8卷 86-92页

作者： Khan, Asim Ali Brown, Anthony Keith COMSATS Inst Informat Technol Dept Elect Engn Lahore Pakistan Univ Manchester Sch Elect & Elect Engn Manchester Lancs England

Sparse antenna arrays with irregularly spaced elements are increasingly being used in large array applications such as radio astronomy and radar. These antenna arrays may consist of hundreds of elements and therefore optimisation of these arrays becomes computationally expensive. This study proposes a novel solution to the problem of null synthesis in such arrays, where nulls are formed in prescribed locations for two-dimensional irregular sparse antenna arrays. The technique is based on a subarray and hybrid synthesis solution, where each subarray spans the entire antenna aperture. Single and multiple null formations with array gain maximisation are considered. The technique's effectiveness is demonstrated using evolutionary optimisation algorithms; however, the basic technique can be used with other optimisation methods. The simulation results presented compare the null synthesis performance with and without subarraying and it has shown that the use of subarray results in improved convergence compared with a direct full array synthesis. Furthermore the technique is appropriate for ready application to parallel computer architectures.

关键词： antenna arrays beam steering evolutionary computation null steering synthesis irregularly spaced sparse antenna arrays hybrid optimiser subarrays radio astronomy radar two-dimensional irregular sparse antenna arrays antenna aperture array gain maximisation multiple null formations parallel computer architectures direct full array synthesis evolutionary optimisation algorithms

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Third Workshop on using Emerging parallel architectures

Third Workshop on using Emerging Parallel Architectures

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International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS) on the Ascent of Computational Excellence

作者： Schmidt, Bertil Maskell, Douglas Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

The Third Workshop on Using Emerging parallel architectures (WEPA), held in conjunction with ICCS 2011, provides a forum for exploring the capabilities of emerging parallel architectures such as GPUs, FPGAs, Cell B. E... 详细信息

关键词： Computational Science parallel computer architectures GPGPU CUDA OpneCL Cell/BE Reconfigurable Computing Heterogeneous Multi-cores High Performance Computing

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Second Workshop on using Emerging parallel architectures

Second Workshop on using Emerging Parallel Architectures

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International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS)

作者： Schmidt, Bertil Maskell, Douglas Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

The Second Workshop on Using Emerging parallel architectures (WEPA), held in conjunction with ICCS 2010, provides a forum for exploring the capabilities of emerging parallel architectures such as GPUs, FPGAs, Cell B.E... 详细信息

关键词： Computational Science parallel computer architectures GPGPU CUDA Cell/BE Reconfigurable Computing Heterogeneous Multi-cores High Performance Computing

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Workshop on Using Emerging parallel architectures for Computational Science

Workshop on Using Emerging Parallel Architectures for Comput...

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9th International Conference on Computational Science

作者： Schmidt, Bertil Maskell, Douglas Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

The Workshop on Using Emerging parallel architectures for Computational Science, held in conjunction with ICCS 2009, provides a forum for exploring the capabilities of emerging parallel architectures Such as GPUs, FPG... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9783642019692

关键词： Computational Science parallel computer architectures GPGPU Reconfigurable Computing Heterogeneous Multi-cores High Performance Computing

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Discontinuous Galerkin-Based Particle-Source-in-Cell Solver for 1-D Compressible Particle-Laden Flows

Discontinuous Galerkin-Based Particle-Source-in-Cell Solver ...

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作者： Han, Henry San Diego State University

学位级别：M.S., Master of Science/Master of Surgery

A particle-source-in-cell (PSIC) method is developed that is based on a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for the simulation of two-dimensional particle-laden flows with a mutual (two-way) coupling between an inertial particle phase and the carrier flow phase on parallel computer architectures. Starting from a parallel, high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) code for the inviscid Euler equations with a one-way coupled parallel particle tracer, a smooth polynomial shape function is implemented that distributes each particle’s forcing influence on the Eulerian grid with high-order accuracy. A parallel computing capability is developed that is consistent with the existing particle tracking algorithm through MPI communication protocols. In a pre-computation procedure, the non-overlapping regions that identify the nearest node in the mesh are established first. Then the 4-by-4 element span connected to this node is determined in order to ensure the sufficient support for the compactly-supported particle distribution function. This information is stored on each processor and is used to distribute the particle’s influence efficiently on parallel computers. After verification of the shock capturing capability of the Euler code against the classical Sod one-dimensional shock tube test case, the PSIC solver is tested for twoone-dimensional flow cases, including (1) a particle cloud accelerated in a uniform subsonic flow and (2) a particle cloud accelerated in the supersonic flow behind a moving shock wave. These computations are performed using a rectangular domain with a structured grid of orthogonal elements. Periodic boundary conditions are specified in the cross-stream direction so that the flow is nominally one-dimensional. The time-dependent pressure profiles and number density profiles along the streamwise coordinate for both test cases are in excellent comparison against published data of PSIC computations based on a Weighted-Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO)

关键词： High-order discontinuous Galerkin method Mutual coupling 2D Simulation Two-way coupling Inertial particle phase Carrier flow phase parallel computer architectures

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Reduced communication algoritms: theory and practice

Reduced communication algoritms: theory and practice

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作者： Slevínský, Rostislav Charles University of Prague

Development in the parallel computing environment in the last decade comes with the need of being able to use these in solving large algebraic systems. In this thesis, we focus on the Krylov subspace methods (namely the conjugate gradient method) as one of the most powerful tools and the possibilities of their parallelization. We discuss the communication avoiding Krylov subspace methods and various problems introduced by the parallelization e.g. loss of orthogonality or delay of convergence. Application of the Krylov subspace methods comes usually with some preconditioner, therefore part of this thesis is dedicated to the preconditioning in parallel computing environments.

关键词： Krylov space methods parallel computer architectures communication avoiding reduced commmunication

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