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Failure mechanism and stability analysis of the Zhenggang landslide in Yunnan Province of China using 3D particle flow code simulation

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第5期13卷 891-905页

作者： SHI Chong LI De-jie CHEN Kal-hua ZHOU Jia-wen Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China Institute ofC eotechnical ResearchHohai UniversityNanjing 210098China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering $iehuan UniversityChengdu 610065China

Based on the principle of 3D particle flow code,a numerical landslide run-out model is presented to simulate the failure process of the Zhenggang landslide(in southwestern China) under the effect of water after a *** relationship between the micro-mechanical parameters and the macro-shear strength of the grain material is determined through numerical *** the rainfall effect is considered in numerical simulations and rain-induced sliding processes are performed,which help us to discuss the mechanism of deformation and failure of this landslide together with field *** shows the Zhenggang landslide would most likely be activated in Zone I and would gain momentum in Zone *** order to prevent the potential disaster,a tailing dam is advised to be designed about 175 m downstream from the current landslide boundary of Zone *** by field observations,the presented landslide model can reflect the failure mechanism after *** can also provide a method to predict the potential disaster and draft disaster prevention measures.

关键词： Back analysis Deposit avalanche Dynamic process Landslide particle flow code

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Experimental and simulation study of fissure and hole effect on sandstone failure

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ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2025年 118卷 579-590页

作者： Peng, Chao Du, Xiaotong Liu, Wanrong Huang, Bin Liaocheng Univ Sch Architecture & Civil Engn Liaocheng 252059 Shandong Peoples R China

Rock masses often contain hole and fissures, which significantly weaken their mechanical properties. This study explores the influence of fissures angle on these properties. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on laboratory sandstone samples containing hole and fissures. particle flow code (PFC2D) simulations were utilized to analyze crack propagation and its effect on rock behavior. The research results indicate that cracks have a weakening effect on the compressive strength of *** the fracture direction aligns closely with the principal stress direction, the fracture's presence minimally impacts the sample's strength. When the fracture direction is oblique to the principal stress direction, the sample's bearing capacity decreases primarily due to the expansion of cracks at the hole and fissures. Under uniaxial compression, tensile-shear cracks dominate near the fissures tip, while tensile cracks form around the hole, particularly at its top and bottom. Sample failure occurs when these microcracks coalesce into a macroscopic fracture zone. Furthermore, strong force chains are the primary load-bearing mechanism, with secondary force chains playing a supportive role. Weak force chains contribute minimally to strength but maintain the stability of the strong chains. The research has important guiding significance for underground engineering in rocks with fissure and hole.

关键词： Holes and fissures Rock Uniaxial compression particle flow code

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Damage Evolution and Failure Precursor of Rock-like Material Under Uniaxial Compression Based on Strain Rate Field Statistics

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APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2025年第2期15卷 686-686页

作者： Jin, Jin Cao, Ping Zhang, Jun Wang, Yanchao Miao, Chenxi Li, Jie Bai, Xiaohong Taiyuan Univ Technol Coll Civil Engn Taiyuan 030024 Peoples R China Shanxi Prov Transportat Technol Res & Dev CO LTD Transportat Ind Key Lab Highway Construct & Mainte Loess Area Taiyuan 030032 Peoples R China Cent South Univ Sch Resources & Safety Engn Changsha 410083 Peoples R China Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol Coll Vehicle & Transportat Engn Taiyuan 030024 Peoples R China

In rock engineering, it is crucial to collect and analyze precursor information of rock failure. This paper has attempted to study the strain rate field of rock-like material to obtain the precursor information of its failure. Based on the available laboratory experiments, the intact BPM (bonded-particle model) and other BPMs with a single open prefabricated flaw were simulated by PFC (particle flow code). The volume strain rate field data before the peak stress have been obtained from two hundred measurement circles across each model. The strain rate field data have been firstly statistically analyzed to explore the failure precursor based on the intact model and 45 degrees flaw model and then compared to find the influence of the pre-existing flaw on the damage evolution and precursor signal. The results indicate that (1) all types of statistical data are positively correlated with the increment of microcracks;(2) corresponding to the fluctuation patterns of statistical data, the damage evolution of BPMs in the pre-peak stage can be divided into three parts;(3) the pre-existing flaw would accelerate the damage evolution;(4) the location and evolution rate of damage could be determined by comprehensively analyzing the average deviation curve, the coefficient of variation, and the contour maps of the strain rate field. These analyses of the particle displacement field can be used to distinguish the impacts of the flaw angle and provide some assistance for the failure forecast.

