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Real-world particle number emissions from hybrid electric vehicles with port fuel injection and dual injection (MPI-GDI) systems

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2025年 510卷

作者： Park, Jisu Kim, Hyungjun Kim, Yungjin Park, Sungwook Hanyang Univ Dept Mech Engn 222 Wangsimni Ro Seoul 04763 South Korea Natl Inst Environm Res Hwangyong Ro 42 Incheon 22689 South Korea

The particle number (PN) emissions in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were analyzed, focusing on multipoint injection (MPI) and dual injection systems. Measurements were conducted under real driving conditions using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The MPI HEV showed higher PN emissions and more frequent engine restarts during the cold start phase, indicating the dual-injection system's greater effectiveness in reducing PN emissions. In the urban section after cold start, both vehicles exhibited PN spikes due to frequent engine restarts and combustion instability. During high-speed driving, PN emissions were more influenced by the fuel injection strategy than by engine restarts. The MPI HEV maintained lower emissions under fully warm conditions, promoting better mixture formation and combustion. In contrast, the dual-injection HEV likely operated in direct injection mode, increasing PN emissions due to limited mixture formation and potential fuel wall wetting. For both MPI and dual-injection HEVs, analysis of the PN contributions from engine restarts revealed that 70 % of total PN emissions occurred within 30 s after engine start. MPI HEVs recorded higher PN emissions in urban driving phases, with 90 % of total emissions occurring in this phase, of which 70 % was attributed to cold starts. In contrast, dual-injection HEVs emitted more PN emissions in rural and motorway sections, accounting for 74 % of their total PN emissions. These findings highlight the effects of injection type, driving conditions, and engine restarts on PN emissions in hybrid vehicles, supporting strategies to reduce emissions in real driving conditions.

关键词： particle number Hybrid electric vehicle Dual injection Engine restarts Real driving conditions

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Prediction of instantaneous particle number for light-duty gasoline vehicles under real driving conditions based on ensemble learning

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2024年 434卷

作者： Qiao, Pengli Ni, Jimin Huang, Rong Cheng, Zhenxu Tongji Univ Sch Automot Studies Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China

With increasingly stringent emission regulations for particle number (PN) from real driving emissions (RDE), accurate prediction and evaluation of instantaneous PN emissions from RDE test is becoming increasingly important. However, there is still a lack of reliable PN emission prediction models for RDE test due to the complex nonlinear relationship between various affecting factors and PN emissions. Therefore, this study conducted RDE tests on a light-duty gasoline vehicle to acquire 10,646 sets of data, and four ensemble learning algorithms (randomforest, xgboost, catboost, and lightGBM) were introduced to construct prediction models of instantaneous PN emissions. Based on these models, the importance of 9 features affecting PN emissions was discussed using the Spearman correlation analysis and Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) algorithm. Among them, carbon dioxide share of exhaust (CO2,ratio), acceleration, vehicle specific power (VSP) and engine speed were identified as the critical input features. The catboost model has the optimal performance in prediction accuracy among the four models, with an average R2 and RMSE of 0.832 and 0.00253 respectively for the 10-fold cross-validated. Further analysis of the PN prediction results on different types of roads showed that the catboost model has high accuracy for instantaneous PN emissions on urban, rural and motorway trips. Moreover, the SHAP summary plot was employed to reveal the prediction mechanism of catboost algorithm through quanti-fying the feature contribution. The prediction model for instantaneous PN emissions provided a methodological reference for constructing vehicular emission models for RDE test.

关键词： particle number Real driving emissions Prediction model Ensemble learning Interpretability method

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particle number and Size Distributions (PNSD) from a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) over Laboratory and Real Driving Emission Tests

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ATMOSPHERE 2022年第9期13卷 1510-1510页

