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parallel distributed processing neuroimaging in the Stroop task using spatially filtered magnetoencephalography analysis

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NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 2002年第1期334卷 9-12页

作者： Ukai, S Shinosaki, K Ishii, R Ogawa, A Mizuno-Matsumoto, Y Inouye, T Hirabuki, N Yoshimine, T Robinson, SE Takeda, M Osaka Univ Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Grad Sch Med Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Osaka Univ Grad Sch Med Dept Radiol Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Osaka Univ Grad Sch Med Dept Neurosurg Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan CTF Syst Inc Port Coquitlam BC Canada

parallel distributed processing neuroimaging in the Stroop color word interference task in five healthy subjects was studied. The total reaction time was set at 650 ms with a time window of 200 ms in steps of 50 ms. Spatially filtered magnetoencephalography analysis, as used in synthetic aperture magnetometry, was used. Neural activation began in the left posterior parietal-occipital area (150-250 ms post-stimulus), followed by the right prefrontal polar area (250-350 ms), the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (250-400 ms), and the mid- to lower- primary motor area (350-400 ms). Successive and temporally overlapping activation of various cortical regions were successfully estimated within a short 200 ms time interval, contrary to previous positron emission tomography and fMRI studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibition magnetoencephalography neural network neuroimaging parallel distributed processing spatial filter Stroop task

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Estimation of initial condition in heat conduction by neural network

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INVERSE PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2004年第3期12卷 317-328页

作者： Shiguemori, EH Da Silva, JDS Velho, HFD Natl Inst Space Res Lab Comp & Appl Math Sao Jose Dos Campos SP Brazil

This article describes a methodology for using neural networks in an inverse heat conduction problem. Three neural network (NN) models are used to determine the initial temperature profile on a slab with adiabatic boundary condition, given a transient temperature distribution at a given time. This is an ill-posed one-dimensional parabolic inverse problem, where the initial condition has to be estimated. Three neural network models addressed the problem: a feedforward network with backpropagation, radial basis functions (RBF), and cascade correlation. The input for the NN is the temperature profile obtained from a set of probes equally spaced in the one-dimensional domain. The NNs were trained considering a 5% of noise in the experimental data. The training was performed considering 500 similar test-functions and 500 different test-functions. Good reconstructions have been obtained with the proposed methodology.

关键词： artificial neural network parallel distributed processing radial basis function average square error

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RMI, Jini, and JavaSpaces: An efficiency comparison

RMI, Jini, and JavaSpaces: An efficiency comparison

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International Conference on parallel and distributed processing Techniques and Applications

作者： Eggen, R Ahuja, S Waters, C Univ N Florida Dept Comp & Informat Sci Jacksonville FL 32224 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1932415262

parallel application programmers and software engineers have a variety of paradigms at their disposal. Some of the tools include traditional environments such as parallel virtual machine (PVM) and message passing interface (MPI). Tools that are more modern involve the World Wide Web, including Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), and JavaSpaces. Java's object oriented approach proves to be a desirable platform for developing parallel distributed applications. This paper describes the benefits and expected efficiencies of using the object-oriented approach of Java's Jini and the RMI and Jini based object oriented tuple environment provided by JavaSpaces. [1].

关键词： JavaSpaces parallel distributed processing RMI Jini

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Effects of migration methods in parallel distributed parameter-free genetic algorithm

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 2002年第11期85卷 71-80页

作者： Adachi, S Sawai, H Kansai Adv Res Ctr Commun Res Lab Kobe Hyogo 6512401 Japan Commun Res Labs Intelligent Commun Div Koganei Tokyo 1848795 Japan

The effects of migration in parallel distributed processing of a parameter-free genetic algorithm (PfGA) that does not require establishing genetic parameters such as the initial population size, crossing-over rate, and mutation rate are discussed. This PfGA is a compact and robust algorithm characterized by the fact that it extracts one local population (subpopulation) from the entire search space and searches the prospective space while varying the local population size adaptively. The algorithm has been implemented on parallel computers using a hierarchical parallel-distributed architecture of the PfGA that includes migration methods. As a result of performance evaluation using a general functional optimization (minimum value search) problem including the international benchmark problem, it has been verified that the search success rate is maintained or improved, and that increasing the number of local populations by using the proposed migration selection methods can effectively reduce the number of evaluations required for success. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： parameter-free genetic algorithm (PfGA) parallel distributed processing migration selection methods function optimization

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Task switching: A PDP model

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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2002年第3期44卷 297-337页

作者： Gilbert, SJ Shallice, T UCL Inst Cognit Neurosci London WC1N 3AR England

When subjects switch between a pair of stimulus-response tasks, reaction time is slower on trial N if a different task was performed on trial N - 1. We present a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model that simulates this effect when subjects switch between word reading and color naming in response to Stroop stimuli. Reaction time on "switch trials" can be slowed by an extended response selection process which results from (a) persisting, inappropriate states of activation and inhibition of task-controlling representations and (b) associative learning, which allows stimuli to evoke tasks sets with which they have recently been associated (as proposed by Allport & Wylie, 2000). The model provides a good fit to a large body of empirical data, including findings which have been seen as problematic for this explanation of switch costs, and shows similar behavior when the parameters are set to random values, supporting Allport and Wylie's proposal. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).