关键词： rock-like material strain rate field damage evolution failure precursor particle flow code

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Effect of prefabricated flaw angle on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of stratified cemented tailings backfill

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THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS 2025年 135卷

作者： Chen, Shuaijun Qin, Wenjing Jin, Aibing Zhao, Yiqing Li, Zhihao Univ Sci & Technol Beijing Key Lab Minist Educ Efficient Min & Safety Met Min Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol Beijing Sch Civil & Resource Engn Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

The process of exposing stratified cemented tailings backfill (SCTB) underground is prone to damage due to blasting disturbances. To investigate the effect of flaws on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of exposed SCTB, prefabricated flaws were used to simulate blasting damage. In this study, a uniaxial compression test, based on the digital image correlation (DIC) method, was used to investigate the mechanical characteristics of SCTB under different flaw dip angles. Additionally, the particle flow code program was used to analyze the propagation of secondary cracks. The results show that: (1) With an increase in the flaw angle, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of SCTB samples exhibit an initial decrease followed by an increase, and the elastic modulus of SCTB samples exhibit an increase. (2) When the flaw angle is between 0 degrees and 45 degrees, wing cracks and resistance tensile cracks mainly develop at the end of the flaw. For flaw angles between 60 degrees and 75 degrees, coplanar secondary cracks form at the end of the flaw and penetrate the stratified surface. (3) There are three main forms of crack propagation at the stratified surface: cracks passing through the stratified surface without deflecting, cracks deflecting at the stratified surface, and cracks that do not penetrate the stratified surface. (4) When cracks pass through the stratified surface without deflecting, the X-direction stress on both sides of the stratified surface changes synergistically, resulting in a large stress value. When the crack propagation direction deflects at the stratified surface, the X-direction stress differs on both sides, with smaller stress observed on the side away from the flaw. The larger the deflection angle of the crack propagation, the smaller the X-direction stress on the side away from the flaw. These results provide a basis for the stability evaluation and strength design of SCTB with flaws.

关键词： Cemented tailings backfill Stratified surfaces Prefabricated flaw particle flow code Failure characteristics

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Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Damage Characteristics and Energy Evolution Laws of Rock Mass With Double Arcuate Fractures Under Uniaxial Compression

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS 2025年第3期49卷 1038-1057页

作者： Ren, Qingyang Gao, Senlin Xiao, Songqiang Meng, Xin Li, Zhongyao Chongqing Jiaotong Univ Sch Civil Engn Chongqing Peoples R China Chongqing Jiaotong Univ State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn Chongqing Peoples R China

In order to reveal the influence of double arc-shaped fissure dip angles on the macro-micro failure and energy evolution laws of rock masses, a numerical model of red sandstone was firstly established using the PFC2D. Moreover, mesoscopic parameters of the numerical model were calibrated based on the uniaxial compression tests on intact and single straight fissure red sandstone specimens. Then, particle flow simulation tests of red sandstone with different arc-shaped fissure dip angles were carried out. The results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus both increase with the increase of arc-shaped fissure dip angle alpha, exhibiting an oblique shear-tensile failure pattern. Six types of cracks evolved during the instability and rupture of the rock mass with double arc-shaped fissures. The macroscopic fissures in the rock mass ultimately penetrate along the extension direction of the arc-shaped fissures. As the arc-shaped fissure dip angle alpha increases, the crack evolution is positively correlated with the acoustic emission (AE) of the specimen. When approaching instability failure, the AE ringing count rapidly increases. There is a critical angle limit inflection point for the total energy absorbed by the rock between 60 degrees and 75 degrees, with a total energy increase of about 54%. During instability failure, it is dominated by dissipative energy, with elastic energy as a supplement. This article derived a damage constitutive model of red sandstone with different arc-shaped fissure dip angles, revealing the damage laws of red sandstone under different arc-shaped fissure dip angles.