作者： Thomas, Daisy Li, Hu Wang, Xin Ropkins, Karl Tomlin, Alison S. Bannister, Chris D. Hawley, Gary Univ Leeds Sch Chem & Proc Engn Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England 3DATX Corp 501 John James AudubonSuite 200 Buffalo NY 14228 USA Beijing Inst Technol Sch Mech Engn Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Univ Leeds Inst Transport Studies Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England Univ Bath Inst Adv Automot Prop Syst Bath BA2 7AY Avon England

particle number (PN) emissions from hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) during engine ignition and re-ignition events are an important but scarcely reported area. The objectives of the present work are to study the effects of drive cycle properties on the engine behaviour of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and to investigate how this impacts the tailpipe PN emissions and their size distributions (PNSD). Worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) testing was conducted, as well as chassis dynamometer emission measurements over a realistic real driving emissions (RDE) speed pattern, using a Euro 5 Toyota Prius HEV with a Cambustion DMS500 sampling PN concentrations at the tailpipe. It is shown that the number of vehicle stops during a test cycle has a direct impact on the re-ignition activity for the HEV. 64 +/- 3% of the total PN from WLTC testing was produced during engine re-ignition events while only 6 +/- 1% was from stabilised engine operation. Similar proportions were observed for the RDE-style test cycle. The majority of engine reignition and destabilised activity, and hence PN emission, was during the low-speed sections of the drive cycles used. The average PNSD across cycle phases was different between cycles, due to the influence of dynamic properties on engine behaviour and hence the PN emission profile. The PNSD at the engine re-ignition and destabilised events had a merged wide peak with a maximum at 60 nm diameter and a shoulder at 12 nm diameter. The HEV had increased emissions of particles smaller than 23 nm under cold start, but similar overall PN emission values, compared to a warm start. The results of this work highlight the importance of controlling HEV PN emissions to limit human exposure to PN in urban environments where the majority of PN emissions occur. The sensitivity of HEV PN emission factors and PNSD to engine behaviour and, in turn, test cycle dynamic properties, is important to note when considering legislative test cycles, partic

关键词： particle number particle number size distribution hybrid electric vehicle drive cycle WLTC RDE

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particle number, mass, and black carbon emissions from fuel-operated auxiliary heaters in real vehicle use

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ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT-X 2022年 16卷

作者： Oikarinen, Henri Olin, Miska Martikainen, Sampsa Leinonen, Ville Mikkonen, Santtu Karjalainen, Panu Univ Eastern Finland Dept Appl Phys POB 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland Tampere Univ Aerosol Phys Lab POB 692 Tampere 33014 Finland Univ Eastern Finland Dept Environm & Biol Sci POB 1627 Kuopio 70211 Finland

Fuel-operated auxiliary heaters (AHs) are frequent solutions to heat the vehicle engines and cabins in cold areas. Particulate exhaust emissions of AHs are unregulated;therefore, their contribution to local air quality and thus human health and even the global emissions budget is unknown. Experiments for studying the AH-originated emissions were performed under Finnish winter conditions mimicking real-world use for six selected vehicles with original AHs installed, including both gasoline-and diesel-powered heaters. We present quantitative results of particle number emissions down to 1.3 nm, particle size distributions, particulate mass, and black carbon, and compare to gaseous emissions. The start-up and shutdown phases showed the highest particle peaks, while the particle concentrations were stable between these. The mean particle number, mass and BC emission factors were found to be as high as 590 x 10(12) kg(fuel)(-1), 33 mg kg(fuel)(-1) and mg 18 kg(fuel)(-1) for gasoline-operated heaters and 560 x 10(12) kg(fuel)(-1), 20 mg kg(fuel)(-1) and 12 mg kg(fuel)(-1) for diesel-operated heaters. Comparing total number of particles larger than 23 nm emitted during vehicle preheating with AH to vehicle tailpipe emissions during drive shows that a typical heating cycle emits an equal number of particles to drive dozens or even thousands of kilometers.