关键词： task switching task set Stroop effect parallel distributed processing executive functions

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parallel observability analysis on networks of workstations

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COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2001年第7-8期25卷 997-1002页

作者： Ponzoni, I Vazquez, GE Sánchez, MC Brignole, NB Univ Nacl Sur Planta Piloto Ingn Quim CONICET Complejo CRIBABB RA-8000 Bahia Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina Univ Nacl Sur Dept Comp Sci RA-8000 Bahia Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina

In this work we present the parallelisation of the global strategy with first least-connected node (GS-FLCN), which is a novel structural technique for the classification of unmeasured variables in process plant instrumentation design. The algorithm aims at partitioning the process' occurrence matrix to a specific block lower-triangular form. A parallel master-workers philosophy is employed to search for all the paths of a given length existing in the associated graph. The code was conceived for distributed environments and the implementation was carried out using the parallel virtual machine (PVM) library. The performance of the parallel algorithm was tested for industrial case studies and the results were compared with those yielded by the sequential version. The time savings achieved thanks to the parallelisation. were significant. Besides, in the parallel version, more paths can be explored per unit time. In practice, this implies greater robustness. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： instrumentation design observability parallel distributed processing networks of workstations

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Phonology: A review and proposals from a connectionist perspective

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BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2001年第3期79卷 511-579页

作者： Nadeau, SE Vet Affairs Med Ctr GRECC 182 Gainesville FL 32608 USA Univ Florida Coll Med Dept Neurol Gainesville FL 32611 USA

A parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of phonological processing is developed. including component,, to support repetition. auditory processing, comprehension, and language production. From the performance of the PDP reading model of Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, and Patterson (1996), it is inferred that the acoustic-articulatory motor pattern associator that supports repetition provides the basis for phonological sequence knowledge. From the observation that many patients make phonemic paraphasic error, in language production, as in repetition, it is argued that there must be a direct link between distributed concept representations (lexical semantic knowledge) and this network representation of sequence knowledge. In this way, both lexical semantic and phonotactic constraints are brought to bear on language production, The literature on phonological function in normal subjects (slip-of-the-tongue corpora) and in patients With aphasia is critically reviewed from this perspective. The relationship between acoustic and articulatory motor representation,,;in the process of phonetic perception is considered. Repetition and reproduction conduction aphasia are reviewed in detail and extended consideration is given to the representation or auditory verbal short-term memory in the model. Finally, the PDP model is reconciled with information processing models of phonological processing, including that of Lichtheim, and with current knowledge of the anatomic localization of phonological processing Although no simulations of the model were run, a number of simulation studies are proposed. (C) Elsevier Science.

关键词： phonology language conduction aphasia slip of the tongue parallel distributed processing connectionist auditory-verbal short-term memory

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parallel distributed processing and executive functioning: Tower of Hanoi neural networkmodel in healthy controls and left frontal lobe patients

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 1997年第3-4期89卷 217-240页

作者： Parks, RW Cardoso, J SO ILLINOIS UNIV SCH MEDDEPT PSYCHIATSPRINGFIELDIL UNIV NEW BRUNSWICK DEPT PSYCHOLFREDERICTONNBCANADA

Previous clinical studies have demonstrated that executive functioning has a significant association with the frontal lobes. In this study we examined executive functioning with parallel distributed processing (PDP) methodology by attempting to replicate Tower of Hanoi (TOH) neuropsychological test performance differences in normal healthy controls vs. left frontal lobe patients. Initial theoretical experiments were carried out to solve computer subprocessing constraints of the TOH partially by determining the programming prerequisites for a specific number of rings, efficient sequencing, and a general learning rule. These preliminary studies were then modified using a back-propagation neurocomputational approach. Computer program output showed a resemblance to normal controls' TOH moves. Degrading of the left frontal lobe patients' network resulted in characteristic impairments of executive functioning, i.e., perseveration and rule-braking.

关键词： parallel distributed processing executive functioning Tower of Hanoi neural networks frontal lobe neuropsychology back-propagation

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Computational evidence for the subitizing phenomenon as an emergent property of the human cognitive architecture

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2000年第1期24卷 93-122页

作者： Peterson, SA Simon, TJ Cameron Univ Dept Psychol & Human Ecol Lawton OK 73505 USA Georgia Inst Technol Atlanta GA 30332 USA

A computational modeling approach was used to test one possible explanation for the limited capacity of the subitizing phenomenon. Most existing models of this phenomenon associate the subitizing span;with an assumed structural limitation of the human information processing system. In contrast, we show how this limit might emerge as the combinatorics of the space of enumeration problems interacts with the human cognitive architecture in the context of an enumeration task. Subitizing-like behavior was generated in two different models of enumeration, one based on the ACT-R cognitive architecture and the other based on the principles of parallel distributed processing (PDP). Our results provide good qualitative fits to results obtained in a variety of empirical studies.

关键词： .explanation collections span results obtained EMERGENT numerosity subitizing Human Cognitive parallel distributed processing Computational Evidence limited capacity structural limitation enumeration task

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Terra cognita: From functional neuroimaging to the map of the mind

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Brain and Mind 2000年第1期1卷 93-116页

作者： Lloyd, Dan Department of Philosophy and Program in Neuroscience Trinity College Hartford CT 06106 United States

For more than a century the paradigm inspiring cognitive neuroscience has been modular and localist. Contemporary research in functional brain imaging generally relies on methods favorable to localizing particular functions in one or more specific brain regions. Meanwhile, connectionist cognitive scientists have celebrated the computational powers of distributed processing, and pioneered methods for interpreting distributed representations. This paper takes a connectionist approach to functional neuroimaging. A tabulation of 35 PET (positron emission tomography) experiments strongly indicates distributed function for at least the 'medium sized' anatomical units, the cortical Brodmann areas. More important, when these PET experiments were interpreted as distributed representations, multidimensional scaling revealed a 'brain activation space' with a salient structure organized primarily by the sensory modality of the stimulus, and secondarily by the type of motor response. These results suggest that current analytical techniques in functional neuroimaging should be augmented by distributed processing analyses, and that these analyses may lead to many discoveries about the structure of 'inner space'.

关键词： Functional brain imaging Multidimensional scaling parallel distributed processing

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