关键词： constitutive model crack propagation dissipative energy double arc-shaped fissure particle flow code

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Fracture damage and energy evolution of fissured coal subject to triaxial unloading condition

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2025年第1期12卷 1-14页

作者： Zhu, Zhijie Wang, Peng Yang, Xiaohan Nemcik, Jan Ren, Ting Wang, Laigui Han, Jun Guan, Songsong Liaoning Tech Univ Sch Min Fuxin 123008 Liaoning Peoples R China State Key Lab Coal Min & Clean Utilizat Beijing Peoples R China Cent Queensland Univ Sch Engn & Technol Mackay Qld 4740 Australia Univ Wollongong Sch Civil Min & Environm Engn Wollongong NSW Australia

Fissured coal mass under triaxial unloading condition exhibits higher burst potential than the triaxial loading condition, which poses challenge to safety and productivity of resources extraction and underground space utilization. To comprehensively understand the mechanism of unloading-induced burst during excavation process, this study investigated the fracture and energy evolution of samples with different fissure types such as single, two parallel, and two coplanar-parallel using PFC2D modelling. Triaxial loading tests were conducted to determine the compressive strengths and other parameters. With increase of fissure inclination angle, the triaxial compressive strength decreases for beta = 0 degrees-30 degrees, and then increase for beta = 30 degrees-90 degrees. The strength of samples with two coplanar-parallel fissures is the highest. Fissure can significantly change the distribution of fracture and elastic energy. Secondary cracks were generated starting from both ends of the fissure. For beta = 0 degrees-60 degrees, low elastic strain energy area was produced around the fissure along the loading direction. The elastic strain energy is transferred to the outside of fissures. For beta = 75 degrees-90 degrees, only a small amount of high elastic strain energy was generated on both sides of the fissure. The fracture expansion under unloading conditions occurred due to tensile stress T caused by unloading differential rebound deformation and the shear stress on the fissure surface.

关键词： Fracture damage Fissured coal Triaxial unloading particle flow code

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Investigation of Fatigue Mechanics and Crack Evolution Characteristics of Jointed Specimens Under Cyclic Uniaxial Compression

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FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES 2025年第1期48卷 261-278页

作者： Chen, Miao Liu, Zihao Wang, Xiaoshan Zheng, Jiangbo Yang, Liu Bai, Feng Zang, Chuanwei Shandong Univ Sci & Technol Coll Energy & Min Engn Qingdao Peoples R China Qingdao Univ Technol Sch Sci Qingdao Peoples R China Shandong Gold Min Technol Co Ltd Backfill Engn Lab Yantai Peoples R China

Nonpersistent joints are prevalent in engineering rock masses and are sensitive to cyclic loads induced by geological movements and engineering disturbances. Therefore, studying the fatigue mechanisms of rock masses with nonpersistent joints under cyclic compressive loads is crucial for ensuring the rational design and long-term stability of rock engineering structures. Based on laboratory experiments, this study employed the discrete element method to create specimens with different nonpersistent joints, and uniaxial compressive cyclic loading tests were conducted on these specimens with different maximum cyclic stress levels. The results show that the joint inclination significantly affects the characteristics of jointed rock, such as deformation modulus, irreversible strain, energy evolution, and crack characteristics. Increasing the maximum stress in the stress path results in a rapid release of hysteretic energy in the jointed regions of the rock, which leads to an exponential decrease in fatigue life while an increase in initial irreversible strain, final irreversible strain, and hysteretic energy density. Additionally, the shear fracture zones on both sides of the model expand, and the propagation and merging of cracks between joints become more extensive and complex. The results are significant for studying rock fatigue instability and structure engineering design.

关键词： cyclic load fatigue responses nonpersistent jointed rock particle flow code

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Effects of a single flaw on failure and acoustic emission characteristics around circular opening subjected to biaxial compression

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ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS 2025年 167卷

作者： Liu, Bing Liu, Yi Xiao, Peiwei Zhang, Lei China Inst Water Resources & Hydropower Res State Key Lab Simulat & Regulat Water Cycle River Beijing 100038 Peoples R China China Inst Water Resources & Hydropower Res Key Lab Construct & Safety Hydraul Engn Minist Water Resources Beijing 100038 Peoples R China China Inst Water Resources & Hydropower Res Dept Struct & Mat Beijing 100038 Peoples R China Chn Energy Investment Grp Co Ltd Beijing Peoples R China