关键词： Auxiliary heaters particle formation Emissions Cold start emissions Passenger cars Traffic Vehicles Exhaust emissions Combustion Black carbon particle size distribution Vehicle cold start PM Soot formation particle number Emission factor

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High particle number Emissions Determined with Robust Regression Plume Analysis (RRPA) from Hundreds of Vehicle Chases

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023年第24期57卷 8911-8920页

作者： Olin, Miska Oikarinen, Henri Marjanen, Petteri Mikkonen, Santtu Karjalainen, Panu Univ Eastern Finland Dept Tech Phys FI-70211 Kuopio Finland Tampere Univ Aerosol Phys Lab FI-33014 Tampere Finland Univ Eastern Finland Dept Environm & Biol Sci FI-70211 Kuopio Finland Tampere Univ Inst Adv Study FI-33014 Tampere Finland

particle number emission factors were determined forhundreds ofindividual diesel and gasoline vehicles in their real operation onFinnish highways and regional roads in 2020 with one-by-one chasemeasurements and Robust Regression Plume Analysis (RRPA). RRPA isa rapid way to analyze data from a large number of vehicle chasesautomatically. The particle number emission factors were determinedfor four ranges of particle diameters (>1.3, > 2.5, > 10,and >23nm). The emission factors for most of the measured vehicles were observedto significantly exceed the non-volatile particle number limits usedin the most recent European emission regulation levels, for both light-dutyand heavy-duty vehicles. Additionally, most of the newest vehicles(covering regulation levels up to Euro 6), for which the particlenumber emission regulations (non-volatile >23 nm particles) apply,showed emission factors of the >23 nm particles clearly above theregulation limits. Although the experiments included measurementsof real-world plume particles (mixture of non-volatile and semi-volatileparticles) and not only the non-volatile regulated particles, it isimportant to note that the emissions of regulated particles were alsoestimated to exceed the limits, based on non-volatile >23 nm particlefraction from curbside studies. Moreover, the emission factors ofthe >1.3 nm particles were mostly about an order of magnitude highercompared to the >23 nm particles. particle numberemission factors of hundreds of individualvehicles measured in their real operation exceed the particle numberlimits in European emission regulations by orders of magnitude.

关键词： passenger cars real-world emissions emissionfactors particle emissions particle number vehicle fleet RRPA

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Toxicokinetic assessment of inhaled silver nanoparticles using particle number as metric and oxidative stress measurements

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JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2023年 171卷

作者： Andriamasinoro, Sandra Nirina Serventi, Alessandra Maria Veillette, Rene Dieme, Denis Haddad, Sami Bouchard, Michele Univ Montreal Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Toxicol Risk Assessment & Management Main Stn Roger Gaudry BldgU436POB 6128 Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada Univ Montreal Publ Hlth Res Ctr CReSP Main Stn Roger Gaudry BldgU436POB 6128 Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada Inst Res Hydroquebec IREQ 1800 Boul Lionel Boulet Varennes PQ J3X 1S1 Canada Univ Montreal Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Main Stn Roger Gaudry BldgU436POB 6128 Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada

The toxicity and kinetics of nanoparticles (NPs) have been related to their physical and chemical properties. To better understand their fate and reactivity in the body, intrinsic properties of NPs (size, shape, surface area, particle number) and mobility properties (agglomeration) need to be evaluated. A systematic study of the toxicokinetics of inhaled silver (Ag) NPs and the evolution of malondialdehyde (MDA) marker of oxidative stress over time was performed by testing the effect of the particle number as metric and using the rat as an experimental model. Aerosols of Ag NPs with lower-and higher-total particle numbers but with the same mass concentration (15 mg/m3) and initial particle size (20 nm) were generated with a nose-only inhalation unit, and exposure conditions (including size distribution) were monitored. Rats were placed in the inhalation unit for six consecutive hours (some rats sacrificed at 3 h) and the time courses of elemental Ag in lungs, blood, extrapulmonary tissues and excreta were determined over a 14-day period. Mi-croscopy characterization showed that Ag NPs used for aerosol generation had two kinds of shape: spherical shape or elongated (like a rugby ball). Monitoring of size distribution of (agglomerated) particles in the aerosol revealed that the median aerodynamic diameter was slightly greater for the lower-count (92 nm;1.6 x 105 p/cm3) compared to the higher-count of particles (81 nm;3.5 x 105 p/cm3). Higher peak levels of Ag element were observed in lungs (2-5 times higher at all times), blood (2-3 times higher) and GI tract (2-3 times higher) of rats exposed to the aerosol with lower-total particle number. However, some similarities in the kinetics were observed between the two conditions, such as the relative tissue distribution, time-to-peak levels (Tmax) and excretion profiles. In both conditions, only a fraction of the inhaled dose was quantitated in the lungs, and the observed lung time-course showed that Ag continued to reach