Understanding the failure process in surrounding rocks is essential for assessing the stability of underground spaces and predicting potential disasters. Although failure patterns around openings of various shapes have been studied, the effects of geological discontinuities on the characteristics of failure zones around these openings remain inadequately understood. This study investigates failures around openings and flaws by analyzing acoustic emission (AE) characteristics. Digital image correlation (DIC) was employed to measure the failure zones of specimens during experiments, and particle flow code (PFC) software modeled the failure process. A statistical tool quantitatively assessed the cumulative number-strain curves of AE events, distinguishing between different distribution modes (single- or multi-peak). Additionally, the magnitude distribution and source mechanisms of AE events were analyzed to evaluate the effects of exposure conditions and flaw inclination angles on AE event occurrence. Both experimental and numerical results showed strong agreement, demonstrating that exposure conditions and flaw inclination angles significantly affect AE event distribution and magnitude. Exposed flaws tended to suppress AE events on the side containing the flaws, whereas unexposed flaws promoted AE events on the side with flaws, with this effect varying based on flaw inclination angles. These findings provide valuable insights into the fracture characteristics of surrounding rocks in deep underground spaces affected by geological discontinuities.

关键词： Underground opening Flaws Excavation damage zone Acoustic emission particle flow code

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Study on the formation mechanism of shale thermal cracks based on particle flow numerical simulation

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INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 2024年 150卷

作者： Yuan, Shibao Wang, Hao Li, Lehong Kuerban, Adilai Sun, Jian Wang, Yan Jiang, Haiyan Xian Shiyou Univ Sch Petr Engn Xian 710065 Shaanxi Peoples R China PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Co Oil Prod Plant 1 Yanan 716000 Shaanxi Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Wuhan Inst Geotech Mech State Key Lab Geotech Mech & Engn Wuhan 430064 Hubei Peoples R China

Thermal effects on rock mass are involved in many fields, including enhanced oil and gas recovery, unconventional oil and gas development, and nuclear waste deep placement. Temperature change will produce thermal stress in rock mass, leading to thermal cracking. Thermal cracking of shale is frequently involved in these fields. The mechanism of thermal cracking formation in shale is studied in this paper using the method of indoor heating experiment and particle flow method, which discovered that it is difficult to produce obvious thermal cracking in shale matrix, and only a few intercrystalline and intercrystalline fractures and shrinkage fractures of organic matter occur locally. Based on the particle flow method, a shale particle flow model is built that is highly consistent with the macro and micro characteristics of shale, while the systematic calibration method for shale particle flow model microscopic parameters can realize effective calibration of shale particle flow mechanical model microscopic parameters. Using a linked thermodynamic coupling model of shale particle flow based on the mechanical model of shale particle flow, the impacts of heating modes, natural micro cracks, and confining pressures on the thermal cracking evolution of shale were studied.

关键词： Shale Thermal cracking Fracture evolution Numerical simulation particle flow code

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Grouting sleeve/bird's nest anchor cable anchoring capacity characteristics and numerical simulation study

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ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS 2024年 166卷

作者： Zhu, Changxing Huo, Jiaxin Qi, Zhonghua Wu, Dazhi Henan Polytech Univ Sch Civil Engn Jiaozuo 454000 Peoples R China CSCEC City Construct Dev Co LTD Beijing 100037 Peoples R China

With the deepening of coal mining resources, the safety issues of broken soft coal seams become increasingly prominent, severely affecting the safety of deep mining operations and workers. Traditional anchoring methods alone are ineffective in achieving secure anchorage. Therefore, the grouting anchor cable composite structure is explored to address the safety of roadway excavation in deep broken soft coal seams. Indoor grouting anchorage tests and pull-out tests for grouted anchorages are conducted to study their bearing characteristics and failure mechanisms. Discrete element numerical simulation methods are employed to verify the findings from indoor tests. Research indicates that the ultimate pull-out forces at grouting pressures of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MPa are 87, 104, 118, and 131 kN, respectively. The pull-out force of the grouted anchorage is positively correlated with the grouting pressure. At the loading end, shear stress and axial force reach their maximum values of 1.8 MPa and 106 kN, respectively, under 2.0 MPa grouting pressure. The distribution patterns of shear stress and axial force decrease gradually with increasing anchoring depth. Microscopic analysis reveals that the failure of the anchor body model is primarily due to the tensile cracks formed by the particle flow code in two dimensions. This finding is consistent with the failure mode observed in indoor tests, which involves the slip and debonding failure of the anchor cable. Crack evolution is categorized into three stages: initiation, continuous propagation, and anchor failure. As the inter-particle contact forces within the anchor body model decrease, the region of chain fracture expands. These results provide technical support for understanding the bearing characteristics of grouting anchor cable composite structures.

关键词： Broken soft coal Grouted anchoring Pull-out test Failure mode particle flow code

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