关键词： Silver nanoparticles Inhalation exposure Toxicokinetics particle number Oxidative stress

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Modelling the dispersion of particle number concentrations in the West Midlands, UK using the ADMS-Urban model

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ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023年 181卷 108273页

作者： Zhong, Jian Harrison, Roy M. Bloss, William James Visschedijk, Antoon van der Gon, Hugo Denier Univ Birmingham Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci Birmingham B15 2TT England King Abdulaziz Univ Fac Environm Sci Dept Environm Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia TNO Dept Air Qual & Emiss Res Utrecht Netherlands

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are respirable particles with a diameter less than 100 nm, which some studies have associated with adverse effects upon health. UFPs are currently not regulated as the health evidence is insufficient and very few observational data are available in most cities. The 2021 WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines highlighted the pressing issue of UFPs and provided a good practice statement for UFPs, which recommends that more measurement and modelling studies are implemented in future. particle number concentrations (PNC) are the most common metric for UFPs as this fraction normally dominates the total ambient PNC in urban environments. This study simulates the dispersion of particle number concentrations in the West Midlands (a metropolitan area), UK using the local scale ADMS-Urban model, which is an advanced quasi-Gaussian plume dispersion modelling system. ADMS-Urban implements a physics-based approach to represent the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer and has been widely used in the dispersion modelling of air pollutants. It can represent a variety of source types (such as road and grid emissions) occurring in urban environments and requires a range of input data. particle number was used as a passive scalar, with no inclusion of aerosol microphysics within the model, as a first implementation in the ADMS-Urban model for the West Midlands, UK. Evaluation was conducted by comparing the modelled (from a receptor run) and measured data at the Birmingham Air Quality Supersite. Overall, the model performed well although there was a slight underestimation for PNC. Based on the modelling output from a contour run, PNC maps at a variety of spatial scales (i.e. street scale, ward level and local authority level) and temporal resolutions (i.e. annual, 24-hour, and 1-hour) were generated. PNC mapping could be linked to local population and health data for potential epidemiological studies.

关键词： Ultrafine particles particle number Mapping Dispersion modelling Urban environments

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Sub-micron particle number emission from residential heating systems: A comparison between conventional and condensing boilers fueled by natural gas and liquid petroleum gas, and pellet stoves

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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022年 827卷 154288-154288页

作者： Caracci, Elisa Canale, Laura Buonanno, Giorgio Stabile, Luca Univ Cassino & Southern Lazio Dept Civil & Mech Engn Cassino FR Italy Univ Mercatorun Dept Econ Piazza Mattei 10 Rome Italy Queensland Univ Technol Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth Brisbane Qld Australia

Pollutant emissions from residential heating systems represent a main concern in terms of outdoor air quality. Differently from other pollutants, sub-micron particle emission from heating systems has not yet been exhaustively characterized by the scientific literature, with limited data available, in particular, for gas-fueled boilers. In the present paper, an experimental campaign to measure the sub-micron particle number concentrations and distributions at the stack of different automatically-fed small-scale heating systems (conventional and condensing boilers fueled by natural gas and liquid petroleum gas, and pellet stoves) was performed. Based on the measured concentrations, corresponding emission rates and emission factors were also estimated. The results of the experimental campaign revealed that the highest concentrations were measured for pellet stoves (median value >107 part. m-3), whereas conventional (about 1 x 106 part. m-3) and condensing boilers (<106 part. m-3) presented much lower concentrations. No effect of the fuel (natural gas, liquid petroleum gas) on the total concentration measured at the stack of boilers was recognized, whereas a smaller distribution mode (at 10 nm) was measured for gas-fired boilers. Because of the particle concentration values, the highest particle emission rates and factors were the pellet stove ones (median values of 2.1 x 1015 part. h-1 and 8.4 x 1013 part. kWh-1, respectively), whereas emission rates for conventional and condensing boilers were about 5 x 1013 part. h-1 and 2 x 1013 part. h-1, respectively.

关键词： particle number SMPS Pellet stoves Emission rate Emission factor Boilers

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Impact of Active Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration on Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides and particle number Emissions from Euro 5 and 6 Vehicles under Laboratory Testing and Real-World Driving

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ENERGIES 2022年第14期15卷 5070页

作者： Dimaratos, Athanasios Giechaskiel, Barouch Clairotte, Michael Fontaras, Georgios Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Dept Mech Engn Lab Appl Thermodynam Thessaloniki 54124 Greece European Commiss Joint Res Ctr I-21027 Ispra Italy

Particulate mass concentration is a crucial parameter for characterising air quality. The diesel particulate filter (DPF) is the primary technology used to limit vehicle particle emissions, but it needs periodic cleaning, a process called regeneration. This study aims to assess the impact of active DPF regeneration on the performance and emissions of Euro 5 and 6 vehicles. The study examined both carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant (nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particle number (PN)) emissions for eight vehicles tested in the laboratory and on the road. Apart from the DPF, a wide range of emission control systems was covered in this experimental campaign, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), lean NOx trap (LNT) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, revealing the different impacts on NOx emissions. The regeneration frequency and duration were also determined and used to calculate the K-i factor, which accounts for the emissions with and without regeneration, weighted over the distance driven between two consecutive regeneration events. Based on these outcomes, representative emission factors (EF) were proposed for the regeneration phase only and the complete regeneration interval. In addition, the effect of regeneration on efficiency was estimated and compared with other energy consumers. The results indicated a significant impact of DPF regeneration on CO2, NOx and PN emissions, higher in the case of driving cycle testing in the laboratory. The relevant mechanisms behind the elevated emission levels were analysed, focusing on the regeneration period and the test phase following immediately after. The calculation of the K-i factor and the comparison with the official values revealed some weaknesses in its application in real-world conditions;to overcome these, new NOx EF values were calculated, depending on the emission control system. It was revealed that Euro 6 vehicles equipped with SCR could comply with the applicable

关键词： DPF regeneration real driving emissions (RDE) CO2 NOx particle number regeneration frequency air pollution vehicle emissions

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Characterizing the particle number emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles under different engine technologies and driving conditions

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022年 213卷 113648页

作者： Yu, Fei Zhong, Zhuangmin Wang, Qun Liao, Songdi Zhu, Manni Sha, Qing'e Liu, Junwen Zheng, Junyu Jinan Univ Inst Environm & Climate Res Guangzhou 511443 Peoples R China Jinan Univ Guangdong Hongkong Macau Joint Lab Collaborat Inn Guangzhou 511443 Peoples R China Guangdong Ecol & Environm Monitoring Ctr Guangzhou 510308 Peoples R China Henan Univ Technol Coll Environm Engn Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China South China Univ Technol Sch Environm & Energy Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China

Vehicle particle number (PN) emissions have attracted increasing public attention due to their severe influence on human health. In this study, we selected 35 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) with gasoline direct injection (GDI) and multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engines to elucidate the main factors influencing PN emissions. Via real driving emission (RDE) and chassis dynamometer tests, we quantified the impact of engine technology, emission standards, engine-start conditions and engine load on vehicle PN emissions. The RDE test results indicated that GDI vehicles generated higher PN emissions than those of MPFI vehicles under hot-running conditions. MPFI vehicle PN emissions were greatly affected by rapidly changing driving conditions, especially vehicles equipped with automatic start-stop systems. In regard to China 6 GDI vehicles equipped with a gasoline particle filter (GPF), their PN emissions were usually low, and peak PN emissions could mainly be attributed to GPF regeneration. Engine manufacturers should optimize GPF regeneration conditions to further reduce particulate emissions. Furthermore, the analysis results of PN emissions for different road types indicated that PN emissions were related to vehicle driving conditions. The vehicle specific power (VSP) could be used as an important explanatory variable to characterize the PN emission rate when distinguishing different engine technologies and emission standards. A real-world LDGV VSP-based PN emission rate was suggested based on the RDE test dataset. The VSP-based emission rate could be considered to more accurately quantify vehicle PN emissions and support the formulation of urban vehicle particle emission control policies.

关键词： particle number Light-duty gasoline vehicles Emission factor Real-world emissions Vehicle specific power

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